Hasil untuk "Comparative grammar"

Hao-Chien Lu, Jhen-Ke Lin, Hong-Yun Lin et al.

Current automated speaking assessment (ASA) systems for use in multi-aspect evaluations often fail to make full use of content relevance, overlooking image or exemplar cues, and employ superficial grammar analysis that lacks detailed error types. This paper ameliorates these deficiencies by introducing two novel enhancements to construct a hybrid scoring model. First, a multifaceted relevance module integrates question and the associated image content, exemplar, and spoken response of an L2 speaker for a comprehensive assessment of content relevance. Second, fine-grained grammar error features are derived using advanced grammar error correction (GEC) and detailed annotation to identify specific error categories. Experiments and ablation studies demonstrate that these components significantly improve the evaluation of content relevance, language use, and overall ASA performance, highlighting the benefits of using richer, more nuanced feature sets for holistic speaking assessment.

Yu Liang, Hong Hu

Database Management System (DBMS) is the key component for data-intensive applications. Recently, researchers propose many tools to comprehensively test DBMS systems for finding various bugs. However, these tools only cover a small subset of diverse syntax elements defined in DBMS-specific SQL dialects, leaving a large number of features unexplored. In this paper, we propose ParserFuzz, a novel fuzzing framework that automatically extracts grammar rules from DBMSs' built-in syntax definition files for SQL query generation. Without any input corpus, ParserFuzz can generate diverse query statements to saturate the grammar features of the tested DBMSs, which grammar features could be missed by previous tools. Additionally, ParserFuzz utilizes code coverage as feedback to guide the query mutation, which combines different DBMS features extracted from the syntax rules to find more function and safety bugs. In our evaluation, ParserFuzz outperforms all state-of-the-art existing DBMS testing tools in terms of bug finding, grammar rule coverage and code coverage. ParserFuzz detects 81 previously unknown bugs in total across 5 popular DBMSs, where all bugs are confirmed and 34 have been fixed.

Cristina BLEORŢU, Miguel CUEVAS ALONSO

-

Afshan Latif, F. Azam, Muhammad Waseem Anwar et al.

Software engineering applications in domains like embedded systems and health care have increased exponentially during the last few years. Developing, analyzing, and customization of languages is one of the core software engineering aspects. This usually involves lexical, syntactical, and semantic operations, technically termed parsing. For this, several parsers have been introduced in state-of-the-art. However, due to diverse features, selecting a parser for a particular operation during software engineering applications is always problematic. In this article, we identified six leading parsers (i.e., ANTLR, JavaCC, SableCC, Tree-sitter, Yacc, and Bison) from the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, we also identified significant parser features to perform meaningful comparative analysis. Results indicate that ANTLR and JavaCC provide enhanced parsing features, such as the parsing algorithm and the extended grammar notation. However, JavaCC is suitable for simple grammar definition, whereas ANTLR allows specifying complex grammar with multiple alternative paths. The findings of this article are highly beneficial for researchers and practitioners while selecting the right parser to perform specific software engineering tasks.

Ghulam Yasin

The aim of this research is to deal with the fluid identities of the Muslim migrants settled in America in general and in particular it explores how the conflicts between social and religious values push the protagonist Hayat Shah towards the loss of his personal and religious identity in Ayad Akhtar’s novel ‘American Dervish’ (2012). It describes how the survival in a multicultural society particularly by the Muslim migrants becomes painful. Hayat Shah firstly holds on his remnant tenets of Islamic religion but later he is influenced by the charm of multicultural modern society of America and struggles in sustaining his Muslim identity and finding his new identity for his personal settlement with the surroundings. In this way his identity becomes fluid and keeps on changing. The research concludes that the Muslim migrant Hayat couldn’t retain his Muslim identity because he finds his survival only in the adaptation of new, broader, and multicultural settings. This crisis occurs because he has been struck in the issues like religion, mystic philosophy, and cultural conflicts right in his adolescence. It is examined through textual analysis that the journey of Hayat Shah for becoming a Hafiz, and then a Sufi or Dervish comes to an end by availing a new identity of an American. The qualitative research is designed on descriptive analytic method by utilizing the approach of Identity Crisis presented by Eric Erickson. 

Hafiz Nauman Ahmed, Iqra Hanif, Asim Aqeel

Chomsky’s Theory of Universal Grammar (UG) (1993, 1995) incorporates some universal principles for grammatical descriptions of all possible human languages. It is because all aspects of human languages may not be universal; this theory also offers some parameters through which languages may vary from one to another. The Minimalist Program (MP) (Chomsky, 1993) as a part of UG follows minimalist principles such as the principle of economy, the principle of uniformity, and the search for simplicity, which guide the creation of grammatical rules and representations. The current study analysed the interrogative sentences in Punjabi to determine the similarities between Punjabi and English by using the Minimalist Program (MP) as a theoretical framework. Almost all Punjabi dialects or Standard Punjabi published in the academic context provide many ways to express interrogation. Two common types of interrogative sentences analysed here include yes-no questions and wh-questions which are also called k-questions in Punjabi because they start with a k sound, for instance, kitthe (where), kinj (how), kaunN (why), kii (what), etc, have been analysed. The analysis showed that there is no obligatory movement, either in the case of yes-no questions or in wh-movement in Punjabi, such as in English. Similarly, unlike English, there is neither the movement of auxiliaries nor of any other word in any interrogative sentence. Furthermore, the study concluded that the analysis of the Punjabi language through minimalism is possible and, therefore, it is implied that Punjabi follows the proposed principle of Universal Grammar.

Isabelle Darcy, John H. G. Scott

Interaction of sounds on the melodic tier (segments) with prosodic and phonotactic structure (syllabic context) in cross-language perception is not explicitly addressed by models of second language phonology (e.g., Perceptual Assimilation Model: Best, 1995). At initial stages of foreign language exposure, learners rely on position-specific phonetic detail more than native speakers or advanced learners, thus mappings according to prosodic and phonotactic context are a crucial factor in early interlanguage phonological development. In a perceptual assimilation experiment, we manipulated syllable position (onset vs. coda) and phonotactic complexity (simple vs. complex codas) in phonotactically similar languages for auditory presentation of six German obstruents (i.e., familiar [h k ʃ] and novel [ç x p͡f]) to native speakers of American English who had no previous exposure to German. By means of weighted proportions (Park & de Jong, 2008) and overlap scores (Levy, 2009), we found that [h k ʃ p͡f] mapped categorically to English orthographic categories <h>, <k>, <sh>, and <f>, respectively, in all positions, whereas the novel fricatives [ç x] exhibited distinct mapping patterns from each other, from other sounds, and according to syllable position. These results demonstrate profound influences of both low-level prosodic and phonotactic contexts on perceptual assimilation of novel sounds.

Minghao Guo, Veronika Thost, Samuel W Song et al.

The prediction of molecular properties is a crucial task in the field of material and drug discovery. The potential benefits of using deep learning techniques are reflected in the wealth of recent literature. Still, these techniques are faced with a common challenge in practice: Labeled data are limited by the cost of manual extraction from literature and laborious experimentation. In this work, we propose a data-efficient property predictor by utilizing a learnable hierarchical molecular grammar that can generate molecules from grammar production rules. Such a grammar induces an explicit geometry of the space of molecular graphs, which provides an informative prior on molecular structural similarity. The property prediction is performed using graph neural diffusion over the grammar-induced geometry. On both small and large datasets, our evaluation shows that this approach outperforms a wide spectrum of baselines, including supervised and pre-trained graph neural networks. We include a detailed ablation study and further analysis of our solution, showing its effectiveness in cases with extremely limited data. Code is available at https://github.com/gmh14/Geo-DEG.

Yixiao Song, Kalpesh Krishna, Rajesh Bhatt et al.

Grammatical error correction tools are effective at correcting grammatical errors in users' input sentences but do not provide users with \textit{natural language} explanations about their errors. Such explanations are essential for helping users learn the language by gaining a deeper understanding of its grammatical rules (DeKeyser, 2003; Ellis et al., 2006). To address this gap, we propose the task of grammar error explanation, where a system needs to provide one-sentence explanations for each grammatical error in a pair of erroneous and corrected sentences. We analyze the capability of GPT-4 in grammar error explanation, and find that it only produces explanations for 60.2% of the errors using one-shot prompting. To improve upon this performance, we develop a two-step pipeline that leverages fine-tuned and prompted large language models to perform structured atomic token edit extraction, followed by prompting GPT-4 to generate explanations. We evaluate our pipeline on German and Chinese grammar error correction data sampled from language learners with a wide range of proficiency levels. Human evaluation reveals that our pipeline produces 93.9% and 98.0% correct explanations for German and Chinese data, respectively. To encourage further research in this area, we will open-source our data and code.

S. Amelina, R. Tarasenko, S. Semerikov et al.

The paper deals with the use of mobile applications for language learning in the self-study process of prospective translators. A comparative analysis was made of some mobile language learning applications. The capabilities of mobile language learning applications are summarised, which include learning vocabulary grammar, pronunciation training, and practice listening and speaking. Particular attention is paid to interactive tasks and gamification of learning. An experiment was conducted with students using the Duolingo mobile app. The advantages of using mobile applications with augmented reality elements in the self-study process of future translators are identified. The main ones are interactivity, accessibility, individual schedules, and the ability to learn anytime, anywhere. There has been a significant increase in motivation to learn a foreign language independently thanks to mobile apps. It is proposed that mobile applications should only be seen as additional opportunities for independent and autonomous learning.

Balboni, Paolo E., Porcelli, Gianfranco

During the Fascist regime, foreign language teaching was prohibited. After the war, one of the main factors – both symbolic and factual – of Italy opening up to the world was the renovated role of foreign languages in the Italian School system. ANILS, the National Association of Foreign Language Teachers, has been active in Italy since 1947, and this article deals with its role in defining the main lines of linguistic policy in the Italian school system for the last 75 years. The authors, both former presidents of the Association, claim that ANILS gave a relevant contribution to moist of the innovative ideas that changed the role and the teaching of foreign languages of Italian as a Second and Foreign Language in Italy.

Lorrane da Silva Neves Medeiros Ventura

O presente estudo investiga estruturas de tópico-comentário e sujeito-predicado no Português do Brasil (PB), sob a luz da psicolinguística experimental, a fim de trazer suporte empírico que sustente a hipótese de que o PB seria uma língua mista, orientada tanto para a sentença quanto para o discurso, diferente do inglês, que é, indiscutivelmente, uma língua com proeminência de sujeito, orientada para a sentença (cf. Li & Thompson 1976). Investigamos estruturas de tópico geradas na base (tópico estilo-chinês), pois tais estruturas são prototípicas de uma língua onde a noção de tópico é importante e ausentes em uma língua onde a noção de sujeito é a dominante (cf. Yuan 1995), além de estruturas de tópico geradas via movimentação sintática (topicalização). O experimento de julgamento de aceitabilidade demonstrou que o comportamento dos falantes de PB e de inglês foi significativamente diferente durante a tarefa proposta, o que pode indicar que as línguas não se encaixam na mesma tipologia, quanto a sua orientação. O resultado do teste com o grupo bilíngue confirmou, ainda mais, as suposições iniciais, de que PB e inglês não enxergam o tópico da mesma maneira. Tais resultados sugerem que o PB deva ser caracterizado como uma língua onde ambos, tópico e sujeito, são noções importantes (cf. Pontes 1987, entre outros).

Na'imah Na'imah

Language is one of the most important aspects of early childhood., and mastery of English in early childhood is not so easy to apply to children, so it is necessary to use appropriate and fun methods. The purpose of this study is to introduce children's English vocabulary from the phonological aspect through the singing method. This research was conducted with a descriptive qualitative approach. The research was conducted in Canden Hamlet, Jetis, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Samples were taken from 15 early childhood children aged 4-6 years. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, documentation, and interviews. The results showed that; (1) Improving the linguistic ability of young children, it can be done through the introduction of English vocabulary; (2) Introducing the English alphabet, the names of fruits, the names of animals, various colors, and so on, the most interesting is done by the singing method; (3) To develop linguistic skills by introducing English Vocabularies, it is effective to be taught from an early age.

Waleed A. Yousef, Hisham E. Mohammed, Andrew A. Naguib et al.

In this paper, we introduce the JavaScript Open-source Library (\libname), a high-level grammar for representing data in visualization graphs and plots. \libname~perspective on the grammar of graphics is unique; it provides state-of-art rules for encoding visual primitives that can be used to generate a known scene or to invent a new one. \libname~has ton rules developed specifically for data-munging, mapping, and visualization through many layers, such as algebra, scales, and geometries. Additionally, it has a compiler that incorporates and combines all rules specified by a user and put them in a flow to validate it as a visualization grammar and check its requisites. Users can customize scenes through a pipeline that either puts customized rules or comes with new ones. We evaluated \libname~on a multitude of plots to check rules specification of customizing a specific plot. Although the project is still under development and many enhancements are under construction, this paper describes the first developed version of \libname, circa 2016, where an open-source version of it is available. One immediate practical deployment for JSOl is to be integrated with the open-source version of the Data Visualization Platform (DVP) \citep{Yousef2019DVP-arxiv}

Sophia Chan, Swapna Somasundaran, Debanjan Ghosh et al.

We describe the AGReE system, which takes user-submitted passages as input and automatically generates grammar practice exercises that can be completed while reading. Multiple-choice practice items are generated for a variety of different grammar constructs: punctuation, articles, conjunctions, pronouns, prepositions, verbs, and nouns. We also conducted a large-scale human evaluation with around 4,500 multiple-choice practice items. We notice for 95% of items, a majority of raters out of five were able to identify the correct answer and for 85% of cases, raters agree that there is only one correct answer among the choices. Finally, the error analysis shows that raters made the most mistakes for punctuation and conjunctions.

Hosni Mostafa El-dali

There has been extensive research into how L1 affects L2, commonly known as ‘negative influence’, but a lot less about the opposite direction, commonly known as ‘Reverse or Backward’ transfer. As well as the first language influences the second, the second language influences the first.  The present study, therefore, attempts to examine and critically review pertinent research into the question of bidirectional influence between languages.  First, it traces the conceptual framework of the notion L1?L2 effect.  Second, it attempts to demonstrate how an emerging new language (L2) affects the existing L1.  Third, it examines the pedagogical aspects of both directions, as manifested in L2 classroom.  Special focus will be given to how the concept of “multicompetence” sees the goal of L2 learning and how language teaching should reflect such a goal.  In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of using learners’ first language in L2 classroom will be highlighted and specific methodological recommendations will be made.

Laura Bafile

The article concerns some developments of Element Theory that extend X-bar theory to the realm of phonology in order to represent the internal structure of segments. While maintaining some fundamental assumptions of Element Theory concerning the nature of melodic primes, these models propose a radically different conception of the segment and of larger phonological domains compared to autosegmentalist approaches. The article discusses some issues emerging from the adoption of X-bar theory and notation with regard to the representation of lenition phenomena, and suggests that the complex hierarchical structure that according to these theories corresponds to a segment poses problems of descriptive adequacy and raises a general question about learnability.

Abderrafii KHOUDRI

L’observation des échanges entre soignant et soigné constitue une voie d'accès privilégié pour l'examen de l'organisation des matériaux technolectaux mobilisés dans leurs pratiques discursives. Les analyses des données recueillies révèlent des stratégies différenciées de maniement des unités technolectales. Cette disjonction entre les façons de parler favorise des malentendus et des incompréhensions. Sous ce rapport, il devient évident que la maîtrise des technolectes est un gage assuré pour un échange fructueux entre soignant et soigné. Cet article poursuit l'objectif de montrer les traits les plus représentatifs des façons de parler de nos informateurs (les patients et les médecins). De cette représentation le lecteur déduira les obstacles inhérents au transfert d'information dans la relation médecin/patient.

Martha Nandari Santoso

In this changing era, which is characterized by the interconnected world, and the increasing mobility of people, the need to be able to communicate inter-culturally is evident. To be successful in intercultural communication, one does not only need to be linguistically competent but also culturally knowledgeable and sensitive. Bearing in mind these cultural needs, this paper details the scavenger hunt technique as a tool for enhancing culture learning and intercultural communication practice. Although this technique applies to students of any major, this study was specifically implemented to a group of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in Indonesia. Participants of this study were nine (9) male and twenty (20) female students of The English Language Education Program at a private university in Central Java, Indonesia. The students did the scavenger hunt in a group of four or five during their three-day trip to a multicultural setting in Indonesia: Bali island, and documented the activities in vlogs. The students’ vlogs which were data of this study were analyzed by using a qualitative content analysis approach. The findings showed that the scavenger hunt task resulted in the students' learning on cultural knowledge, intercultural communication, intercultural adaptation, information technology, and soft skills. During the three-day program, the students could also use English in a meaningful way. The study presented the strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations of this study, as well as some ideas for further research. Keywords: culture learning, intercultural communication, EFL,scavenger hunt.

AJ Bu, Robert Dougherty-Bliss

The number of Dyck paths of semilength $n$ is famously $C_n$, the $n$th Catalan number. This fact follows after noticing that every Dyck path can be uniquely parsed according to a context-free grammar. In a recent paper, Zeilberger showed that many restricted sets of Dyck paths satisfy different, more complicated grammars, and from this derived various generating function identities. We take this further, highlighting some combinatorial results about Dyck paths obtained via grammatical proof and generalizing some of Zeilberger's grammars to infinite families.