Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Elizabeth M. Caucutt, Thomas F. Cooley, Nezih Guner

F. Creutzig, G. Baiocchi, R. Bierkandt et al.

Bing Zhang, Fang Liu, Martin Skitmore et al.

Presently, China has entered the leisure era, and leisure has become an increasingly important aspect of life for the elderly. To improve the quality of leisure services for the elderly, this study evaluates the service supply quality of community home care leisure facilities, using Wuxi City as a case study. Moreover, effective improvement suggestions are proposed to address problems in the supply of community care leisure facilities and to promote the development of community-based elderly leisure services. An innovative assessment method is proposed to evaluate the supply quality of elderly leisure facilities, based on the projection pursuit method and the MBCT-SR (Multi-Step Backward Cloud Transformation Algorithm Based on Sampling with Replacement) multidimensional cloud model. This method analyzes the supply and use of community elderly leisure facilities from the perspective of the diverse needs of the elderly and comprehensively evaluates the supply quality of elderly leisure service facilities based on those needs. The results show that the quality level of elderly leisure facility provision in the community is mainly at a medium to good level, with the overall evaluation leaning more towards the good level. This provides new insights into the evaluation and improvement of elderly leisure service quality.

Mashael Jassim Nasser, Gyanendra Singh Sisodia, Rajesh Mohnot

This study attempts to investigate the historical and economic narratives, highlighting missed points in the comprehension of globalization and the effects on present-day labor markets in developing countries – India and Nigeria, between 1990 and 2023. The study fills a noticeable gap in the extant literature about the impacts of globalization on labor market dynamics in developing countries. There are positive and negative impacts of globalization, including perceived negative impacts such as loss of employment and positive impacts such as shifts in global wage dynamics. Finding correlations between employment quality and globalization-related variables such as technological advancements, foreign direct investments (FDI), time-specific events, and policy implications can help in developing policies capable of mitigating the adverse effects of globalization on the labor market. The study adopted a panel data analysis that used a fixed effects model to analyze data from the World Bank’s development indicators, the International Labor Organization (ILO) statistics, and the KOF Globalization Index. The study found that while globalization boosted economic integration, it worsened job security, with a globalization coefficient of −0.35 (p < 0.001) and increased wage disparities with a coefficient of 0.58 (p < 0.001). Other findings show a positive correlation between technological advancement and employment quality with a coefficient of 0.10 (p = 0.020); a negative correlation between FDI and employment quality at −0.03 and P = 0.010, and a positive correlation between policy variables and employment quality with a coefficient of 0.25 (p = 0.002). The findings suggest that robust national policies can be used to mitigate the negative consequences of globalization and the policymakers must adopt comprehensive policy measures to benefit from globalization effects while addressing emanating challenges. This study contributes to the literature by offering a nuanced exploration of the multifaceted relationship between global economic integration and local labor market outcomes.

Taiwo Afinowi, Nara Monkam

Abstract This study highlights the limitations of generic urban assessment frameworks in evaluating the sustainability of African cities and the Global South. It argues for the development of context-specific indicators that accurately reflect the unique socio-economic, cultural, spatial, and historical realities of these cities. While global frameworks offer useful benchmarks, their standardised methodologies often overlook the structural characteristics that define African cities, namely, informality, spatial and economic inequalities, governance constraints, and colonial urban legacies. To investigate why African cities frequently underperform when assessed using global urban sustainability indicators, we conducted a systematic literature review following the PRISMA framework. Our findings underscore the need to rethink assessment frameworks by expanding sustainability dimensions. We propose integrating underexplored yet critical sustainability dimensions and a novel ACTPL design conceptual framework to guide locally grounded sustainability metrics. This framework offers practical guidance for all urban stakeholders seeking to advance more inclusive and adaptive sustainable urban development strategies across the continent.

Maria Assunção Gato, Ana Rita Cruz

Lei WANG, Jianbo HU, Zhipeng LUO

Based on the decoupling theory, this paper analyzes the relationship between the embodied carbon productivity and the embodied value added in China’s industrial sectors, evaluates the development mode of the sectors, and explores a reasonable path to promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the sectors based on the panel multinomial logit model. The empirical conclusions are as follows: (i) Except for the decrease in 2002–2005, the embodied carbon productivity achieved rapid growth in other time periods; during the period of 2002–2020, the embodied value added increased by 339.59 percentage points, with an average annual growth rate of 8.57%, and the embodied carbon productivity increased by 70.59 percentage points, with an average annual growth rate of 3.01%. (ii) As the embodied value added of the 28 industrial subsectors expanded, the changes in their embodied carbon productivity were different. This process can be roughly classified into three main phases: The first phase is the extensive growth period of 2002–2005, in which the embodied carbon productivity of most industrial subsectors declined while the embodied value added expanded; the second phase is the low-carbon transformation and development period of 2005–2012, during which the recessive positive-efficiency emission reduction became the dominant mode; and the third phase is the low-carbon development period of 2012–2020, in which the high-efficiency emission reduction became the dominant mode. (iii) When the industrial sectors are in an expansive state, increasing the substitution of capital for energy factors will make the transformation of industrial sectors more inclined to expansive high-efficiency emission reduction mode, and when the industrial sectors fall into recession, optimizing the energy structure will produce the same effect.

Weiwu Wang, Yaozhi Luo, Chen Huan et al.

In urban areas, variations in the functional usage of buildings or their clusters directly influence the 2D/3D morphology of buildings which can lead to changes in the ventilation potential (VP) at different heights, but there is a lack of refined quantitative relationship analysis between 3D building form parameters (BFPs) and VP at different heights within a certain urban area. The objective of our study is to obtain simulated wind field data from different heights, considering distances from roads, and transverse and longitudinal sections. We employ partial correlation analysis, simple correlation analysis, and Geographic detectors to uncover the extent and mechanisms of the influence of BFPs on the ventilation effectiveness of neighborhoods in a major urban center in China, specifically Nanjing. The findings demonstrate that, at all heights, there is an inverse relationship between wind speed and building density (BD), with the location of higher wind speed generally aligning with the intersection points. The correlation coefficients between BD and simulated wind speed are 0.040 (1.5 ​m), −0.475 (10 ​m), and −0.314 (30 ​m), while the correlation coefficients between building height (BH) and simulated wind speed are 0.237. However, no significant correlation is observed between floor area ratio (FAR) and simulated wind speed. Geographic detector analysis reveals differences in the correlation between BFPs and simulated wind speed at different heights within various building functional areas. Our study provides some practical information for urban planners and designers to carry out wind sensitivity and adaptation planning and urban design.

Detlef Briesen

Buchrezension.

Ministerio de Obras Públicas DGCEG

Efa Tadesse Debele, Taye Negussie

Access to housing is a fundamental necessity for individuals. Even though the motives of informal housing are complex, analyzing the issue from a political economy perspective needs to be adequately addressed. This study analyzed why informal housing continues and is challenging to eradicate. It motivated researchers to understand the phenomenon from a political economy approach, assuming it offers a holistic understanding. A mixed research design was adopted by considering the nature of the problem and the research objectives intended to be achieved. Three hundred eighty-four respondents were randomly selected to substantiate research questions. Empirical findings indicated that informal housing had become the prevailing housing market. Researchers identified that the motives of speculators, the shelter needs of individuals, the motives of brokers, the interests of farmers, and the level of structural hospitality are significantly associated with the prevalence of informal housing. However, gain motives, need motives, and structural hospitalities were significant variables that significantly predicted the intensity and prevalence of informal housing.In contrast, brokers' motives and farmers' cooperation did not significantly predict the informal housing scenario. Thus, prospective intervention is expected to reverse the scenario by implementing a political economy analysis-based intervention framework, expanding adequate, affordable housing for the urban low-income people who need shelter, developing land and housing database to reduce structural hospitality, and taking proactive measures against the structural actors who are rent-seekers and exploited opportunities of informal housing. Furthermore, researchers seek to analyze informal housing issues in a political economy approach to understand the problem holistically.

P. Muñoz, Sabrina Zwick, A. Mirzabaev

Urbanization is one of the factors contributing globally to greenhouse gas emissions. Its impact however is not homogeneous across countries. Some studies show that urban populations have a higher carbon footprint due to higher consumption levels, whereas other research suggests that higher population density decreases energy demands and the associated emissions. Due to the importance of collecting in-depth evidence for countries and regions on a case-by-case basis, this article investigates the impact of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions for Austria as supporting empirical evidence for a high-income economy. The study particularly unpacks profiles of carbon footprints for more than 8000 households located according to three different levels of urbanization: urban, semi-urban and rural. Findings reveal that urban residents in Austria have the lowest Carbon Footprint (CF) of the three groups; this is followed by rural and then semi-urban residents. Overall, the study highlights that urbanization in Austria may represent a relative reduction of emissions in the future due to more compact cities, which should be considered along with other drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve national and European climate targets.

Ekta Purswani, Satyam Verma, S. Jayakumar et al.

Urbanization is gaining pace worldwide and is the most elemental cause of global land transformation. This necessitates land use land cover change to be analyzed on various spatial and temporal scales to understand its potential impacts on the environment. This work focuses on the urbanization in the area of Gandhinagar district, Gujarat, India which encloses Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat. Though a capital, the city has seen limited growth and development since its formation in 1961. Land use change was analyzed from 1995 to 2016 and land change modeling was attempted to generate future prediction scenarios in 2025 using the IDRISI TERRSET Land change modeler. The change analysis revealed vast growth in rural and urban built-up, majorly, at the expense of agriculture, slightly contributed by the decline in scrubland. There is much scope for urban densification as urban built-up occupies only about 5% of the total land cover as observed by the land use land cover map of 2016. The growth of the city has been very slow as compared to the other cities of its time due to a state-centric approach. But the projected scenario discovered a faster sprawl-like built-up growth towards the urban areas in the west and the south instead of an isodiametric aggregation around the capital city due to an arbitrary planning system. We recommend bringing all the talukas in Gandhinagar under one roof and considering the development of the whole district in scope for better policy and management.

Maria Assunção Gato, Ana Rita Cruz

Rocco Papa

José F. Andrade, K. Cassman, Juan I. Rattalino Edreira et al.

Urbanization has appropriated millions of hectares of cropland, and this trend will persist as cities continue to expand. We estimate the impact of this conversion as the amount of land needed elsewhere to give the same yield potential as determined by differences in climate and soil properties. Robust spatial upscaling techniques, well-validated crop simulation models, and soil, climate, and cropping system databases are employed with a focus on populous countries with high rates of land conversion. We find that converted cropland is 30–40% more productive than new cropland, which means that projection of food production potential must account for expected cropland loss to urbanization. Policies that protect existing farmland from urbanization would help relieve pressure on expansion of agriculture into natural ecosystems.

Wenzhu Luo, Yitian Ren, Liyin Shen et al.

The past few decades witness a typical urbanization era in large developing countries such as China. In line with the urbanization process, land resources have inevitably presented a series of changes. The evolution of urban land carrying capacity (ULCC) is appreciated as a yardstick for guiding towards sustainable urban development. This paper therefore proposes an alternative method from carrier-load perspective for investigating the evolution of ULCC performance in China during the rapid urbanization era of 2012-2017. The data employed for analysis is collected from 290 Chinese prefectural-level cities. Results indicate that ULCC performance in the urbanizing China has been evolving towards a better state, for which 94% of the surveyed cities have made progress. However, significant disparity exists between cities on ULCC evolution performance, in particular, mega cities tend to have better ULCC evolution performance. Some cities may have better evolution performance although they have a poor average ULCC value. Contrarily, some cities may present poor evolution performance but they carry a better average ULCC value. The research findings provide valuable references not only for policy-makers to better understand the state of ULCC across the country, and appreciate inspiring experiences and lessons for implementing effective tailor-made measures to improve the ULCC performance, but also for enriching the literature in land resource management.

W. Smit

The term “global South” (or just “South” or “south”) refers to the diverse range of countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that have a colonial past and are usually characterized by high levels of poverty and informality. The term global South has widely replaced other, similar, terms such as the Third World, developing countries, and low- and middle-income countries. Urbanization, in its narrow sense, refers to an increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas; in its wider sense it refers to all the social, economic, biophysical, and institutional changes that result from and accompany urban growth, many of which have a profound impact on human health and well-being. The global South is the most rapidly urbanizing part of the world. Since about 2015, more than 75% of the world’s urban population lives in the global South. It is projected that by 2025, the urban population of the global South will be 3.75 billion (54.3% of the total population of the global South). Most of this urbanization is as a result of urban areas having higher natural population growth rates than rural areas, but migration to urban areas also plays a significant role. Although urbanization processes vary considerably across different countries in the global South (e.g., between different regions and between middle-income and low-income countries), there are a number of broad common trends: a rapid increase in the number of megacities (urban agglomerations with a population of more than 10 million), ongoing strong urban–rural linkages and increased blurring of “urban” and “rural,” increased urban sprawl and fragmentation, and growing intra-urban inequalities. There has been much debate about the nature of cities and urban life in the global South, giving rise to a body of literature on “southern urbanism,” characterized by case studies of everyday life. Urbanization processes in the global South have contributed to the growth and complexity of the burden of disease. Infectious diseases have continued at high levels due to poor environmental conditions in many parts of cities, particularly in informal settlements and other types of slums. Noncommunicable diseases are also growing rapidly in the global South, linked to changes in living conditions and lifestyle associated with urbanization. It is anticipated that the burden of disease in cities of the global South will continue to increase as urbanization continues, as a result of increased traffic injuries and respiratory disease resulting from increased numbers of motor vehicles; growing levels of violence due to growing levels of poverty and inequality in many cities; growing obesity as a result of changed lifestyles associated with urbanization; growing numbers of unsafe settlements in hazardous areas; and a high risk of infectious diseases. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these risks.

Pramila Thapa, M. Torralba, A. Buerkert et al.

Though urban land covers only around 0.5% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface, urbanization often leads to significant changes in land use and land cover. However, knowledge on the ecological and social outcomes of urbanization is largely fragmented across a multitude of local-level studies. We synthesized the outcomes of urbanization on 15 ecological and social variables associated with regional farming systems, namely water quality, agro-biodiversity, carbon sequestration, control of invasive species, soil fertility, control of soil erosion, pollination, cultural identity, food security, income and employment, demographic stability, conflict mitigation, social network, health and education, and equity. From 246 cases, positive, negative, and non-conclusive urbanization outcomes were extracted. Additionally, distributions of these outcomes by continent, population size of towns/cities, national per-capita GDP, and dominant farming systems were assessed. As a result, more negative than positive outcomes were found. Although ecological outcomes were largely negative, social ones were mostly positive. Threats to water quality, demographic stability, and cultural identity arose as particularly pressing issues. The ecological outcomes related to pollination were largely positive but all other ecological variables reported higher negative outcomes. The social outcomes related to the economic viability of farming and employment were largely positive, whereas those related to cultural and equity aspects were predominantly negative. The ecological outcomes were frequently negative in the Global South, medium-large cities, poor countries, and for livestock or fishery systems. The social outcomes were more frequently negative in the Americas, highly populated cities and megacities, wealthy countries, and for livestock and fishery systems. The threats and opportunities of rural–urban transformations in different dimensions and contexts of farming systems should be considered in any urban planning strategy.

Jeffrey NT Squire, Joseph Nkurunziza

African countries are urbanizing rapidly, presenting complex challenges for urban waste management. A compelling nexus between urbanization and waste management can be found in Kigali, the capital and largest city in Rwanda. Since its founding in 1907, the city of Kigali has witnessed steady growth in terms of both population and geographical boundaries. Using mainly qualitative methods, this study provides an empirical survey of waste management practices in post-genocide Rwanda with an emphasis on the city of Kigali, the capital. The study analyzed current regulatory arrangements and legislative instruments, approaches to public cleaning, and minimization, collection, and final disposal of wastes. We found Kigali to be an exceptionally clean city with carefully organized and well-coordinated waste management service delivery systems in place. Conversely, the absence of effective minimization strategies, coupled with a lack of safe treatment and disposal facilities, militate against sustainable waste management.