Hasil untuk "Ancient history"

J. Grotzinger, D. Sumner, Linda C. Kah et al.

S. Hejazi, M. Sheikhzadeh, S. M. Abtahi et al.

V. Turner

Amanda J. Garris, T. Tai, J. Coburn et al.

W. Griffin, E. Belousova, S. Shee et al.

Vagheesh M. Narasimhan, N. Patterson, Priya Moorjani et al.

Ancient human movements through Asia Ancient DNA has allowed us to begin tracing the history of human movements across the globe. Narasimhan et al. identify a complex pattern of human migrations and admixture events in South and Central Asia by performing genetic analysis of more than 500 people who lived over the past 8000 years (see the Perspective by Schaefer and Shapiro). They establish key phases in the population prehistory of Eurasia, including the spread of farming peoples from the Near East, with movements both westward and eastward. The people known as the Yamnaya in the Bronze Age also moved both westward and eastward from a focal area located north of the Black Sea. The overall patterns of genetic clines reflect similar and parallel patterns in South Asia and Europe. Science, this issue p. eaat7487; see also p. 981 Genome-wide analysis of ancient DNA from more than 500 individuals from Central and South Asia illuminates the spread of Indo-European languages. RATIONALE To elucidate the extent to which the major cultural transformations of farming, pastoralism, and shifts in the distribution of languages in Eurasia were accompanied by movement of people, we report genome-wide ancient DNA data from 523 individuals spanning the last 8000 years, mostly from Central Asia and northernmost South Asia. RESULTS The movement of people following the advent of farming resulted in genetic gradients across Eurasia that can be modeled as mixtures of seven deeply divergent populations. A key gradient formed in southwestern Asia beginning in the Neolithic and continuing into the Bronze Age, with more Anatolian farmer–related ancestry in the west and more Iranian farmer–related ancestry in the east. This cline extended to the desert oases of Central Asia and was the primary source of ancestry in peoples of the Bronze Age Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). This supports the idea that the archaeologically documented dispersal of domesticates was accompanied by the spread of people from multiple centers of domestication. The main population of the BMAC carried no ancestry from Steppe pastoralists and did not contribute substantially to later South Asians. However, Steppe pastoralist ancestry appeared in outlier individuals at BMAC sites by the turn of the second millennium BCE around the same time as it appeared on the southern Steppe. Using data from ancient individuals from the Swat Valley of northernmost South Asia, we show that Steppe ancestry then integrated further south in the first half of the second millennium BCE, contributing up to 30% of the ancestry of modern groups in South Asia. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the unique features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages. The primary ancestral population of modern South Asians is a mixture of people related to early Holocene populations of Iran and South Asia that we detect in outlier individuals from two sites in cultural contact with the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), making it plausible that it was characteristic of the IVC. After the IVC’s decline, this population mixed with northwestern groups with Steppe ancestry to form the “Ancestral North Indians” (ANI) and also mixed with southeastern groups to form the “Ancestral South Indians” (ASI), whose direct descendants today live in tribal groups in southern India. Mixtures of these two post-IVC groups—the ANI and ASI—drive the main gradient of genetic variation in South Asia today. CONCLUSION Earlier work recorded massive population movement from the Eurasian Steppe into Europe early in the third millennium BCE, likely spreading Indo-European languages. We reveal a parallel series of events leading to the spread of Steppe ancestry to South Asia, thereby documenting movements of people that were likely conduits for the spread of Indo-European languages. The Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia. Pie charts reflect the proportion of Yamnaya ancestry, and dates reflect the earliest available ancient DNA with Yamnaya ancestry in each region. Ancient DNA has not yet been found for the ANI and ASI, so for these the range is inferred statistically. By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.

M. Ruby

R. Nielsen, J. Akey, M. Jakobsson et al.

Suzanne Scotchmer

Robin Carhart-Harris, G. Goodwin

J. Nriagu

William P. J. Smith, Benjamin R Wucher, C. Nadell et al.

Liying Cui, P. K. Wall, J. Leebens-Mack et al.

Kyeongsu Choi, Robert Haslhofer

In this short paper, we give a new proof of the classification theorem for noncompact ancient noncollapsed flows in $\mathbb{R}^3$ originally due to Brendle-Choi (Inventiones 2019). Our new proof directly establishes selfsimilarity by combining the fine neck theorem from our joint work with Hershkovits and the rigidity case of Hamilton's Harnack inequality.

Yuqi Yan, Zixin Xu, Ling Zhu et al.

The mortise and tenon structure is a pivotal component of ancient Chinese architecture and furniture, encapsulating a rich history of evolution, cultural shifts, and productivity developments. Engaging modern individuals with this historical context through innovative product design provides a way to advance the cultural and creative industries and promote the sustainable development of mortise and tenon culture. This study conducted sentiment analysis on consumer reviews of three types of mortise and tenon cultural and creative products in the Chinese market, revealing consumer needs and expectations regarding functionality, quality, and design. Utilizing Norman's Emotional Design Theory, the study analyzed the design elements of mortise and tenon cultural and creative products across the instinctive, behavioral, and reflective levels. A systematic design model was put together, providing both theoretical support and practical guidance for the future design of these products, thereby offering inspiration and aid for the modernization and transformation of traditional culture.

Theodora Bourni, Nathan Burns, Spencer Catron

We classify convex ancient curve shortening flows with free boundary on general bounded convex domains.

Qun Chen, Hongbing Qiu

By carrying out a point-wise estimate for the second fundamental form, we prove a rigidity theorem of complete noncompact ancient solutions to the mean curvature flow in codimension one. Moreover, we derive an optimal growth condition.

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Daniel Pérez de la Vega

Konstantin A. Rudenko

The article considers the study of the scientific heritage of the outstanding Soviet archaeologist Aleksei Petrovich Smirnov, the founder of the scientific direction in the archaeology of the Volga-Kama region – Bulgaristics. Of particular interest are the scientific works of the researcher, which have become classic: "The Volga Bolgars" and "Essays on the ancient and medieval history of the peoples in the Middle Volga and the Kama regions" published in 1951 and 1952 respectively. In the first book, the author gives a detailed description not only of the social, economic and political events in the history of Volga Bolgaria within the formation approach, but also of the material culture of its population. The peculiarity of this part of A.P. Smirnov's research is that there is no typological classification here, although A.P. Smirnov uses its basic principles very often. The author claims that this was the result of the "Marxisation" of archaeological science carried out in the USSR in the 1930s, when the typological method was considered bourgeois and unsuitable for the Soviet history of material culture, as archaeology came to be called. A.P. Smirnov, well-versed in the typological method developed by his teacher V.A. Gorodtsov, deliberately limited its use. At the same time, he successfully applied the results of studies in the 1920s by his colleagues-archaeologists – A.V. Artsikhovsky, S.V. Kiselyov, V.V. Golmsten, and others, concerning the general analysis of the subject world in the context of social history. Smirnov, in the book "The Volga Bolgars", laid the foundations for further scientific developments of his students in the field of Bulgaristics, for example, T.A. Khlebnikova. These approaches were presented in A.P. Smirnov’s second work.