This study aims to measure and analyse the impact of workplace spirituality represented by meaningful work, a sense of community, and alignment between individual and organisational values on job embeddedness, which includes fit, connections, and sacrifice. Additionally, the study examines the moderating role of psychological ownership, represented by self-efficacy, accountability, belonging, and self-identity, in this relationship. The descriptive analytical method was employed to explore the phenomenon under study, with the questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The sample consisted of 297 individuals from Northern Technical University. Data analysis was conducted using several statistical techniques, including reliability analysis, internal consistency testing, and regression analysis, with the support of AMOS and SPSS software. The key findings revealed a significant direct impact of workplace spirituality on job embeddedness. Furthermore, the study highlighted the potential of psychological ownership to enhance the strength of this relationship at the university. Based on these conclusions, recommendations were proposed to improve the current state of these variables and the nature of their interaction within the university context.
Management information systems, Economic history and conditions
This study aims to know employee empowerment as a basic axis of empowerment, Considering the latter one of the most important resources in the organization, And its role (functional empowerment) in improving the performance of users of the Inspectorate of Customs Departments in Tamanrasset.
In order to achieve the objectives, we relied on the questionnaire as a major tool in this study, Where 34 copies, Each, It was distributed to 34 employees, The study concluded that there is a prominent and effective role for employee empowerment in progressing the individuals ‘performance.
Véritables portes d’entrée du football, les ports contribuent fortement à la diffusion du jeu en Bretagne au début du xxe siècle. Toutefois, les différents types d’activité portuaire (pêche, chantiers navals et arsenaux) posent la question de l’existence d’un modèle portuaire. Existe-t-il un football des ports en Bretagne ? Pas si sûr. En position d’ouverture au monde, le port favorise les rencontres, les échanges et l’acculturation aux innovations comme le football. Mais les ports conservent une singularité, une identité forte qui renvoie à ces espaces à nul autre pareil : un tout petit monde caractérisé par une géographie sociale fermée. Il n’en demeure pas moins qu’il existe en Bretagne un football arrivé par le port, des clubs construits dans le port, suscitant puissance une identification. Angle mort de l’histoire maritime régionale, le football donne à voir sous un jour nouveau les sociétés portuaires bretonnes.
Abstract After surveying the existing historiography on service, this chapter proposes a new approach to studying female servants in early modern England. Offering a corrective to the prescriptive codes of behaviour disseminated in legal treatises and didactic literature, this book systematically unpicks evidence of the lives of over 1000 female servants recorded in church court depositions and recasts the household-centred, patriarchal context in which they have previously been studied. The chapter introduces central themes of the book: age and social structure of service, regulation and law, agency and freedom, work, and community. This chapter introduces readers to the church courts and the depositions upon which this study rests. Drawn from a variety of regions across the south and south-west of England, the women within the book lived in both urban and rural settlements that offer different economic, topographical, and social contexts for their study.
Abstract This concluding chapter draws together the themes of service that have been explored in the book and reflects on their historiographical significance. It returns to the four women with whom the book began and the simple question posed in the Introduction: who were these servants? The book reflects on the variability of experiences of service for women and concludes that what it meant to be a servant was in flux. At its core, all ‘servant’ signified was a labour relationship. In showing such variability, the chapter concludes that many of the social and legal mechanisms – household patriarchy and labour laws, for example – that underpinned service did not function as hoped. The chapter shows that even servants whose experiences appear typical (such as life-cycle servants) ultimately resist the tropes of service that have come to dominate scholarship.
This paper estimates the causal impact of short-term aggregate fluctuations in Egypt, 1911–48, using global cotton price shocks. Firm entry was procyclical, and exit was acyclical. There were persistent differences between cohorts over the cycle; expansionary cohorts were of lower quality. The evidence supports models of firm entry with ex-ante heterogeneity. The findings highlight the extensive margin of entry as the primary adjustment mechanism. As a result, recessions had a strong “isolation” effect. This nature of firm entry amplified and propagated temporary price shocks.
VIII Dobrzycka Konferencja Naukowa zorganizowana przez Muzeum Ziemiaństwa w Dobrzycy w dniach 14–15 września 2023 r. poświęcona była dwóm zasadniczym zagadnieniom. Część pierwsza, zatytułowana „Rodzinne archiwa domowe” dyskutowała kwestie związane z pozostającymi w rękach prywatnych ziemiańskimi archiwami rodzinnymi – ich przechowywaniem i konserwacją w warunkach domowych, udostępnianiem dla celów badań naukowych lub popularyzacji wiedzy o ziemiaństwie, współpracy w tym zakresie z instytucjami naukowymi, archiwami i muzeami. Druga część konferencji, zatytułowana „Myśliwskie pasje ziemian” dotyczyła szeroko pojętej problematyki łowiectwa w majątkach ziemiańskich w XIX i na pocz. XX w.
History of Poland, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
B. Glinkowska-Krauze, V. Chebotarov, Iegor Chebotarov
Considering the evolution of the scientific knowledge on the topic the authors define “national business cultures” as a complex interdisciplinary basic phenomenon of modern comparative studies and international entrepreneurship. Using the accepted in the world comparative studies methodology – indicative parameters of national business cultures and considering the authors’ corresponding empirical developments a systematic comparative analysis of the national business cultures of the founding countries of the new cooperation platform in Central and Eastern Europe – the “Lublin Triangle” (Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine) – is carried out. The close similarity and wide complementarity of the national business cultures of these countries are revealed. This is largely predetermined not only by their common, centuries‑old history, but also by a number of other institutional and economic factors, as well as natural conditions. The priority sectors and spheres of integration of the three countries are determined both at the interstate level and at the level of the interaction of their business structures. Implementing this approach will ensure an increase in the competitive positions of Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine and, as a result, the Lublin Triangle as a whole, in the system of the modern international division of labor. Based on the similarity and complementarity of the national business cultures, a group of other countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria) was selected. Under certain conditions, they could also become members of the Lublin Triangle, which would further strengthen and develop the European Union.
Abstract The physician Carl Wilhelm Nose (1753–1835) invested a substantial amount of time and money in exploring the rocks of the Siebengebirge, a mountain range in western Germany from the 1780s onwards. Although virtually unknown today, during his lifetime Nose earned a reputation as a leading mineralogical expert in German-speaking countries. He used his private rock collections as the basis for his research, and hoped that his findings would support his position in one of the fundamental scientific debates of the time – the neptunism–volcanism controversy, which concerns the question of the origin of the earth. At the same time, Nose sought to gain recognition for his rock-collecting work. He gave free samples to institutions and individuals, and donated specimens to various institutions. In 1814 he gifted his private collection of rocks to the Royal Mineral Cabinet in Berlin, a precursor of today’s Museum für Naturkunde there. Nose’s rocks provide deep insights into the mineral-collecting and donation practices of the early nineteenth century, the era in which modern scientific museums emerged. In addition, their collection history shows how the transformation of natural objects into museum objects was linked to the scientific, monetary and economic values attached to them. This paper argues that these natural objects embody epistemic and economic values combined.
1.IntroductionAlthough the title name of "Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan" juxtaposes with the name of James Morier, the original work belongs to an Iranian. Imitating the westerns, an Iranian immigrant had created his memoirs abroad and handed it in to Morier "to be published in the West" (Modarres Sadeghi, 2001, pp. 11-12). He had likely not added his name on the work to secure his life from the regime. Mirza Fathali Akhoundzadeh lived in Iran until his 15, then moved to Kafkaz, and all his life tried to inform the Iranian about the globe through literary narration. These two authors had some similarities and differences. The first was the thought school. The author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba"was acquainted with the social and political life of Istanbule’s population and the Western nations and at the same time the cultural and civilization patterns of Iran. Akhoundzadeh; however, was under the influence of Russian poets, writers, and intellectuals and learned about the Western opinions through Russian language. He was not familiar with cultural and civilization patterns of the Iranian as much as the author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba". Second, both of them believed in a change in the intellectualism of the Iranian despite they saw it from a different angle and gave different suggestions since they looked at Iran from different perspectives. Third, they both preferred humor and fiction to other styles in creating a change in Iran. And forth, for both of them the King is more of a nature than nurture; that is: a social premise at the head of an organization. 2.MethodologyIn this article, I have surveyed the similarities and differences between the two authors in thought, perspective, and the way of looking at Iran as well as reflecting the method of social, cultural, and religious situation in the nation. The methodology of surveying focuses on the details of the novels, analyzing them, and inferring the related conceptualizations. 3.DiscussionIn spite of differences, there are some typical similarities between the two works. Some of the most outstanding similarities are: 1. The description of the King: the Author of the Adventures of Hajji Baba looks at King from the perspective of ruling the nation, piety, and ethics. The king appeals to religion as a means to conserve the power. He considers for himself a position of divinity and suggests the lives and properties of his people his own belongings (see. Morier, 2001, PP. 130, 133-137, 139, 229-233, 263, 340, 349). Akhoundzadeh; however, does not realizes the king as much as the author of The Adventures of Hajji Baba; he only condemns the king’s divinity by describing him in clothing and the palace (see. Akhoundzadeh, 1977, PP. 426, 438). 2. Both of the authors give a variety of samples to illustrate the incompetency of government agents (see. Morier, 2001, PP. 20, 21, 25, 52, 188, 302-303, 340, 342; Akhoundzadeh, 1977, PP. 413-415, 445-446). 3. The authors both complain about the negligence of the law by the religious and state intellectuals. 4. Both of the authors realize maltreatment of religion and kinship ruling as the result of the king’s dictatorship and incompetency of his relatives (see. Morier, 2001, pp. 93, 355; Akhoundzadeh 1977; pp. 416, 450). Abusing the religion to accomplish nonreligious goals has been mentioned, in a bitter humor, several times in The Adventures of Hajji Baba. The author does not take religion as a social realm; he has rather a feeling for it and sympathizes for the real religious values. It is the same in the Deceived Stars; the real religious and conscientious people have no way to power pyramid. On the contrary, people who are aware of the position of religion in the community with the least knowledge may take the most advantages of it in achieving property and power. 5. For both of the authors, ethics diminishes as a result of dictatorship. They both have represented the downfall of ethical values because of widespread pretend, flattery, and libel. The frequency of ethical downfalls in the Deceived Stars is lesser than The Adventures of Hajji Baba. 6. Prevalence superstitions: in The Adventures of Hajji Baba, the regime’s members are negligent of their negligence. They do not expect developing schools as useful for the regime, and in religious learning they know nothing important except reading Koran. Medical science is only limited to which doctors. The Deceived Stars is mainly founded on a misbelief and then it is condemned. 7. Among the various traditions in Iran, both of the authors mention "Payandaz" (welcome reward) and condemn it (see. Morier, 2001, PP. 130, 140; Akhoundzadeh, 1977, p. 414). 8. Overcharging people: the author of The Adventures of Hajji Baba directly demonstrates samples of people’s oppression; in the Deceived Stars the samples are not presented as directly as The Adventures of Hajji Baba. The reader is to infer oppressions from the expressions and covert behaviors. 9. Portraying the women’s terrible condition: the author of The Adventures of Hajji Baba illustrates some examples of female conditions such as bigamy, involuntary marriage, purchasing and selling as servants, exchanging with stock, and opening Seegheh Khaneh (religious sex houses). To portray these terrible conditions, the Deceived Stars mentions involuntary marriage and divorce for women (see. Akhoundzadeh, 1977, pp. 429-430). 10. Both authors repeatedly talk about the people’s addiction to coffee, hubble bubble, and drugs (see. Morier, 2001, pp. 256, 277, 308, …; Akhoundzadeh, 1977, pp. 58, 433, 440).Regardless of the similarities between the two works, there are some cultural affairs and traditions in The Adventures of Hajji Baba attributed to Iranians through humor and exaggeration that are not stated in Deceived Stars. A few of them are being discussed as follows:the general prevalence of betrayal and lies: among every social class, there are people who are great liars and are quick at raising properties belonging to others. 2.Fear and supplication: when facing with regime’s officers unreasonably reprimanding them, people usually have no choice except for supplication.Habit of discrimination: discrimination is so widespread among occupation communities that even a barber can discriminate among his customers. 4.Status appreciation: people appreciate status. They give big titles to those who occupy the position by stealing and lying and then bend in front of them accordingly. 5.Extortion, bargaining, false swearing, theft and fainting in goods: exaggerating the price of the items and then discounting several times above the real price, swearing to deceive the customer, stealing and cheating in dealing are social habits in the community (see. Morier, 2001, pp. 89-90).On the contrary, there are details in the Deceived Stars that are not present in The Adventures of Hajji Baba such as 1. the welfare needs of the community: constructing streets, bridges, caravanserai, hospital, school, well, welfare for the widow and orphans; 2. Economical, ethical, and scientific needs: distinguishing the knowledgeable from the pretending flattering knowledgeable, stopping the unreasonable interference of the custodians in religious affairs in the lives of the people, providing tuition fees for religious students, developing competent courts, providing support centers for the poor, closing the unlawful ways of extorting money from people, the necessity of employing Sadats (Children of the Prophet) in decent jobs to keep the face of the prophet’s children, focusing on capability in appointments, setting correct and transparent rules for the Court expenses, setting rules for tax collection, timely payment of the Army salaries, prohibiting usury, and so on. 4.Conclusion The author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba" is most likely an Iranian, not Morier. This author has a relatively comprehensive knowledge of Iranian intellectual conditions and customs, culture, beliefs, psychological needs, occupations, economic situation, history, literature, relations of government institutions with the people, social oppression, lack of law and the like. He also became acquainted with the social life of the people of Istanbul and Europe, and especially their Pekarsk novels such as Gilles Blass. Comparing Iran, Istanbul, and Europe, he has written a Pekarsk novel, using humor and exaggeration to identify the flaws in the lives of Iranians. Akhundzadeh did not know as much about Iran as he did. Therefore, the works of these two have similarities and differences with each other, including: both identify incompetency of employees, kinship ruling in the power system, lack of law, lack of will to legislate the country in the ruling system, astonishing abuses of the glory of religion in society, prevalence of pretense , flattery, slander to others, superstitions, all kinds of injustices to the general public, addiction to Bang and vice versa, lack of production and will to change the status quo and lack of effort for public awareness and development of the country as the reasons for the differences between Iran and other countries . The author of "The Adventures of Hajji Baba" believes that there are magicians in Iran who penetrate the minds and psyche of the public and conquer their intellect. These magicians intensify vices such as betrayal, lies, fear of those in power, discrimination, etc., and worse, they prevent public awakening and, as a result, perpetuate the tyrannical system. Therefore, changing the current situation is a difficult task. This thinking has caused the satire of "The adventures of Hajji Baba" to be sharp and exaggerated, but Akhundzadeh is not so aware of Iranian society.
ABSTRACT Today the inclusion of non-citizens in the electorate is an increasingly common phenomenon. Yet, we know relatively little about under what conditions some states extend such voting rights to non-citizens earlier than others. In this paper, we investigate the timing of local enfranchisement policies for non-citizens in 28 democracies from 1980 to 2010 using event-history analysis. Adding to the conditions studied in earlier work, we examine the extent to which demographic composition, immigration policy regimes, and political partisanship relate to the timing of non-citizen suffrage. We find that higher shares of immigrant residents delay whereas EU membership and economic openness advance the timing of voting rights for non-citizens. At all demographic heterogeneity conditions, less permissive immigration regimes have been able to enfranchise non-citizens earlier. The findings suggest that, over time, having more left-wing parties in the government accelerates the timing of enfranchisement, while right-wing parties contribute to delays. The article brings forward new data and an original explanatory framework emphasising relevance of partisanship and immigration policy at different demographic contexts. Our analysis sheds light on the idiosyncratic state practices in the timing of enfranchisement reforms adding to the debates in migration and citizenship studies and the broader comparative politics field.
A tanulmány baranyai polgármesterek körében végzett kérdőíves kutatás eredményeit mutatja be. A vizsgálat célja a kistelepülési vezetők társadalmi tőkéjének felmérése volt, személyes kapcsolatrendszerük, valamint az interperszonális és az intézményekbe vetett bizalmuk feltárásával. A kutatás kiindulópontja az az állítás, hogy az eddigi (lakossági) vizsgálatok eredményei szerint Magyarországon a személyek közötti bizalom − európai összehasonlításban – kiegyenlítetlen mintázatú: az embertársak felé mutatott általános bizalom átlag alatti, miközben a családtagokba, közeli ismerősökbe vetett partikuláris bizalom igen magas szintű. Ezen egyenlőtlenség a társas kapcsolatok kialakítását, ápolását, fenntartását és funkcióját is befolyásolja. Többek között ennek következményeként értelmezhető az informális érintkezési mechanizmusok térnyerése. Kutatásunk azt jelzi, hogy a magyar társadalom általános kapcsolatérzékenysége a kistelepülési polgármesterek körében is jellemző. A polgármesterek többsége viszonylag kiterjedt kapcsolati hálóval rendelkezik, miközben az intézményekbe vetett bizalmuk szintje alacsony, a személyközi bizalmuk vonatkozásában pedig egyensúlyhiány figyelhető meg. A kapcsolatok kiterjedtsége kizárólag a partikuláris bizalommal függ össze, vagyis azokra vonatkozik, akik ismerőseikben jobban bíznak. Ez azt jelenti, hogy a kiterjedtebb személyes kapcsolatháló alapja nem az embertársakba vetett bizalom, hanem valamilyen partikuláris kötődés, ami felveti a be- és elzárkózó, klikkszerű együttműködések és az informális érintkezések előnyben részesítésének lehetőségét.
History (General) and history of Europe, Economic history and conditions
Venezuela, throughout its history has been a host country for immigrants. Currently, it presents a completely different migration pattern, motivated by a national crisis in a context of institutional deterioration, economic recession and social breakdown, a situation that has worsened over the past 17 years. This work is an exploratory study of qualitative orientation. It done through a literature review of secondary sources and in-depth consultation Venezuelan immigrants, who offer their insight into five dimensions: migration path, education, training and employment status, participation in networks, Venezuelan socioeconomic status and return expectations. The main findings, both documentary sources and empirical inquiry, remind us of the existence of a serious deterioration in the current living conditions in the country and the need for a profound change in the political, economic and social level as a prerequisite for a possible return.
Aún no hay un consenso en la literatura sobre acuerdos comerciales con respecto a si la liberalización preferencial conlleva a más o a menos liberalización multilateral. Sin embargo, hasta ahora las investigaciones se han enfocado mayormente en medidas arancelarias de protección a las importaciones. En este estudio desarrollamos medidas de política comercial más completas que incluyen las políticas de barreras temporales al comercio (BTC) de antidumping y salvaguardias; estudios en otros contextos también han mostrado cómo estas políticas pueden erosionar parte de las ganancias de la liberalización comercial que surgen cuando se examinan solo los aranceles. Examinamos las experiencias de Argentina y Brasil durante la formación del Mercosur en 1990- 2001, y hallamos que un enfoque exclusivo en aranceles aplicados puede llevar a una caracterización equívoca de la relación entre liberalización preferencial y liberalización hacia países no miembros. Primeramente, cualquier evidencia de building block que surge al enfocarse en aranceles durante el periodo en el que Mercosur fue solo un área de libre comercio puede desaparecer cuando también incluimos cambios en la protección a las importaciones que ocurren a través de BTC. Además, hay evidencia de un efecto de stumbling block de la liberalización comercial arancelaria para el periodo en el cual Mercosur se volvió una unión aduanera, y este resultado tiende a fortalecerse con la inclusión de BTC. Finalmente, también proveemos una primera evaluación empírica sobre si motivos de poder de mercado pueden ayudar a explicar los patrones de los cambios en la protección a las importaciones que se observan en estos escenarios.
Economic growth, development, planning, Economic history and conditions
Competitiveness depends to a large extent on innovation. This is true about tourism also. This article focuses on the differences in innovations implemented in the field of tourism policy. The main aim of this article is to evaluate the differences in innovations in tourism policy. The key hypothesis suggests that in the countries undergoing the process of transformation, introduction of innovations is difficult and depends to a large extent on the capability to adopt the new post-industrial tourism paradigm. Poland serves here only as an exemplification of this phenomenon. An additional hypothesis suggests that public policy employs in practice more often “goal substitution” (instead of complex and demanding goals; for instance modernization or renovation instead of urban regeneration or culture or tourism), whereas the business sector is more product-oriented (in line with the new post-industrial paradigm). The article analyses public 2007-2013 strategies (and, to some extent, projects for 2014-2020), but first of all it compares the implementation of the strategy within the operational programs and in private sector activities. Finally, referring to Poland as part of the European Union, the paper proposes that new EU regulations may bring a change in non-product approach to tourism development policy.
Recreation. Leisure, Economic history and conditions