Farzad Rafiei, Saina Sadeghipour, Shahab Sheikhalishahi
et al.
Abstract Large language models are increasingly integrated into medical education, yet their performance in non-English clinical examinations, particularly Persian, remains limited. This study evaluated how GPT-4o and GPT-5.1 perform on Iranian Rheumatology Board examination questions. A total of 204 multiple-choice items were administered in Persian using a similar prompt. Accuracy was determined using the official answer key, and six board-certified rheumatologists independently scored each model’s clinical reasoning on a 1–5 scale. GPT-5.1 demonstrated markedly superior performance, achieving 76% accuracy compared with 64.5% for GPT-4o, alongside significantly higher reasoning scores. Unlike GPT-4o, which showed considerable variability across question types, GPT-5.1 performed consistently across basic science, clinical scenarios, diagnosis, and treatment domains. Although inter-rater agreement among rheumatologists was modest, it remained statistically significant. These findings suggest that newer-generation LLMs provide more reliable reasoning and accuracy in Persian medical assessments. Nevertheless, despite their promising role as educational aids, current models are not yet suitable for high-stakes clinical decision-making and require continued evaluation across diverse languages and specialties.
Amare Mebrat Delie, Eneyew Talie Fenta, Molla Getie Mehari
et al.
ABSTRACT Background and Aims Sexual and reproductive health services are essential for the well‐being of youths and adolescents, including those living with disabilities. There was inconsistent evidence on the magnitude of sexual and reproductive health services utilization among youths and adolescents living with a disability. Therefore, this review aimed to assess the pooled magnitude of sexual and reproductive health service utilization among youths and adolescents living with a disability. Methods Relevant databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, AJOL, Semantic Scholar, Epistemonikos, Hinari, Google Scholar, and direct Google were used to search articles. This study included articles (both peer‐reviewed and preprints) in the English language from September 2013 to May 2, 2024. The pooled magnitude of sexual and reproductive health service utilization among youths and adolescents with a disability was estimated using a weighted DerSimonian‐laird random effect model. The I² statistics were used to ascertain the extent of heterogeneity. The funnel plot, Egger's regression, and Begg's test examined publication bias. Results Based on this systematic review and meta‐analysis, the pooled magnitude of sexual and reproductive health service utilization among youths and adolescents with disability in Ethiopia was 29.11% (95% CI: 13.69, 44.53). Conclusions The overall pooled magnitude of sexual and reproductive health service utilization among youths with disabilities was low in Ethiopia. The Ministry of Health and other collaborating organizations working on youth and adolescents with a disability should give special attention to enhancing the utilization of sexual and reproductive health services for youths and adolescents living with a disability. It is important to develop and create strategies that enable young people with disabilities to utilize sexual and reproductive health services, thereby protecting the rights and respecting the dignity of individuals with disabilities.
Distributed Morphology (DM) predicts that the units of syntactic derivation are smaller than words. This paper explores the implications of this prediction for language acquisition research and questions if DM is descriptively and theoretically sound when faced with acquisition phenomena. We first introduce independent evidence supporting sub-word units in acquisition: results from a computational model of lexical acquisition show that slightly more morphologically complex input data, such as Brazilian Portuguese when compared to English, cause a substantial decrease in the model’s performance; children’s early productions when acquiring polysynthetic languages reveal they are attempting to find these languages’ morphological units, instead of relying on chunks of non-analysed material; and words are shown to lack explanatory power in describing language acquisition in terms of storage, bootstrapping, or production. We then bridge the gap between DM and earlier proposals for the identification of words and formal features, briefly outlining a strategy for acquiring morphemes. Finally, we present accounts for two prevalent phenomena linked to language acquisition through the lens of DM: the overregularisation in acquiring irregular verbs, a step observed in children acquiring different languages; and the Brazilian Portuguese verbal paradigm shift, an example of morphological diachronic change. Our findings support the non-lexicalist derivation of words, highlighting that words are incompatible with acquisition from multiple perspectives. This suggests that understanding language acquisition benefits from considering the smaller, morpheme-based units predicted by Distributed Morphology.
Udmurt rap was an attempt to expand the horizons of the national literary and musical culture of the early 21st century, which was dominated by ethnofuturism at that time. The object of analysis is the Udmurt-language rap texts of P. Shibanov, B. Anfinogenov and A. Pikulev, who released their albums in the period 2008–2018. The purpose of the study is to identify the national characteristics of Udmurt rap texts. The leading research method is descriptive-analytical, using comparative techniques. The results of the analysis are as follows. P. Shibanov depicts the life of Udmurt students in a dormitory; adaptation to the modern city is presented in different aspects. B. Anfinogenov writes his texts in the style of an ethno-soundtrack, mixing Udmurt, Russian and English. His hero is self-sufficient in that he is an Udmurt and can represent his nation in the global world. A. Pikulev is paving the way from the rap subculture to the artistic and literary beginning; images of nature occupy an important place. Udmurt rap is not an expression of protest sentiments; it is aimed at improving the status of the native language.
This article depicts the current state of the art of English-language audiovisual translation (AVT) and sheds light on the recent changes impacting media localisation practices, viewing patterns, and viewer agency. The motivations that have catapulted practices like subtitling and dubbing into English on video-on-demand (VOD) platforms are considered, and special emphasis is placed on the move from English-language content to the production and distribution of originals created in a multitude of languages and showcased on streaming platforms with subs and dubs in English. Some of the latest technological advancements are discussed as they have influenced the viewing experience and audience selection of AVT modes, leading to a significant change in viewing patterns and preferences of anglophone viewers. Challenges posed to studying and training in English AVT are identified and the importance of inverting one’s gaze and perceiving English as the target language of translation, rather than the source language, is stressed in this new paradigm. Concrete suggestions are made for potential avenues of research in this flourishing field, which will hopefully contribute to painting a more detailed picture of English AVT.
Philology. Linguistics, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
The college English corpus can help us better master English, but how to obtain the desired information from a large number of English corpus has become the focus of information technology. Based on the natural language processing (NLP) technology, a sentiment analysis model is built in this article. An improved term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm is proposed in this article, where the weighted average method is used to determine the emotional value of each emotional word. The inspirational words are used to obtain the English corpus’s emotional tendency and emotional value. The results show that the model has high classification accuracy and operation efficiency when selecting feature words. Compared with the TF-IDF, the improved TF-IDF algorithm added the necessary information weight processing and word density weight processing to two new processing links, which can significantly improve the efficiency of college English learning.
After water, tea is the most consumed nutrient on the planet. However, black tea accounts for 78% of global tea consumption, while green tea accounts for only 20%. Except for flavored tea, all types of tea are made from the dried leaves of the tea bush. The type of tea is determined by the degree of oxidation of the leaves. Unoxidized tea leaves are used to make tea leaf, which is one of the less processed varieties of tea. It therefore, contains the most powerful antioxidants and beneficial polyphenols. Green tea polyphenols include epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate, epicatechins, and flavanols, all of which are being studied in the lab for their potential in vivo effects. Kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin are three types of flavonoids found in various parts. Although the caffeine in green tea can improve mental alertness, there is only weak, inconclusive evidence that it reduces the risk of most cancers or cardiovascular diseases, and there is no evidence that it aids weight loss. Using green tea as a health supplement has been linked to a slight improvement in general well-being. In a 2020 review, the Cochrane Collaboration identified a few potential negative effects, including gastrointestinal issues, higher levels of liver enzymes, and, more rarely, insomnia, elevated blood pressure, and skin reactions. Its anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties are well-known. Catechins are the main antioxidant dealers among the biologically active compounds found in Camellia sinesis. According to recent medical studies, the presence of function structural agencies and the range of hydroxyl agencies have a major impact on catechins' antioxidant activity. Unfermented inexperienced tea is the best source of those compounds.
The review on green tea and its catechins focused on language literature in English. The literature search was conducted in the following databases: Pubmed (1997-2020), EMBASE (1997-2020), Allied and complementary Medicine Database (AMED, 1997-2020) and China Journals Full Text Database (1997-2020). The keywords used were selected from the following terms: green tea, catechins, anticancer, diabetes, polyphenols, in vivo studies, general pharmacology and toxicology. The health benefits and adverse effects of green tea and its catechins were reviewed.
Keywords: Green Tea, Human, diseases, weight loss
Citation: Al-Harbi SJ, Gatea FK. Therapeutic role of green tea on human body function, some diseases and weight loss: A review. Iraqi JMS. 2023; 21(1): 1-10. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.21.1.1
Numerous studies conducted in the last few years have produced figures showing that the incidence of musculoskeletal issues is continuously rising and that a variety of treatment options are available. Musculoskeletal illnesses (MSDs), including fractures, arthritis, and osteoporosis, are increasingly treated with electromagnetic fields (EMFs). As a non-invasive, secure, and efficient treatment tool with no apparent side effects, Pulsed Electromagnetic field (PEMF) are well recognized. The present study aims to evaluate the literature by reviewing the data already available on PEMF's effectiveness in the treatment of different musculoskeletal disorders. For locating the literature articles published in English language on various musculoskeletal diseases treated by PEMFs were included. Information was looked for in the databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and SCOPUS. The result of the study shows that due to its great efficacy and few risk considerations, PEMF has a lot of potentials to become a separate or complementary treatment strategy for treating numerous musculoskeletal disorders. The present study concludes that numerous issues are still unresolved. Further research from well-designed, high-quality studies are required to standardise therapy parameters and identify the most effective process for healthcare decision-making prior to widespread clinical application. In this study, we aim to provide up-to-date details on the therapeutic applications, mechanism of action, and ethical issues surrounding PEMFs in musculoskeletal disorders.
Attempts to explain inconsistencies in findings on the effects of formative assessment and feedback have led us to study the next black box: how students interpret and subsequently use formative feedback from an external source. In this empirical study, we explore how students understand and process formative feedback and how they plan to use this information to inform next steps. We present findings from a study that examined students’ affective and cognitive responses to feedback, operationalized as emotions, interpretations (i.e., judgments, meaning making, attributions), and decision-making. Relationships among these processes and students’ initial motivational states were also explored. Survey data were collected from 93 students of a 7th grade English/Language Arts teacher who employed formative assessment practices. The results indicate that students tended to have positive emotions and judgments in response to their teacher’s feedback and make controllable attributions. They generally made informative meaning of the feedback and constructive decisions about next steps. Correlational findings showed that (1) emotions, judgments, meaning making, and attributions are related; (2) judgments of and the meaning that students made about the feedback were most strongly related to decision-making about next steps; and (3) task value was the only motivation variable related to responses to feedback. We conclude with implications for research and practice based on the expected and unexpected findings from this study.
ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to critically evaluate the quality, reliability and educational content of the information of vital pulp treatment videos available on YouTube.Materials and MethodsThe keywords “pulpotomy” and “pulp capping” were searched on YouTube on 5th July 2020, until 60 English language videos of each search term with a duration shorter than 15 minutes were acquired. Video characteristics were recorded and Video Power Index (VPI) was calculated. Reliability and educational quality of videos were evaluated using the Modified DISCERN score, the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and Global Quality Scores (GQS). Videos were categorized by uploading source.ResultsRegarding pulpotomy, 31.7% of the videos were uploaded by specialists and 68.3% were directed by non-specialists. In the case of pulp capping, the corresponding percentages were 45% and 55%, respectively. Videos uploaded by specialists had significantly higher modified DISCERN, JAMA and GQS scores compared to those uploaded by non-specialists. Endodontists tended to have the highest reliability and VPI scores.ConclusionsYouTube videos on vital pulp treatment contain low educational quality or incomplete information. Low popularity of dental pulp capping and pulpotomy videos may be attributed to the specialized nature of these procedures. As YouTube represents an important source for patient information about different health topics, reliable informative videos should be uploaded by specialized dental professionals.
Teachers’ beliefs play a key role in the selection of language teaching methodologies. They affect teachers’ pedagogical practices and behaviors and are, consequently, integral in shaping the language learning classroom environment. This study investigates the beliefs of teachers of English as a Foreign Language in relation to the concepts of traditional teaching method (e.g., Grammar-Translation Method) and language socialisation which emphasises the importance of socialization within social norms of the target community through exposure and interaction. The study uses questionnaire and interview to examine the beliefs of 28 teachers about language teaching methods in a Saudi higher education context. The findings revealed that, despite the fact that teachers continue to believe in traditional teaching methods, they show considerable support for language socialisation in language learning. Therefore, the findings suggest the need for teachers to explore their beliefs on teaching the foreign language and creating teachers’ awareness of teaching methodologies (e.g., awareness of factors associated with language socialisation such as interaction and the focus on meaning rather than form).
Alek Alek, Abdul Gafur Marzuki, Muhammad Farkhan
et al.
Self-assessment is one of alternative ways to evaluate students’ speaking talent in English. Through this evaluation, students are allowed to discover, know, and develop their speaking skill. Nonetheless, this sort of project was probably not common in Indonesia. Thus, this study was aimed to know students’ perception of using self-assessment for assessing their oral performance at Link and Match vocational high school. The information of this study was gathered by means of questionnaire which consists of 5 questions about the use of self-assessment. In this qualitative study, the data had been analyzed descriptively. There have been 30 vocational high school students who stand in Multimedia Major as the participant of this study. The results of this study indicated that most of the students thought that self-assessment very helpful for them because it allowed them to know their functionality and develop it to achieve the course goal specifically the speaking course objective. However, some students though that self-assessment was considerably useful since the teacher not often use this assignment and the students not take pleasure in whereas attempting to assess themselves. Self-assessment is very useful in exploring and assessing students speaking skill.
In an attempt to contribute to the ongoing debate about how output tasks affect noticing of linguistic forms, the present study set out to investigate the effect of pushed output tasks on grammatical accuracy in sentence writing of Iranian EFL learners. Fifty homogenous Iranian EFL learners were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Then, every group underwent ten different treatment sessions. The control group received writing instruction through conventional methods, while the experimental group received instruction through two pushed output tasks. In the case of the experimental group, in the first five treatment sessions, four grammatical structures were presented through picture cued tasks. The next five treatment sessions directed at other structures took place via reconstruction tasks. Two different versions of the writing section of the Preliminary English Test (PET) were used as pre/post-test. The results indicated that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group. Therefore, it might be argued that pushed output-based tasks had a positive effect on the Iranian EFL learner’s grammatical accuracy in sentence writing. These findings provide empirical support for the output hypothesis and have pedagogical implications for the choice of output-oriented grammar tasks.
Uma abordagem rigorosa à aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita não devia prescindir do contributo da psicolinguística genética, porquanto esta permite explicar os desempenhos encontrados e esclarecer o que linguística e cognitivamente tem de ser atingido para uma entrada na escrita com sucesso. Tomando por base essa perspetiva disciplinar, no presente texto procura-se: 1) mostrar, através do CALE de Andrée Girolami – instrumento de avaliação das aptidões para a leitura e escrita –, o papel da abstração e da simbolização nessas habilidades; 2) ressaltar a responsabilidade da família e da pré-escola como agências de literacia destinadas a criar uma continuidade entre o oral e a escrita; e 3) defender hábitos de convívio com a linguagem que permitam que a criança seja um interlocutor ativo que venha a sentir, já no oral, a descontextualização da escrita.
This study examines feedback provided by an English teacher to Chilean secondary student texts, in the context of writing short stories collaboratively in an English as a foreign language class. The study aimed to analyze students’ decisions about the teacher’s types of feedback on their short stories. For this investigation, and under the context of qualitative research, there were analyzed 6 consecutive drafts of the students’ short stories, of a public high school in Chile. This is a qualitative research with an action research design. The data collected was analyzed using Straub and Lunsford (1995) categories to describe the impact of the teacher’s written feedback on students’ decisions. In terms of students’ decisions, participant students adopted most of the teacher’s comments. The student’s texts evidenced progress, but still, regardless the feedback provided, they presented some grammatical and organizational issues.
Laura K. Busert, Margot Mütsch, Christina Kien
et al.
Abstract Background Systematic reviews are an important source of evidence for public health decision-making, but length and technical jargon tend to hinder their use. In non-English speaking countries, inaccessibility of information in the native language often represents an additional barrier. In line with our vision to strengthen evidence-based public health in the German-speaking world, we developed a German language summary format for systematic reviews of public health interventions and undertook user-testing with public health decision-makers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Methods We used several guiding principles and core elements identified from the literature to produce a prototype summary format and applied it to a Cochrane review on the impacts of changing portion and package sizes on selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco. Following a pre-test in each of the three countries, we carried out 18 user tests with public health decision-makers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland using the ‘think-aloud’ method. We analysed participants’ comments according to the facets credibility, usability, understandability, usefulness, desirability, findability, identification and accessibility. We also identified elements that hindered the facile and satisfying use of the summary format, and revised it based on participants’ feedback. Results The summary format was well-received; participants particularly appreciated receiving information in their own language. They generally found the summary format useful and a credible source of information, but also signalled several barriers to a positive user experience such as an information-dense structure and difficulties with understanding statistical terms. Many of the identified challenges were addressed through modifications of the summary format, in particular by allowing for flexible length, placing more emphasis on key messages and relevance for public health practice, expanding the interpretation aid for statistical findings, providing a glossary of technical terms, and only including graphical GRADE ratings. Some barriers to uptake, notably the participants’ wish for actionable recommendations and contextual information, could not be addressed. Conclusions Participants welcomed the initiative, but user tests also revealed their problems with understanding and interpreting the findings summarised in our prototype format. The revised summary format will be used to communicate the results of Cochrane reviews of public health interventions.
In the months preceding her death on May 15, 1886, Emily Dickinson requested that Emily Brontë’s poem “No coward soul is mine” be read at her funeral, thereby enlisting Brontë’s defiant declaration of immortality in what can be interpreted as Dickinson’s own equally defiant final statement on the relation of fame to enduring art. Dickinson previewed the logic behind this act in the theory of fame she expressed four years earlier in a letter to Roberts Brothers editor Thomas Niles in which she refused his request for a “volume of poems” (L749b) and instead sent him “How happy is the little Stone” (Fr1570E), a poem that alludes to “the rock of immortality” (l. 16) and the “atom” (l. 26) that appear in Brontë’s poem. These allusions inform Dickinson’s figurative declaration to Niles that the fame she aspires to is based on lasting fusion with the elemental fabric of the universe, not immediate approval from the contemporary reading public. Dickinson tells Niles that she seeks a form of fame that is more enduring than the sort he offers but which is fundamentally experimental in nature, in as much as it requires that the poet hazard the loss of her name in exchange for continued life in the language of others.