This paper investigates the design, analysis, and prototyping of a Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet (FSPM) motor for Formula SAE electric vehicle applications. The stringent competition requirements demand traction motors with high torque and power density, and reliable operation at elevated speeds. An analytical model based on air-gap permeance and magnetomotive force distributions is developed to provide an effective preliminary design tool and to reduce computational effort. The proposed model is used to define the main geometrical parameters of a 12-slot, 10-rotor-tooth FSPM machine, which is subsequently validated through finite element analysis. Analytical and numerical results are compared in terms of air-gap flux density, flux linkage, and torque capability, showing good agreement. Manufacturing-driven design choices, including optimized magnet slot geometry, laminated permanent magnets for eddy-current loss mitigation, and a mechanically robust lightweight rotor, are introduced to ensure high-speed operability and assembly reliability.
Introduction. This paper introduces a hybrid control strategy for multiphase induction motors, specifically focusing on the dual star induction motor (DSIM) by integrating active disturbances rejection control (ADRC) and linear quadratic regulator (LQR). Problem. Conventional PI-based indirect field oriented control (IFOC) of DSIM drives exhibit 3 critical shortcomings: 1) sensitivity to parameter variations, such as rotor resistance fluctuations; 2) sluggish transient response during rapid speed and torque changes; 3) slow disturbances rejection, such as sudden load torque variations. The goal of this work is to achieve enhanced reliability, precision and robustness of DSIM drives in high-performance demand applications such as automotive. Methodology. The proposed hybrid control architecture is structured as follows: 1) IFOC decoupling. The DSIM’s stator currents are decomposed into 2 components using Park transformations, aligning the rotor flux vector to the d-axis. 2) The LQR is designed to optimize the outer speed/torque loop regulation by minimizing control efforts and state deviations. 3) ADRCs controllers are designed in the inner current loops. Each controller utilizes an extended state observer to estimate and compensate parameter variations and external disturbances in real time. Results. Simulations using MATLAB/Simulink validation on a 5 kW DSIM under multiple scenarios confirm the robustness of the proposed hybrid strategy. Scientific novelty. The contribution lies in the integration of ADRC and LQR in IFOC: The hierarchical fusion of ADRC (inner loops) and LQR (outer loop) uniquely leverages ADRC’s and the LQR’s real-time power to handle any disturbances and unmodeled dynamics. Practical value. The proposed technique demonstrates enhanced performances in speed’s response, sudden load torque demands and parameter variations. It exhibited high robustness even under degraded conditions such as phase faults, making this strategy ideal for high-performance applications like electric vehicles, where stability and adaptability are critical. References 31, tables 2, figures 24.
HAN Yuhang, ZHANG Jingwei, XU Haitian, HE Jiaqi, WEI Xinyu
With the rapid development of space exploration technology and expanding space application demands, major global powers have initiated key technological breakthroughs, particularly for critical enabling technologies such as space power systems. Conventional space power devices, including solar photovoltaic and chemical power sources, fail to meet the new requirements of modern space exploration. Space nuclear power system (SNPS), characterized by high power density and minimal susceptibility to external environmental factors, have gradually become the primary energy solution for future space missions. Precise load-following capability and robust anti-interference performance are essential for SNPS operation in complex and dynamic space environments. While simulation modeling and thermodynamic analysis of Stirling cycle-based SNPS have been well-established, research on control strategies for such systems is still limited. The PID control principle is a widely adopted control method featuring simple structure and high stability. Therefore, this paper investigated control strategies for Stirling cycle-based SNPS. A thermodynamic model of SNPS was first developed, comprising a lithium-cooled fast reactor (LFR), Stirling generator, radiation radiator, and connecting pipelines. Based on the system architecture, the mathematical-physical model integrated three fundamental equations: point-reactor neutron kinetics equations (describing fission chain reactions), core heat conduction equations (governing thermal behavior) and Stirling generator dynamics equations (characterizing power conversion). Simulation modeling was conducted on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, with steady-state and transient validations performed to verify model accuracy. Four PID control strategies were designed, including electric power deviation control (EPDC), coolant average temperature deviation control (CATDC), reactor power deviation control (RPDC) and three-channel control (TCC). Controller parameters were tuned using the trial-and-error method. For performance evaluation, three operating conditions were simulated, including 100%FP to 90%FP load step change, −100 pcm reactivity disturbance, and −0.5 kg/s coolant flow rate disturbance. For the first one, EPDC achieves the fastest parameter regulation with minimal settling time (26.43 s) due to its direct responsiveness to load changes. However, RPDC demonstrates superior performance for scenarios prioritizing rapid reactor power response (zero overshoot, 3.94 s settling time). Under reactivity and coolant flow rate disturbance, RPDC exhibits the smallest fluctuation amplitudes (159.2 W power variation under −100 pcm disturbance; 55.22 W variation under −0.5 kg/s flow rate disturbance) and fastest stabilization, attributed to its high sensitivity to primary loop parameter variations. This study systematically evaluates PID-based control strategies for Stirling cycle-based SNPS through comprehensive modeling and multi-scenario validation. The findings provide quantitative guidance for control strategy selection under different operational priorities, with EPDC recommended for load-following dominance and RPDC preferred for primary loop stability. The developed simulation framework and parameter tuning methodology offer valuable references for advancing control systems in next-generation space power applications.
Over the decades, significant research on renewable energy systems (RESs) and their diverse applications has been conducted. Various RESs, including fuel cells (FCs), solar, wind, biomass, and hydroenergy, have emerged as sustainable substitutes for fossil fuels. Unlike fossil fuels, these renewable energy sources are environmentally friendly, applicable to rural areas, user-friendly, and cost-effective. Various sectors have adopted these energy sources based on their specific requirements and applications. Recently, FCs, particularly proton exchange membrane FCs (PEMFCs), have been employed in various industrial sectors, notably in hybrid electric vehicles. Additionally, PEMFCs have significantly transformed the marine industry. To enhance performance, energy storage system (ESS) components, such as batteries and supercapacitors, are often combined with PEMFCs to create hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs). HESSs can mitigate sudden fluctuations in load demand, especially when FCs alone are insufficient to meet power requirements. Various modeling techniques have been proposed to effectively configure HESSs. However, a critical challenge is to ensure efficient power sharing among the different ESSs. For this purpose, numerous research articles on optimizing the performance of HESS control strategies have been published. These strategies have been categorized into groups based on their specific applications. This article provides a comprehensive review by summarizing, elucidating, and consolidating the characteristics, limitations, future directions, and real-time applications of various HESS converter topologies and energy management systems by analyzing current and previous studies.
Electroaerodynamic (EAD) propulsion has gained considerable attention in aerospace research due to its ability to generate thrust even in rarefied atmospheres at high altitudes. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance and optimization of a decoupled EAD propulsion system, emphasizing its potential advantages over conventional propulsion technologies. A hybrid genetic algorithm–sequential quadratic programming (GA-SQP) approach was employed to optimize the system across various thrust levels. The optimized results were compared with traditional electric motors, offering insights into key trade-offs between the two systems. Findings indicate that while the EAD propulsion system operates at higher voltages than electric motors—resulting in increased power consumption—it provides a distinct advantage in terms of weight. As thrust levels rise, the system's mass exhibits only a marginal increase. For thrust levels between 10 and 70 N, the maximum mass increment is limited to 333 g, making EAD propulsion particularly suitable for applications requiring high thrust-to-weight efficiency. Sensitivity analysis further reveals that increasing system volume enhances thrust without proportionally increasing power consumption, albeit at the cost of additional mass. Additionally, increasing the voltage across the system’s electrodes improves thrust and power consumption without affecting mass. Although higher power consumption necessitates larger energy storage and conversion systems, the minimal mass increase relative to thrust highlights the EAD propulsion system as a promising alternative for high-altitude and space applications where weight constraints are critical
Recently, we introduced random complex and phase screen methods as powerful tools for numerically investigating the evolution of partially coherent pulses (PCPs) in nonlinear dispersive media. However, these methods are restricted to the Schell model type. Non-Schell model light has attracted growing attention in recent years for its distinctive characteristics, such as self-focusing, self-shifting, and non-diffraction properties as well as its critical applications in areas such as particle trapping and information encryption. In this study, we incorporate the Monte Carlo method into the pseudo-mode superposition method to derive the random electric field of any PCPs, including non-Schell model pulses (nSMPs). By solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equations through numerical simulations, we systematically explore the propagation dynamics of nSMPs in nonlinear dispersive media. By leveraging the nonlinearity and optical coherence, this approach allows for effective control over the focal length, peak power, and full width at half the maximum of the pulses. We believe this method offers valuable insights into the behavior of coherence-related phenomena in nonlinear dispersive media, applicable to both temporal and spatial domains.
A new control approach of integrating a solar photovoltaic (PV) with a battery storage is presented to a single-phase grid for residential and electric vehicle application. The main purpose of the proposed work is to feed a continuous power to the grid, thereby enhancing the viability of the battery energy storage support connected to the system. The charging and discharging of the battery achieve power leveling and load leveling along with increased reliability of the system. The multifunctional voltage-source converter acts as an active power filter and performs the harmonics mitigation along with reactive power compensation. In the proposed system, a unique control is developed for resynchronization of the grid during reconnection of the grid after the mitigation of a failure. The overall control of the system is adaptable under various practically occurring situations such as disconnection of the PV array, the battery, and the grid from the system. The detailed design and control of the proposed system are presented. The validity of the proposed system is performed through a laboratory prototype developed for a power rating of 2.2 kW connected to the utility grid. The performance of the system is found satisfactory under various disturbance, and the recorded results have been demonstrated.
Dada Modupeola, Popoola Patricia, Adeyoye Abidemi
et al.
The industrial need for stronger, lighter materials has led to a rise in research interest in high entropy alloys, or HEAs, over the past twelve years. Researchers are manipulating the composition of these alloys to enhance the mechanical properties of HEAs. From an industrial perspective, the presence of precipitates negatively influences the mechanical properties, due to the limited solid solubility of high entropy alloys, along with the alloying process. Therefore, to improve the properties of AlCuFeNi high entropy alloy, this study aims to investigates the influence of Titanium Ti on the microstructure, hardness and corrosion, properties of AlCuFeNi high entropy alloy produced via arc melting for energy storage devices. The results showed that the alloys had solid solutions with small face-centered cubic structure and Body centered cubic structure phases. All the samples had the same distribution of dendritic structures. sample AlCuFeNiTi0.3 (L3) had the highest nanohardness of 75 GPa and elastic modulus of 450 GPa because of its BCC structure. L3 exhibited the highest corrosion resistance with the lowest corrosion rate 1.457E-6 mm/yr. During hardening, passivation layers were formed, which increased corrosion resistance. The L3 sample mechanical qualities and stability make it a potential supporting component for electric vehicles and hybrids. In addition, it might find applications in medical devices, low-power applications, energy storage systems, industrial batteries, and backup power supplies. It is a good option for a range of energy-related applications, because of its electrochemical stability and long-term stability.
Abstract This article presents a dual‐winding permanent magnet generator (PMG) system with integrated dual‐channel controller to meet the requirements of high power density, high reliability, and high output performance of aircraft electric power system. The dual‐winding of the PMG are designed to have the same phase spatially, with which the same rotor position can be applied in independent vector control. In addition, a dual‐channel controller is applied to control the two sets of windings, which achieves high‐performance control under normal state and fault‐tolerant control under fault state. The integrated dual‐channel controller integrates two sets of main power circuits into one controller and uses a main control unit, which simplifies the PMG system leading to reduction in the overall volume and weight. Reliability analysis of dual‐winding PMG system is proposed to be compared with that of the single‐winding PMG system. A dual‐winding cooperative control strategy and a fault‐tolerant control strategy are proposed to achieve high‐performance control of DC‐link voltage under normal condition and redundant functions under fault condition. As a result, the reliability of the PMG system is improved. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed PMG system and the control strategy.
Fanny Spagnolo, Pasquale Corsonello, Fabio Frustaci
et al.
Reconfigurable FETs (RFETs) are widely recognized as a promising way to overcome conventional CMOS architectures. This paper presents novel addition circuit intentionally designed to exploit the ability of RFETs to operate efficiently on demand as n- or p-type FETs. First, a novel Full Adder (FA) is proposed and characterized. A comparison with other designs shows that the proposed FA achieves a worst-case delay and a dynamic power consumption of up to 43.5% and 79% lower. As a drawback, in terms of the estimated area, it is up to 32% larger than the competitors. Then, the new FA is used to implement Ripple-Carry Adders (RCAs). A 32-bit adder designed as proposed herein reaches an energy–delay product (EDP) ~25.7× and ~141× lower than its CMOS and the RFET-based counterparts.
The objective of this work was to improve the capacitive behavior of rGO-CNTs composite electrode. The prepared composite has been examined for electric double layer capacitor (EDLCs) devices. The structural and chemical properties of the composite has been validated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). We performed the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and measured specific capacitance of 54 Fg−1at 10 mV/s for 1 M H2SO4 and 36.25 F g−1 for 1 M KOH liquid electrolyte. From galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) studies, 1 M H2SO4 electrolytes we obtained the energy density and power density as 10.67 Wh kg−1 and 2400 W kg−1 respectively at 6 A/g. However, 1 M KOH electrolytes has an energy density and power density of 1.7 Wh kg−1 and 1600 W kg−1 at 4 A/g. Therefore, the performance of 1 M H2SO4 electrolytes shows better results as compared to the 1 M KOH. Hence, we conclude that rGO-CNTs electrode is an interesting material for supercapacitor applications.
Green energy harvesting aims to supply electricity to electric or electronic systems from one or different energy sources present in the environment without grid connection or utilisation of batteries. These energy sources are solar (photovoltaic), movements (kinetic), radio-frequencies and thermal energy (thermoelectricity). The thermoelectric energy harvesting technology exploits the Seebeck effect. This effect describes the conversion of temperature gradient into electric power at the junctions of the thermoelectric elements of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) device. This device is a robust and highly reliable energy converter, which aims to generate electricity in applications in which the heat would be otherwise dissipated. The significant request for thermoelectric energy harvesting is justified by developing new thermoelectric materials and the design of new TEG devices. Moreover, the thermoelectric energy harvesting devices are used for waste heat harvesting in microscale applications. Potential TEG applications as energy harvesting modules are used in medical devices, sensors, buildings and consumer electronics. This chapter presents an overview of the fundamental principles of thermoelectric energy harvesting and their low-power applications.
Abstract This paper deals with the power smoothing of the wind power plants connected to a microgrid using a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). In a HESS, the power should be distributed between the battery and capacitor such that the capacitor supplies the peaks of power and its high‐frequency fluctuations, and the battery compensates for the rest. Besides, due to the relatively low lifetime of the batteries compared to the capacitors, it is preferred to transfer power fluctuations to the capacitor as much as possible. In this paper, methods for calculating the output, battery, and capacitor powers are presented. The output power is determined based on the grid restrictions and the battery SOC. The battery and capacitor powers are decided via an adaptive low‐pass filter. The cut‐off frequency of the low‐pass filter is specified by a fuzzy controller such that not only the power spikes and high‐frequency fluctuations are transferred to the capacitor but also the battery SOC variations are reduced. The simulation results show that for the presented wind speed profile, the output power determination reduces 13.7% of the HESS exchanged energy compared to the ramp limiting method. Besides, the proposed power distribution method reduces 92.6% of the unbeneficial charges and discharges of HESS and 8% of the battery exchanged energy compared to the condition that the constant cut‐off frequency filter is utilised. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed output power determination and HESS power distribution methods. Analysing the methods’ cost proves that although the utilisation of the capacitor bank increases the system initial investment cost, it will return after a while relying on the units’ capacity, power fluctuations, control method etc.