Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Zhu Liu, P. Ciais, Z. Deng et al.

We constructed a near-real-time daily CO 2 emission dataset, the Carbon Monitor, to monitor the variations in CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production since January 1, 2019, at the national level, with near-global coverage on a daily basis and the potential to be frequently updated. Daily CO 2 emissions are estimated from a diverse range of activity data, including the hourly to daily electrical power generation data of 31 countries, monthly production data and production indices of industry processes of 62 countries/regions, and daily mobility data and mobility indices for the ground transportation of 416 cities worldwide. Individual flight location data and monthly data were utilized for aviation and maritime transportation sector estimates. In addition, monthly fuel consumption data corrected for the daily air temperature of 206 countries were used to estimate the emissions from commercial and residential buildings. This Carbon Monitor dataset manifests the dynamic nature of CO 2 emissions through daily, weekly and seasonal variations as influenced by workdays and holidays, as well as by the unfolding impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Carbon Monitor near-real-time CO 2 emission dataset shows a 8.8% decline in CO 2 emissions globally from January 1 st to June 30 th in 2020 when compared with the same period in 2019 and detects a regrowth of CO 2 emissions by late April, which is mainly attributed to the recovery of economic activities in China and a partial easing of lockdowns in other countries. This daily updated CO 2 emission dataset could offer a range of opportunities for related scientific research and policy making. Measurement(s) carbon dioxide emission Technology Type(s) computational modeling technique Factor Type(s) geographic location • sector • temporal interval Sample Characteristic - Environment climate system Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12994058

BOZINTAN (COSMA-GULER) IOANA-CARMEN , BADULESCU DANIEL

This paper explores the role of crowdfunding in the financing of small and innovative companies, highlighting its importance in filling the gap of traditional financing and in stimulating innovation, challenges particularly visible after the financial crisis of 2008. The main objective is to identify the factors that contribute to the success of crowdfunding campaigns for innovative SMEs. We did this mainly by reviewing the existing literature and then by an assessment of the critical factors for the success of crowdfunding campaigns, such as the quality of the project presentation, the use of social networks, the involvement of qualified investors and the setting of realistic funding goals, but also stressing the importance of a constant communication and post-campaign support. The results show that the success of crowdfunding campaigns depends on a harmonious combination between the attractive presentation of the project, the active involvement of supporters and effective marketing strategies. We have also identified the main vulnerabilities in the financing of innovative companies and projects, such as financial risks or lack of transparency, which can be mitigated through a rigorous planning of the stages or the protection of intellectual property. The usefulness of the research lies in offering practical recommendations for entrepreneurs and investors, highlighting the importance of transparency and trust in financing products through crowdfunding. Undoubtedly, crowdfunding has significant potential to support innovation and economic growth, but its success depends on a number of interrelated factors. As this type of funding continues to develop and mature, further research is needed to fully understand its impact on innovation and entrepreneurship.

Marko Milojević, Balnur Omarova, Ivan Trifonov et al.

Abstract The innovative potential of companies is a pivotal driver of both firm-level competitiveness and broader economic transformation. This study quantitatively and qualitatively assesses how innovation—viewed as a core component of intellectual capital—affects the commercial success of companies across Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia (EECCA) compared to adjacent European markets. A regression analysis on panel data reveals that intellectual capital innovation explains 54% of the variation in inclusive growth among firms oriented toward sustainable development. Specifically, Human Capital Innovation exhibits the strongest positive effect (β = 0.438, p < 0.001), followed by Relational Capital Innovation (β = 0.319, p < 0.001), and Structural Capital Innovation (β = 0.217, p = 0.0004). Firm size also positively correlates with growth (β = 0.124, p = 0.006), confirming scale effects. Knowledge-intensive companies in the Caucasus and Central Asia remain at an early development stage, whereas firms in Eastern Europe demonstrate innovation efficiency comparable to more advanced European markets. A qualitative analysis further substantiates the significant correlations between innovation, intellectual capital, human resource management, and firm success. The findings support the practical use of innovation management and intellectual capital development strategies to enhance competitiveness, particularly in emerging markets undergoing industrial transformation.

Khairul Alom, Md. Zillur Rahman, Ashik Imran Khan et al.

Abstract This study investigates how digital finance positively impacts the advancement of women's entrepreneurship, empowerment, and poverty reduction in Bangladesh. Covering the period from 2011 to 2023 and drawing from annual data, it sheds light on the transformative effects of digital finance on women's entrepreneurship, empowerment, and poverty reduction. Employing fully modified OLS and canonical co-integration regression models, the study explores the dynamic relationship among the variables. The findings reveal that mobile banking and agent banking have a significant influence on women's entrepreneurship at the 1 percent level. Additionally, women's employment, empowerment, and poverty reduction are shown to have a notable impact on the development of digital finance at the 5 percent level. Hence, policymakers are encouraged to formulate effective strategies to capitalize on the potential of the female population through digital finance. Introducing nationwide digital entrepreneurship schemes emerges as a promising strategy to maximize the benefits of digital finance.

Qirui Mi, Qipeng Yang, Zijun Fan et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a powerful tool for economic research, enabling large-scale simulation and policy optimization. However, applying AI effectively requires simulation platforms for scalable training and evaluation-yet existing environments remain limited to simplified, narrowly scoped tasks, falling short of capturing complex economic challenges such as demographic shifts, multi-government coordination, and large-scale agent interactions. To address this gap, we introduce EconGym, a scalable and modular testbed that connects diverse economic tasks with AI algorithms. Grounded in rigorous economic modeling, EconGym implements 11 heterogeneous role types (e.g., households, firms, banks, governments), their interaction mechanisms, and agent models with well-defined observations, actions, and rewards. Users can flexibly compose economic roles with diverse agent algorithms to simulate rich multi-agent trajectories across 25+ economic tasks for AI-driven policy learning and analysis. Experiments show that EconGym supports diverse and cross-domain tasks-such as coordinating fiscal, pension, and monetary policies-and enables benchmarking across AI, economic methods, and hybrids. Results indicate that richer task composition and algorithm diversity expand the policy space, while AI agents guided by classical economic methods perform best in complex settings. EconGym also scales to 10k agents with high realism and efficiency.

Davit Gondauri

The article examines the impact of 16 key parameters of the Georgian economy on economic inequality, using the Perelman model and Ricci flow mathematical methods. The study aims to conduct a deep analysis of the impact of socio-economic challenges and technological progress on the dynamics of the Gini coefficient. The article examines the following parameters: income distribution, productivity (GDP per hour), unemployment rate, investment rate, inflation rate, migration (net negative), education level, social mobility, trade infrastructure, capital flows, innovative activities, access to healthcare, fiscal policy (budget deficit), international trade (turnover relative to GDP), social protection programs, and technological access. The results of the study confirm that technological innovations and social protection programs have a positive impact on reducing inequality. Productivity growth, improving the quality of education, and strengthening R&D investments increase the possibility of inclusive development. Sensitivity analysis shows that social mobility and infrastructure are important factors that affect economic stability. The accuracy of the model is confirmed by high R^2 values (80-90%) and the statistical reliability of the Z-statistic (<0.05). The study uses Ricci flow methods, which allow for a geometric analysis of the transformation of economic parameters in time and space. Recommendations include the strategic introduction of technological progress, the expansion of social protection programs, improving the quality of education, and encouraging international trade, which will contribute to economic sustainability and reduce inequality. The article highlights multifaceted approaches that combine technological innovation and responses to socio-economic challenges to ensure sustainable and inclusive economic development.

Andrew Bowne

Unlike other military technologies driven by national security needs and developed with federal funding, AI is predominantly funded and advanced by commercial industry for civilian applications. However, there is a lack of understanding of the reasons commercial AI firms decide to work with the DoD or choose to abstain from the defence market. This thesis argues that the contract law and procurement framework are among the most significant obstacles. This research indicates that the commercial AI industry actually views the DoD as an attractive customer. However, this attraction is despite the obstacles presented by traditional contract law and procurement practices used to solicit and award contracts. Drawing on social exchange theory, this thesis introduces a theoretical framework, optimal buyer theory, to understand the factors that influence a commercial decision to engage with the DoD. Interviews from a sample of the participants explain why the AI industry holds such perceptions, opinions, and preferences about contracts generally and the DoD, specifically, in its role as a customer. This thesis concludes that commercial AI firms are attracted to contracts that are consistent with their business and technology considerations. Additionally, it develops best practices for leveraging existing contract law, primarily other transaction authority, to align contracting practices with commercial preferences and the machine learning development and deployment lifecycle.

Hugo Spring-Ragain

Traditional economic growth theories, grounded in deterministic and often linear frameworks, fail to adequately capture the inherent uncertainty, non-commutativity, and complex interdependencies of modern economies. This paper proposes a novel approach by transposing fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics-such as superposition, operator algebra, and path integrals-into the realm of macroeconomic modeling. Within this quantum framework, core economic variables (capital, labor, and technological progress) are redefined as non-commuting operators acting on Hilbert spaces, and the state of the economy is represented as a dynamic wave function governed by a time-dependent Hamiltonian. The evolution of this economic wave function follows a generalized Schr{ö}dinger equation, developed here through Dyson series and Magnus expansions. We also define a quantum production function as the expected value of a composite operator, capturing the probabilistic nature of economic output. By integrating uncertainty relations analogous to Heisenberg's principle, and modeling economic fluctuations via Langevin dynamics, we extend the model to include dissipation, feedback loops, and non-linear interactions between variables. Finally, a Feynman path integral formalism is constructed to provide an alternative trajectory-based interpretation of economic dynamics. This quantum-inspired framework offers a rigorous and flexible methodology to rethink macroeconomic modeling under radical uncertainty, with potential applications in dynamic policy simulations and innovation-driven growth.

Matthew O. Jackson

I discuss economic and social sources of inequality and elaborate on the role of social networks in inequality, economic immobility, and economic inefficiencies. The lens of social networks clarifies how the entanglement of people's information, opportunities, and behaviors with those of their friends and family leads to persistent differences across communities, resulting in inequality in education, employment, income, health, and wealth. The key role of homophily in separating groups within the network is highlighted. A network perspective's policy implications differ substantially from a narrower economic perspective that ignores social structure. I discuss the importance of ``policy cocktails'' that include aspects that are aimed at both the economic and social forces driving inequality.

GEORGIANA RALUCA LĂDARU , IONUT LAURENTIU PETRE

The aim of this research is to analyse the competitiveness of the agricultural sector in Romania and Serbia according to the external trade activity of each country. For this purpose, will be used data provided by international databases, namely the International Trade Centre, which will refer to the value of imports and exports of agricultural products and to the total level, these data being processed quantitatively and analysed from the perspective of the trade balance. Then, in order to determine the competitiveness of the sector in each country, certain indicators will be calculated which can measure competitiveness, both at collective level (of the agricultural sector) and at individual level, according to the main groups of agri-food products.

BUCUR LOUISA-MARIA

The foundation of a healthy Single Market is represented by a strong trade policy. Over the years that shaped the European Union as it is known today, European trade policy had to adjust to new tendencies regarding economic growth, free trade and respecting new regulations set in place by the new wave of green economy. The European Union’s (EU) Green Deal is the main new growth strategy to transition the EU economy to a sustainable economic model. Being green, mindful of the carbon neutrality challenges the trade policy and pushes the law makers and other entities to take serious action. The European Green Deal aims to boost the efficient use of resources by moving to a clean, circular economy and stop climate change, revert biodiversity loss and cut pollution. One of the most important challenges faced by the European Union’s trade policy represents its alignment with the imperatives of environmental sustainability and Green Deal. Focusing on trading partners around the world, the study assesses the impact of EU trade policy on the adoption of initiatives to promote environmental protection, decent working conditions, ecolabelling, and sustainable marketing of natural resources. Considering trade agreements as tools to promote sustainable development goals and emphasizing the need for coherence between trade policy and environmental commitments, this article will use explanatory graphs and data collected from the European Commission and others to demonstrate the need for a common framework to contribute to achieving the Paris Agreement's environmental, economic and social sustainability goals.

Reynario C. Ruiz Jr., Melbert O. Hungo, Leomarich F. Casinillo et al.

In the Philippines, schools are grappling with the challenge of students at risk of dropping out (SARDO), a concern heightened by evolving educational landscapes and technology. To address this, a study delved into the experiences of at-risk students, examining their attitudes towards school, subjective norms, and perceived control. Through interviews with a purposeful sample of 10 Grade 7 SARDO students, the research uncovered themes such as mixed feelings about school, with boredom and grade pressure being significant. Students also discussed the influence of peers, teachers, and family, expressing a preference for a more liberating school environment. The findings suggest that interventions should be tailored to individual circumstances, considering family dynamics and socioeconomic factors. Personalized, inclusive education, better teacher training, a positive school climate, and community support are highlighted as key strategies to prevent dropouts and promote a fairer educational system.

N. J. Chater, R. S. MacKay

An axiomatic approach to macroeconomics based on the mathematical structure of thermodynamics is presented. It deduces relations between aggregate properties of an economy, concerning quantities and flows of goods and money, prices and the value of money, without any recourse to microeconomic foundations about the preferences and actions of individual economic agents. The approach has three important payoffs. 1) it provides a new and solid foundation for aspects of standard macroeconomic theory such as the existence of market prices, the value of money, the meaning of inflation, the symmetry and negative-definiteness of the macro-Slutsky matrix, and the Le Chatelier-Samuelson principle, without relying on implausibly strong rationality assumptions over individual microeconomic agents. 2) the approach generates new results, including implications for money flow and trade when two or more economies are put in contact, in terms of new concepts such as economic entropy, economic temperature, goods' values and money capacity. Some of these are related to standard economic concepts (eg marginal utility of money, market prices). Yet our approach derives them at a purely macroeconomic level and gives them a meaning independent of usual restrictions. Others of the concepts, such as economic entropy and temperature, have no direct counterparts in standard economics, but they have important economic interpretations and implications, as aggregate utility and the inverse marginal aggregate utility of money, respectively. 3) this analysis promises to open up new frontiers in macroeconomics by building a bridge to ideas from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. More broadly, we hope that the economic analogue of entropy (governing the possible transitions between states of economic systems) may prove to be as fruitful for the social sciences as entropy has been in the natural sciences.

D. Cherevatskyi

Resilience as a category of mechanics means an ability of elastic bodies to restore their shape after mechanical pressure. Against the background of the SARS Covid-19 pandemic and other global cataclysms, the concept of resilience as stress resistance is gaining more and more popularity in economic science. It is even about the paradigmatic change of Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, the characteristic of economical resilience for which should be significant, while the industry itself is given the role of necessary transformations’ driver. A fairly widespread version of resilience in the economy is the ability of the ecosystem, business and society to cope with shocks and continue to function approximately the same way. The mission of this work, its purpose is to specify the concept of resilience to the needs of industrialists. The category of resilience, by its very name, is an allusion to Hooke's law, which is also called the law of elasticity. Any force applied to the body causes its (body) deformation, the size of which, according to Hooke's law, depends on the force itself and the inherent rigidity of the body. As long as the deformations grow linearly (in proportion to the effort), the body retains its elasticity and returns to its original dimensions after the load is removed. This happens until the load does not exceed the limit of proportionality, beyond which the elongation of the sample occurs without increasing the force with subsequent destruction of the body. The task of maintaining resilience, thus, comes down to knowing the nature of the development of deformations of a specific material – the economy of the enterprise, the region, the national economy – and preventing the loading of the "sample" beyond its inherent level of proportionality. Thus, it makes sense to accept that each company has its own ‘rigidity’ and characteristic ‘deformations’ of the state. Each company has its own production function, which, in the case of using the Cobb-Douglas model, is the dependence of output on labor and capital costs. The inherent rigidity of the economic structure determines the elasticity of its functioning. The long-term impact of adverse forces leads not only to a reduction in production, but also to the closing of production facilities, the dismissal of personnel, which causes a further decline in production and the development of a vicious circle up to the liquidation of the business structure itself due to the complete economic/commercial impracticality of its existence. Using the example of the cumulative cost curve of metallurgical coal exporters, it is proved that the resilience of any micro-, meso- or macroeconomy depends on a combination of natural (quality of the deposit, for example), geographical (proximity to ports, development of railway connections etc.), technological factors and the economic and political situation. The paradigm of Industry 5.0 is fundamentally distinguished by another "assembly point" – the transition from the neoliberal model of capitalism, which has the "primacy of shareholders" and the goal of maximizing profit, to a model based on the principles of ESG (from Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance). The second main point of Industry 5.0 is the desire to achieve the greatest autonomy of economic structures. The noted points can significantly influence the practice of enterprises and regions in terms of ensuring their resilience.

ŞTELIAC NELA

Highways are road communication routes that allow the movement of means of transport in a shorter time, at high speed and under safe conditions. They are extremely important for the economy of any state as they generate extremely important economic and social effects. This article provides an overview of the situation of highways in Romania from a European, national and regional perspective. The analysis of the evolution of the length of highways in Romania is carried out especially for the period after 1989, when the actions regarding the construction of highways began to intensify. At the EU level, Romania ranks 17th in terms of the number of km of highway built. In Romania, there are currently only three completed highways, two in more advanced phases of execution, three in the initial phase and two in the preparation phase. At the regional level, there are only two regions with a length of more than 250 km of highway, one with a length of more than 150 km, four regions with less than 100 km and one region without highways.

VĂDUVA MARIA

The risk of insurance fraud, or fraud in general, has been analyzed for a very long time, but at the current moment it has become more intense. Insurance fraud has many aspects related to traditional claims (for example: death, disability, income protection and hospital claims). However, there are other areas of concern that increase the potential for parties to commit fraud. The impact of COVID-19 on global business is undeniable. Unfortunately, however, as accounts receivable grow, so does the risk of fraud. Using technology-based solutions identifies red flags of fraud and minimizes disruption to the claims process to ensure customer response times are top notch and legitimate claims are not unnecessarily delayed. COVID-19 has been a factor for remote work in most fields and companies, while increasing the use of technology. Determining risks and responding to them must take place through consistent and effective processes. This can be enhanced by the correct use of technology. Combining technology with effective resources and experienced staff is a priority step to maximize robustness in deterring, preventing, detecting and responding to suspected fraud incidents. If financial losses associated with fraud are one of the consequences, then investing in technology and skilled and experienced resources is an imperative. Brand damage and loss of investor confidence pose some critical and additional considerations when assessing fraud risk and a firm's response to fraud.

GABRIELA DOBROTĂ, ELIZA ALEXANDRA VASILE

The banking system represents the most important component of the financial system, "heart of the economy", its role being identified, mainly, in two plans. Thus, first of all, it is vital for maintaining a good functioning of the economy, the National Bank of Romania having prerogatives in ensuring price stability. Secondly, credit institutions, through their function as financial intermediaries, ensure a real process of financing the needs registered by the economic environment. Maintaining price stability in difficult economic conditions, of systemic shock, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, required the adoption of measures by the National Bank of Romania to mitigate the negative effects. One of the measures adopted by the central bank during the pandemic was the reduction of the policy interest rate by 0.5 pp. In this context, from the research carried out on the basis of an econometric analysis, it emerged that the change in the consumer credit benchmark is also influenced by the positive or negative evolution of other economic factors, such as the monetary policy interest rate, the variation of the consumer price index and the fluctuation of the exchange rate

Ali Lashgari

This paper presents a novel machine learning approach to GDP prediction that incorporates volatility as a model weight. The proposed method is specifically designed to identify and select the most relevant macroeconomic variables for accurate GDP prediction, while taking into account unexpected shocks or events that may impact the economy. The proposed method's effectiveness is tested on real-world data and compared to previous techniques used for GDP forecasting, such as Lasso and Adaptive Lasso. The findings show that the Volatility-weighted Lasso method outperforms other methods in terms of accuracy and robustness, providing policymakers and analysts with a valuable tool for making informed decisions in a rapidly changing economic environment. This study demonstrates how data-driven approaches can help us better understand economic fluctuations and support more effective economic policymaking. Keywords: GDP prediction, Lasso, Volatility, Regularization, Macroeconomics Variable Selection, Machine Learning JEL codes: C22, C53, E37.

P. Gyawali, S. Bhandari, Jiban Shrestha

Horti-tourism is one of the newest forms of agro-tourism in Nepal which precisely relates horticultural development with tourism. Different works of literature were thoroughly studied and SWOC analysis was done to reveal the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of horti-tourism in Nepal. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, horticulture and tourism sectors were severely affected. Commercial horticultural farmers have to bear a great loss due to the imposition of lockdown in the country. Furthermore, there was a reduction of 80% international tourists in 2020, shrinking the country's economic growth rate to 0.2%. In this regard, there is a need for a promising approach that can revive these two sectors rapidly after the Covid-19 pandemic. Horti-tourism can be the sustainable approach to strengthen farmers' economy after the Covid-19 pandemic at an exponential rate. It avoids the problem of complete crop failure, solves market problems, and promotes rural development. Poverty, political instability, lack of infrastructures, and undulated land topography are some major challenges, and high initial investment, the requirement of huge human power, and land area are some of the weaknesses of this concept. For this, different models of horti-tourism should be developed and recommended according to the different geographical regions with the provision of subsidies for its wide adoption.

Refika Ceyda, Murat Mahsun, H. Tuğba et al.