Hasil untuk "1789-"

Qingliang Li, Gaosong Shi, W. Shangguan et al.

Sofía Rodríguez Serrador

A finales del siglo XIX aumentó en España el interés de diferentes sectores por instituir una verdadera ley de divorcio. Una demanda que se abordó también en el marco de la cuestión femenina, en un diálogo abierto sobre los derechos sociales, civiles y políticos de las mujeres. En el primer tercio del siglo XX, la polémica sobre el divorcio se intensificó y la defensa de su regulación se abanderó nuevamente desde el feminismo. Con la proclamación de la Segunda República, que favoreció una mayor implicación política de las mujeres, la movilización femenina a favor y en contra del divorcio se multiplicó. Antes incluso de iniciarse los debates constitucionales, diferentes agrupaciones feministas reclamaron, por medio de diferentes acciones, la promulgación de una ley de divorcio. A su vez, las mujeres católicas militantes se manifestaron en contra. Una vez aprobada la Ley de Divorcio en 1932, no cesó la movilización femenina, que, ya desde el campo del conservadurismo, reclamó hasta el final del quinquenio republicano la derogación de la norma. 

Francisco Vicente Rossi

A declaração dos direitos e garantias individuais é obra da revolução anglo-franco-americana, iniciada pela ”Bill of Rights”, de 1689, na Inglaterra; prosseguindo pelas Colônias Norte-Americanas, em 1776, e teve seu esplendor na Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e de Cidadão, da Revolução Francesa, em 1789, cujo bicentenário comemoramos

Philippe Alexandre

Major anniversaries, such as the centennial of the French Revolution and the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813) as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the 1848 Revolution, were occasions for debates about the significance of these events or periods for European history, but also for the construction of a national narrative. In Wilhelmine Germany, these anniversaries were linked to particular political issues. For supporters of the order that had been in place since 1871, the aim was to give a teleological interpretation to national history since 1813 legitimizing not only the founding and constitution of the new empire but also the dynasty that held the imperial dignity. Opponents, however, wanted to restore the truth, that is, to correct the official historiography and to bring to light the dark sides of national history the regime was trying to suppress. By using these three anniversaries as examples, this study shows what contribution major German dailies made to the writing of history in the context of this culture of remembrance. Their discussion of German history can also be analyzed as a consequence of the vivid critical public opinion in imperial Germany, in a golden age of opinion press. This study will first show the variety of article genres that contributed to the debate; this attempt at a typology is followed by a content analysis that illustrates—following the scheme: causes, developments, consequences—how all the newspapers in the corpus used interpreted history according to an ideology and an editorial line. It is worth noting that this journalistic discussion focused essentially on three themes: Revolution, Constitution, and Fatherland. Underlying were major issues that touched on the specific situation in Wilhelmine Germany. The great collective merit of the daily press of the time was to offer contemporaries, but also future generations, a differentiated historiography and thus to encourage them to shape a critical conception of the national narrative, in between the theses of professional historians and the fables of school history textbooks.

Olga Oleinikova

The purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly it explains the process by which democratic social transformations are realised in post-Soviet Ukraine; and secondly it introduces models describing the life-course strategies that Ukrainians utilise in facing the uncertainties of a society in transition. By analyzing and dissecting the individual’s ways of dealing with systemic structural changes in the economic, political and social spheres this paper demonstrates how the sociology of life strategies can be applied to the specifics of post-Soviet Ukraine. Particularly, by drawing on mainstream post-Soviet scholarship and statistical data, the life pathways of Ukrainians are observed to be distinctly polarised. Agents adopt one of two opposing life strategies: one dynamic, risk-taking and future-oriented “achievement strategies” (or “creation strategies”), which are open to mobility; and the other conservative, risk-minimizing and survival-oriented “survival strategies” and “strategies of adaptation” that are less conducive to any type of change. Focusing on existing problems of a continuously fragile internal political and economic stability in Ukraine which have threatened to further delay the incorporation of Ukraine into the democratically advanced and developed West, this article puts forward the idea that the proliferation of life strategy type can determine the vector of development of the whole society, giving insight into the circular relationship between social transformations and actions of individuals in conditions of social change.

Vincenzo F. Fiore

Il contributo mette in rilievo il percorso accidentato della conciliazione tra fede e ragione nel pensiero di Manzoni dal fatidico anno 1817, l’anno della sua crisi morale e religiosa, al 1819, l’anno in cui Manzoni diede alle stampe la prima edizione della Morale cattolica, la sua opera apologetica più nota e importante. Dal ruolo di Luigi Tosi, guida spirituale della famiglia Manzoni, allo strisciante giansenismo, dalla formazione illuministica all’insegna di Voltaire e Rousseau al sofferto ritorno alla fede cattolica, il trentaduenne Manzoni rifiuta la divaricazione tra dottrina cattolica e ragione e fra morale cattolica e storia, ponendo le basi, nella sua civile ed elegante polemica contro l’Histoire des Républiques italiennes au Moyen Age di Sismondi, per la sua futura poetica espressa nella Lettre a M. Chauvet e al contempo aprendo paradossalmente la strada agli esiti tardi della Storia della colonna infame e del saggio comparativo sulla Rivoluzione francese del 1789 e la Rivoluzione italiana del 1859.

Paul Preston

Malgrat el títol enganyós, Homenatge a Catalunya, d’Orwell, és gairebé el llibre més venut i més llegit sobre la Guerra Civil Espanyola. Tot i això, la seva anàlisi política i les seves prediccions estan profundament viciades per la seva acceptació de les visions partidistes dels camarades anarquistes i del POUM, així com per la ignorància del context més ampli. Encara la influencia del llibre en les percepcions de la Guerra Civil es massiva. Tanmateix, hi ha moltes raons que suggereixen que no s’ha de considerar la interpretació definitiva de la derrota republicana a la Guerra Civil. Juntament amb molts exemples de desconeixement i molts errors, hi trobem també algunes omissions significatives.

Natalia Bustelo

El artículo recorre los primeros reclamos de los estudiantes de la ciudad de Buenos Aires por una “reforma universitaria”, desde la fundación en 1872 de la Asociación 13 de diciembre hasta la articulación en 1918 del movimiento político-cultural de la Reforma Universitaria, pasando por el ciclo de huelgas estudiantiles de 1903-1906 y el desarrollo de la Liga de Estudiantes Americanos entre 1908 y 1914. El recorrido se propone mostrar que si bien puede reconocerse cierta continuidad en los reclamos gremiales asociados a una “reforma universitaria”, el movimiento estudiantil que comenzó a estructurarse en 1918 realizó una decisiva ruptura política: dejó de legitimar un orden social oligárquico para acercarse a las izquierdas y su lucha emancipatoria.

Alexandre Franco de Sá

Longe de, como habitualmente, reduzir o populismo a uma patologia das democracias liberais contemporâneas , o presente texto procura pensar este mesmo populismo como algo essencialmente ligado ao modo como tais democracias, na sua temporalidade peculiar, se relacionam com o seu passado e o seu futuro. O populismo aparece aqui, nesta perspetiva, como o resultado de um processo em que, nas democracias contemporâneas, emerge um discurso político que traduz um “pensamento único” baseado na ideia de que não há alternativas; que alude à substituição de governos políticos por governos técnicos, reforçando a noção de que as escolhas não são decisões, mas meros resultados automáticos e inevitáveis das circunstâncias; que evoca o consenso e o aniquilamento das distinções políticas alternativas entre esquerda e direita; e que herda a noção, própria do final do século XX, de que as sociedades ocidentais chegaram a um “fim da história” ao encerrar a era das “grandes narrativas”.

Podgórski Ryszard

The 18th century is the opening to cognitive progress (epistemology) which becomes the core of historical progress. They were defined more precisely by Robert Turgot (1727-1781). Turgot’s lecture entitled Discours sur l´histoire universalle of 1750 significantly contributed to the notion of “progress”. The lecture presented a broad programme of historical studies whose object was humanity striving for perfection. Turgot’s programme was implemented by his friend Jean Antoine de Condorcet (1743-1794). He contained the interpretation of his programme of historical progress in Esquisse d´un tableau historique des progrés de l´esprit humain (A sketch of the picture of progress of human spirit through the ages). It was 1794 and in that year Condorcet was imprisoned. Jean Antoine de Condorcet proposed a secular mechanism of progress which was to take place through development of knowledge and science. In his outline of the development of humanity, Condorcet emphasised that the progress of humanity occurs because of efforts of people without interference of divine factors. Man is able to improve due to his own mind. The history of humanity is presented in his philosophy as a linear, continuous process taking place along a rising line, whereas the description of progress includes both past times and the future. In this way, Condorcet showed the perspective of further development of humanity in the direction of a system consistent with the law of nature and the complete elimination of suffering. This view of Condorcet motivated August Comte (1798-1857) when he built the “first philosophy”, and Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771) and Paul Henry d´Holbach (1723-1789).

Gabriel Rot

El presente ensayo analiza el amplio universo de las producciones historiográficas alrededor de la violencia política en los años 70, la lucha armada como estrategia revolucionaria y el derrotero de aquellas organizaciones simultáneamente políticas y militares (OPM). Se abordan las líneas de análisis más destacadas y, en razón de ello, los vacíos historiográficos existentes.

Ferdinand Mélin Soucramanien

La Ley de 11 de octubre 2010 prevé que "ninguna persona podrá, en el espacio público, llevar ropa destinada a ocultar su rostro". Esta disposición normativa fue objeto de control de constitucionalidad ante el Consejo Constitucional. Dicha autoridad, en su decisión de 7 de octubre de 2010, emitió una interpretación sin precedentes en el marco de la relación entre las nociones de libertad y orden público, sobre la base del artículo 5 de la Declaración de los Derechos Humanos y del Ciudadano de 1789. La citada jurisprudencia constitucional es importante porque a partir de la limitación de la libertad de expresión de opiniones religiosas, incluso en el espacio público, se refuerza la concepción francesa de la laicidad

LÁSZLÓ SÜTŐ, ERIKA HOMOKI, ZOLTÁN DOBÁNY et al.

Historical geographic studies on land cover may support the understanding of the recent state. Focusing on coal mining, this process was followed and analyzed in the case of the East Borsod Coal Basin from the early 20th century to the political change. The contemporaneous maps and manuscripts concerning the mining were evaluated using geoinformatic techniques. Moreover, digitalized topographic map coming from the early and late period of mining (1924 and 1989, respectively) were analyzed. To determine the degree of human disturbance hemerobic relations and changes of the given land cover patches were quantified on the basis of the maps of the three military surveys, too. It can be stated that montanogenic subtype of an industrialagricultural landscape has been formed in the Bükkhát area. Beside the concentrated artificial surfaces, however, relative dominance of forest forming the matrix of the landscape remained.

Nikolett Kosztin, Ildikó Balatoni

The precondition of a health conscious behaviour in a community is establishing a healthy development of the community, an important part of which is the community’s attitude to sports and health. A basic manifestation of this is whether the leadership of a specific settlement is committed to developing sports facilities and, on the other hand, to what extent residents make use of these facilities. The aim of our research was to point out the number of sports facilities currently available for catering everyday physical education introduced in 2012, leisure sports and competitive sport events in two different regions of Hungary. We also examined the resources available for maintaining the facilities and the degree to which existing facilities are exploited. Existing sports halls of the Northern Great Plain and Central Transdanubia were included in the research. We wish to emphasise, in regards to the infrastructural developments of the coming few years, that it is essential to consider the fact, even in the planning phase of facilities, that sport events in themselves do not make the facilities economically sustainable. JEL code: Z20

Adrian-Gabriel CORPADEAN

This article examines the institutional tools and mechanisms that the Committee of the Regions in endowed with, in the process of implementing and checking the progress of the Europe 2020 Agenda. The emphasis first lies on the traditional consultative nature of the aforementioned body, which has nevertheless been striving for more prominence. The previous role in the evaluation of the Lisbon Strategy has provided the CoR with some experience, to the extent that the Monitoring Platform it is utilising in its activities pertaining to Europe 2020 are coherent and quite complex. We have performed an analysis of the current activities conducted by the CoR under the auspices of the Platform, including text analyses on its latest releases and assessments of its consultation and networking activities. Some recommendations have been filed to enhance the subnational dimension of the Europe 2020 Agenda, in the light of the findings of CoR panels.

Juan Manuel Fernández Fernández-Cuesta

Antonio Sousa Silva, Ivandro de França da Silva, Lucas Borchartt Bandeira et al.

Mudanças no uso do solo afetam a quantidade de argila e matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e estes, por sua vez, afetam a agregação. Avaliou-se como diferentes usos afetaram a agregação de um Argissolo na microrregião do Brejo Paraibano. Foram avaliadas três áreas contíguas com declive fortemente ondulado, sendo uma mata nativa, um plantio de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia) e uma pastagem com brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens). Foram coletadas amostras de solo para determinação da textura, macro e microagregados secos (Macro-s e Micro-s) e úmidos (Macro-u e Micro-u), diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados secos (DMPA-s) e úmidos (DMPA-u), índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA), teores de MOS e seu fracionamento em ácido fúlvico (AF), ácido húmico (AH) e humina (HUM), em quatro profundidades: 0,0-2,5 cm, 2,5-5,0 cm, 5,0-10,0 cm e 10,0-20,0 cm. Pôde-se notar que as quantidades de argila, MOS, HUM, Macro-s, Macro-u, DMPA-s, DMPA-u e IEA, são sempre maiores na área de mata nativa, em todas as profundidades. O plantio de sabiá apresentou maiores teores de AH e menores quantidades de Macro-u nas duas últimas profundidades em relação ao pasto. A HUM apresentou melhor correlação com a agregação do solo. Mudanças no uso causaram degradação do solo na microrregião do Brejo Paraibano.

Carolin Schulz

Article in German.

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E. R. Taus