Hasil untuk "Cattle"

P. Fearnside

C. Gyles

Hakan Serin, Alperen Varalan

Beekeeping holds significant importance both in human nutrition and economically worldwide. The objective of this study is to classify provinces in Türkiye based on beekeeping production indicators using K–Means clustering method. Furthermore, by utilizing national data related to production indicators, ascending and descending trends were identified. Five production indicators (number of enterprises, number of colonies, total honey production, beeswax production, and honey yield per colony) from the years 1991 to 2022 were analyzed. For an objective and accurate classification of the provinces, the K–Means clustering method, as a data mining technique, was employed. To identify trends, the Sen Trend and Modified Mann–Kendall test were used. As a result of the K–Means clustering method, a structure with three clusters, comprising 4, 11, and 66 provinces, was obtained. Ordu, Muğla, Adana, and Sivas were grouped in cluster 1, which is the top cluster with the highest productivity (P<0.001). These provinces stand out with their different aspects. In Adana, which is categorised in cluster 1 in the Mediterranean Region, colony production continues in the winter months also. In Ordu, the most active city in the Black Sea region, the implementation of modern training programs plays a significant role in achieving high honey yield per colony. On the other hand, the Sen trend analysis results revealed a negative trend in honey yield per colony but positive trends in the remaining indicators (all P<0.001). In conclusion, it was determined that implementing practices aimed at supporting beekeeping productivity in provinces within Cluster 2 and 3 is essential. Accordingly, by ensuring ascending trends in all production indicators, a contribution to global beekeeping activities can be achieved.

Kelechi A. Ike, David P. Casper, William P. Hansen et al.

ABSTRACT: Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) is a prebiotic isolated from whey. This study evaluated the optimal inclusion rate for improving the growth and health performance of neonatal calves. Eighty-eight 2 to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by initial BW and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments using a randomized complete block design. Treatments comprised a 22:20 (CP:fat) AA-balanced milk replacer (MR) with GOS added at the rate of 0 g/d (control or GOS0), 2 g/d (GOS2), 4 g/d (GOS4), and 8 g/d (GOS8). Calves received 0.283 kg MR in 1.9 L fed 2×/day for the first 14 d, then increased to 0.42 kg in 2.84 L fed 2×/d through d 35, followed by 0.42 kg MR in 2.84 L fed 1×/d through d 42, followed by weaning. The GOS inclusion rate remained constant as the milk volume increased. Calves fed GOS at 2, 4, and 8 g/d demonstrated similar growth performance compared with calves fed GOS0. Calves fed GOS4 demonstrated a carryover effect into postweaning resulting in a tendency for increased BW (82.5, 83.0, 85.3, and 83.1 kg for GOS0, GOS2, GOS4, and GOS8, respectively), BW gains (37.8, 38.2, 41.3, and 38.6 kg), and ADG (687, 696, 751, and 701 g/d). The ADG was increased by 9.3% when feeding calves GOS4 compared with calves fed GOS0. Calf starter DMI was greater at 7 (1.73,1.86, 1.95, and 1.83 kg/d) and 8 (2.34, 2.50, 2.60, 2.49 kg/d) wk of age for calves fed GOS4 compared with calves fed GOS0, with the remaining treatments being intermediate and similar. Feed conversion (0.552, 0.529, 0.563, and 0.545 kg/kg) was greater for calves fed GOS0 and GOS4 g/d compared with calves fed GOS2, with calves fed GOS8 being intermediate and similar. Body frame gains were similar for calves fed all GOS inclusion rates. A treatment by week interaction at wk 2 indicated that calves fed GOS2 demonstrated a greater number of of days with a fecal score = 0 than calves fed the remaining treatments, indicating less scours. In conclusion, supplementing GOS to a MR at 4 g/d fed to neonatal calves improved growth performance without compromising health conditions.

Chi-Cheng Leong, Charlotte L. Oskam, Amanda D. Barbosa et al.

Bovine anaemia caused by <i>Theileria orientalis</i> group (BATOG) causes significant production and economic losses in Australia’s cattle industry. The pathogenic <i>T. orientalis</i> genotypes reported in Australian cattle are type 1 (Chitose) and type 2 (Ikeda). The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of <i>T. orientalis</i> genotypes in adult lactating cows in Western Australia (WA) dairy herds. A total of 100 whole blood samples from lactating cows from 10 farms were obtained and screened for <i>T. orientalis</i> using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sanger sequencing was subsequently used to characterise <i>T. orientalis</i> genotypes isolated from positive samples. A total of thirteen cows (13%; 95% CI: 7.1–21.2%) were positive for <i>T. orientalis</i>, and six out of ten farms (60%; 95% CI: 26.2–87.8%) housed at least one <i>T. orientalis</i>-positive cow. The distribution of <i>T. orientalis</i> was found to be wide and dense in the South west region of WA and the southern coast of WA. The predominant <i>T. orientalis</i> genotype identified was Ikeda (n = 11, 11%; 95% CI: 5.6–18.8%), while the Buffeli genotype was identified in WA for the first time, albeit at a low prevalence (n = 1, 1%; 95% CI: 0.0–5.4%). This study has provided useful epidemiological evidence on the prevalence and distribution of <i>T. orientalis</i> in adult lactating dairy cows in WA dairy farms, and on the importance of conducting widespread surveillance programs for the understanding of BATOG in WA.

Evans K. Cheruiyot, Mekonnen Haile-Mariam, Benjamin G. Cocks et al.

Abstract Background Heat tolerance is a trait of economic importance in the context of warm climates and the effects of global warming on livestock production, reproduction, health, and well-being. This study investigated the improvement in prediction accuracy for heat tolerance when selected sets of sequence variants from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) were combined with a standard 50k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel used by the dairy industry. Methods Over 40,000 dairy cattle with genotype and phenotype data were analysed. The phenotypes used to measure an individual’s heat tolerance were defined as the rate of decline in milk production traits with rising temperature and humidity. We used Holstein and Jersey cows to select sequence variants linked to heat tolerance. The prioritised sequence variants were the most significant SNPs passing a GWAS p-value threshold selected based on sliding 100-kb windows along each chromosome. We used a bull reference set to develop the genomic prediction equations, which were then validated in an independent set of Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred cows. Prediction analyses were performed using the BayesR, BayesRC, and GBLUP methods. Results The accuracy of genomic prediction for heat tolerance improved by up to 0.07, 0.05, and 0.10 units in Holstein, Jersey, and crossbred cows, respectively, when sets of selected sequence markers from Holstein cows were added to the 50k SNP panel. However, in some scenarios, the prediction accuracy decreased unexpectedly with the largest drop of − 0.10 units for the heat tolerance fat yield trait observed in Jersey cows when 50k plus pre-selected SNPs from Holstein cows were used. Using pre-selected SNPs discovered on a combined set of Holstein and Jersey cows generally improved the accuracy, especially in the Jersey validation. In addition, combining Holstein and Jersey bulls in the reference set generally improved prediction accuracy in most scenarios compared to using only Holstein bulls as the reference set. Conclusions Informative sequence markers can be prioritised to improve the genomic prediction of heat tolerance in different breeds. In addition to providing biological insight, these variants could also have a direct application for developing customized SNP arrays or can be used via imputation in current industry SNP panels.

Z. Wang, L. Liu, F. Pang et al.

Heat stress influences rumen fermentative processes with effects on the physiology and production of dairy cows. However, the underlying relationship between rumen microbiota and its associated metabolism with heat tolerance in cows have not been extensively described yet. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate differential heat resistance in Holstein cows using rumen bacterial and metabolome analyses. We performed both principal component analysis and membership function analysis to select seven heat-tolerant (HT) and seven heat-sensitive (HS) cows. Under heat stress conditions, the HT cows had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher propionic acid content than the HS cows; while measures of the respiratory rate, acetic, and butyric acid in the HT cows were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with the HS cows. Also, the HT cows showed lower (P < 0.01) rectal temperature and acetic acid to propionic acid ratio than the HS group of cows. Omics sequencing revealed that the relative abundances of Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the HT cows; whereas Prevotellaceae, Prevotella_1, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and Shuttleworthia were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in HT cows compared to HS cows. Substances mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycerol, mannitol, and maltose, showed significantly higher content in the HT cows (P < 0.05) compared to that in the HS cows. Simultaneously, distinct metabolites were significantly correlated with differential bacteria, suggesting that glycerol, mannitol, and maltose could serve as potential biomarkers for determining heat resistance that require further study. Overall, distinct changes in the rumen microbiota and metabolomics in the HT cows may be associated with a better adaptability to heat stress. These findings suggest their use as diagnostic tools of heat tolerance in dairy cattle breeding schemes.

Samaneh Hassani, Babak Pakbin, Wolfram Manuel Brück et al.

Background: <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> is one of the highest prevailing spore-forming foodborne pathogens, which is widely distributed and causes severe disease and outbreaks in humans and animals. Raw meat and poultry are the main vehicles of this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance pattern, toxin-encoding genes and genetic diversity of <i>C. perfringens</i> isolates from raw whole and minced meat samples purchased from local markets in Qazvin city, Iran (the source of beef cattle production was also located in Qazvin city, Iran). Methods: We used conventional culture-based and Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion and conventional and arbitrary primer PCR methods. Results: A total of 18 <i>C. perfringens</i> strains were isolated from 133 raw meat samples (13.53%). Up to 44.4 and 55.5% of these isolates were detected in raw minced and whole meat samples, respectively. We found that 72.2, 66.6, 61.1, 37.8 and 33.3% of the <i>C. perfringens</i> isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol antibiotics, respectively. Multidrug resistance was found in 38% of the isolates. Among the four main toxin genes evaluated, the <i>Cpa</i> gene was detected in all isolates, and 61.1% of the isolates were mostly recognized as type A <i>C. perfringens</i>. High levels of genetic diversity were observed among the isolates, and they were classified into five distinct groups. Conclusions: The isolates from whole meat samples were more resistant to antibiotics. However, toxin genes were more detected in the isolates from minced meat samples. Our findings suggest that contamination of raw meat products with multidrug resistant <i>C. perfringens</i> could be regarded as one of the concerning pathogens in these products. Comprehensive monitoring of <i>C. perfringens</i> isolates is strongly recommended.

Iman Hernaman, Esatya Mahardika, Angga Purnawisda et al.

The aims of this study to examine the use of durian seed flour in rations on fermentability and digestibility in beef cattle fattening rations. The study was conducted experimentally with 5 treatments of durian flour: 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32% and each treatment carried out 4 replications. In vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentability and digestibility of the diet. The data were analyzed by the ANOVA test, the relationship between treatment and variables was analyzed by regression and correlation, while the relationship between variables was tested by Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The results showed that the higher the use of durian seeds decreased the lower (P<0.05) the content of volatile fatty acids (ALT), ammonia, dry matter digestibility (KCBK), and organic matter digestibility (KCBO). This pattern is indicated by a negative linear regression with a very strong correlation level (r) >80. Although there was a decrease, the use of durian seed flour at a level of 16% produced ALT, ammonia, KCBK, and KCBO respectively 141.38 mM, 3.74 mM, 60.46%, and 68.28%. The results showed that there was a relationship between KCBK and KCBO on ALT and ammonia which was very significant (P<0.01) and very strong (r>0.80), so it can be concluded that the use of 16% durian seeds gave the best results. Durian seeds have the potential to be used as a mixture of cow feed.

Thabile Joyce Mokgakane, Victor Mlambo, Khuliso Emmanuel Ravhuhali et al.

The biggest threat to cattle production in most South African communal areas is poor management of grazing, which negatively affects vegetation and soil structures. This study was conducted to assess the spatial variation of grass species density, production potential and quality in Breyten (Hutton soil type), Davel (Avalon soil type), and Wesselton (Clovelly soil type) communal rangelands in the highveld region of Mpumalanga province. Three 100 m transects per grazing area, placed at 50 m intervals (0, 50, and 100 m) were used to collect soil samples at 200 mm depth. A 100 m permanent line point method, replicated three times (50 m apart) per site, was used to identify and collect grass species samples. Grass species were classified according to life form, palatability, ecological status, and abundance. Grasses species were also harvested for chemical composition and in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability determination. Soils from the study areas had an acidic pH range (3.5–4.5). Hutton soil had the highest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) nitrate (N-NO₃) concentration (0.770 mg/kg) compared to Clovelly (0.030 mg/kg) and Avalon (0.533 mg/kg) soil types. Thirty-one grass species composed of 28 turf perennials, two weak perennials and one perennial creeping grass were identified across the study areas. About 16% of identified grass species were classified as highly palatable, 39% as moderately palatable, and 32% as unpalatable. Across all the soil types, <i>Digitaria eriantha</i> had the highest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) crude protein (CP) (106.5 g/kg DM) content when compared to other grass species. In the Avalon soil type, <i>D. eriantha</i> had the lowest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (696.4 g/kg DM). Across all soils, <i>D. eriantha</i>, <i>Aristida congesta</i>, <i>Eragrostis curvula</i>, <i>Eragrostis gummiflua</i>, and <i>Eragrostis plana</i> grasses had the same (<i>p</i> > 0.05) 48-h in vitro ruminal dry matter degradability Hutton soil had a higher proportion of common and dominant grass species as well as more palatable species with higher crude protein content than Avalon and Clovelly soils. However, for all three rangelands, there is a need for supplementary feeding to enhance the production efficiency of livestock given that the nutritive value of grasses was low.

Vache H. Tokmajyan, Arevshad A. Vardanyan, Armavir G. Galstyan et al.

Using additives with water absorbing characteristics enables us to increase the amount of water in natural basins and significantly decrease the amount of water for agricultural usage. Despite various additives already existing, they are yet to be commonly used due to high cost price, complex technology, toxic impact and instability in biological and atmospheric conditions. However, the «Natlen» composite, which is anaturally based additive, is ecologically safe. It has a long shelf life, is cheap and provides high antifiltering rates. The composite is eruptive with dispersity of any type and is jelly when boosted. In an antifiltering layer it never cracks under static and dynamic influences. It has no seam and is resistant to aggressive liquids. It is ecologically safe. «Natlen» composite is recommended for building water basins in pastures, where it can particularly be used to satisfy the demand for drinking water for cattle.

Samoylenko Viktor, Ozheredova Nadezhda, Svetlakova Elena et al.

Gastrointestinal diseases of young cattle occupy the bulk of the total number of postnatally significant diseases in terms of coverage, which causes significant economic damage to animal husbandry. In the modern world, the basis for prophylactic that is safe for a living organism is the use of bacterial preparations created from symbiotic selected probiotic strains with the inclusion of a functional substance and a prebiotic. In this regard, the role of lactulose, which meets all the necessary international requirements, becomes particularly important. When determining the influence of the prebiotic Lactulose, as a catalytic enzyme, on the growth processes of the collection strain Lactobacillus acidophilus (B-4107) K-1-T, it was experimentally established that the prebiotic. Lactulose has a significant effect on the growth and activity of the tested strain of lactic acid microorganisms. The following data is necessary for the development of effective means of normalizing the microbiota in the prophylactic of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of young animals of infectious and non-infectious etiology.

Nobonita Sarker Tanni, Md. Shafiul Islam, Mojahidul Kabir et al.

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an economically important disease for dairy cattle worldwide; therefore, regular screening is imperative to detect SCM at an early stage so as to control it. The study was conducted to compare the test characteristics of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a test reagent to detect SCM in dairy cows. Materials and Methods: First, 106 milk samples of dairy cows were subjected to available indirect screening tests (white side test [WST], surf field mastitis test, Leucocytest, and Immucell) considering somatic cell count (SCC) as gold standard test. Then 273 milk samples were allowed to react with different concentrations of SLS with or without sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and indicators (bromothymol blue [BTB] and bromocresol purple [BCP]). Results: SLS with or without NaOH yielded best reaction with the milk samples similar to Leucocytest. It was observed that the reaction of milk samples with SLS added with indicators (BTB and BCP) was easier to visualize than without indicators. SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB and SLS 2% with BCP had high sensitivity, specificity, and substantial agreement with SCC. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of SLS 2% with BCP and SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB was 0.917 and 0.875, respectively. Conclusion: It may be concluded that SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB and SLS 2% with BCP may be the potential reagents for the development of an effective cow-side test to detect SCM, as the main ingredient SLS is considerably cheap and readily available in developing countries.

Mousa Motavalli Haghi, Zohreh Khorshidvand, Salman Khazaei et al.

Abstract Background Cryptosporidiosis is an acute and short-term infection which can lead to severe diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis) associated with a persistent cough in the host with immune system defect. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of animal Cryptosporidium species and the corresponding epidemiological aspects in Iran. Methods In this study, all original research articles relating to the animal cryptosporidiosis in Iran were collected from reliable databases using keywords. A meta-analysis was conducted separately for each subgroup, and heterogeneity among the studies was performed using the Q and I 2 tests. Furthermore, it should be noticed that the significance level in the statistical analysis with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis software was considered to be less than 0.05. Finally, meta-analysis results were shown in forest plot with a 95% CI. Results In total, 4795 studies were included in the initial screening. Duplicated or non-original studies and the ones which did not meet our considered criteria were excluded from the list. Out of the 100 articles included in our first list for the meta-analysis, 40, 16, 13, 10, 9, 7, and 5 were done on cattle and calves, birds, dogs, sheep, rodents, camels, and horses, respectively. The prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis among the birds, horses, rodents, camels, dogs, cattle, and sheep in Iran was estimated to be 7.5%, 19.5%, 20.8%, 8.4%, 4.9%, 14.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion The different Cryptosporidium species have been found in different regions of Iran. Geographical region, climate, and domestic animals are considered as factors responsible for animal cryptosporidiosis prevalence in the area. Moreover, this parasite is zoonotic which causes disease in animals as well as humans which can result in economic loss.

R. D. Goodrich, J. Garrett, D. Gast et al.

J. E. Garrett, R. Geisert, M. T. Zavy et al.

A. W. Mcclurkin, E. Littledike, R. Cutlip et al.

Roque Fernando Pinheiro Bica, Marina Venturini Copetti, Mário Celso Sperotto Brum

ABSTRACT This study sought to evaluate the occurrence of lesions suggestive of hydatidosis, cysticercosis, and tuberculosis in animals slaughtered under sanitary inspection of the Divisão de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (DIPOA), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Condemnation data between the years 2009 and 2017 were obtained from Secretaria da Agricultura Pecuária e Irrigação (SEAPI) and presented according to the administrative regions established by SEAPI. In that period, 7,509,544 cattle were slaughtered and condemnations occurred in all regions of the state at varying levels. The mean condemnation values showed the presence of hydatidosis in 523,399 (6.97%), cysticercosis in 92,277 (1.23%), and tuberculosis in 10,595 (0.14%) cattle carcasses. The mean values of hydatidosis diagnoses were higher in the regions of Alegrete (14.19%), Bagé (19.62%), and Pelotas (17.71%). The regions of Osório (1.86%), Santa Maria (2.10%), and São Luiz Gonzaga (1.83%) had highest rates of cysticercosis condemnations. All regions maintained an average bovine tuberculosis diagnosis rate of less than 1% and Estrela region had the highest index (0.70%). Results showed that the three diseases occurred in all regions of the state, the average prevalence rates in each region are variable, and distribution seems to be regionalized. This knowledge contributes to the plans for controlling these diseases, which are zoonoses that cause economic losses to the productive sector.

G. Bó, G. Adams, R. Pierson et al.

Mobushir Riaz Khan, Haroon Ahmed, Rosario Panadero-Fontan et al.

Introduction: Hypodermosis is an ectoparasitic disease of cattle caused by Hypoderma lineatum and Hypoderma bovis. It is an important health problem of cattle, leading to considerable economic losses. There are various factors that are involved in the spread of this disease such as herd size, location, temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Methodology: Blood samples from 112 herds were collected to determine the presence of Hypoderma spp. infestation. For these herds, size and location were determined; temperature, humidity, and precipitation data were obtained from meteorological stations; and topographic features were obtained from existing maps and through field work. A regression analysis was then used to generate a risk factor analysis profile for hypodermosis and geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the risks. Results: The GIS map developed showed the degree of infestation in different geographical locations at district and village levels. Cluster analysis demonstrated that hypodermosis prevalence varied within zones and across zones. The regression analysis showed that the temperature in the months of January, February, March, August, and November, and the precipitation in September and October had significant results (p < 0.05) when all the risks factors were analyzed. Conclusions: It is concluded that different ecological factors have an important impact on the intensity and infestation rate of hypodermosis across the globe. The present study might be used to control and eradicate the hypodermosis across the globe.