Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Taiyu Ban, Lyuzhou Chen, Xiangyu Wang et al.

E. Németh, Sándor Szeverényi

In recent years, a number of primarily linguistic studies have dealt with the origin of the Uralic language family. These studies formulated important and, in some cases, novel results regarding the location of the Proto-Uralic homeland, the classification of linguistic branches, the chronology and geographical aspects of migration routes, and even the archaeological cultures embodying the migration routes. At the same time, our knowledge of the gene pool of the Uralic peoples has also increased significantly. The aim of the present study is to identify parallels and discrepancies between the latest linguistic and historical genetic results. We highlight several convergences between recent conclusions of linguistics and our model based on Y-chromosome data. A key finding is a correlation between Uralic language sub-branches and N subgroups. The direction and chronology of the eastward migration of these N subgroups may also shed new light on the Uralic-Chukchi, Uralic-Yukaghir and Uralic-Altaic linguistic parallels.

Guangji Bai, Yijiang Li, Chen Ling et al.

Kristiina Rebane

The literary works of the 19th-century Italian poet and philosopher Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1836) have been available in Estonian for years. Less familiar, however, is the poetics of the vague and indefinite (Italian: poetica del vago e dell’indefinito) developed in his notebook “Zibaldone”. This concept forms the philosophical core and essence of his artistic creation. By centring his poetics around the conflict between the finiteness of the physical world and the human yearning for infinity, Leopardi proposes substituting the non-existent physical infinity with indefiniteness. By limiting sensory perception, indefiniteness – or vagueness – stimulates the imagination and creates the illusion of infinity, satisfying human desires for pleasure and leading people through delightful mental journeys to a state of mind in whose description Leopardi sees one of the most crucial functions of literature and art. The theoretical explanatory potential of Leopardi’s poetics extends beyond his own works and era, providing a framework that can broaden the interpretive possibilities of contemporary Estonian literature. Using a comparative approach, this article examines the motif of windows through Leopardi’s poetics in Tõnu Õnnepalu’s / Emil Tode’s novel “Border State” (Piiririik, 1993) and Jan Kaus’s notebook “View” (Vaade, 2022). In these works, windows are depicted as memory images that embody poetic elements of indefiniteness, such as frames, duskiness, night, silence, roads disappearing into the distance, the sky, the horizon, and so on. As central elements in the narrators’ self-definition, these windows play a crucial role both in content and composition, structuring the fragmented, introspective narrative without a stable timeline in “Border State” and linking the self-narrative thread in “View”. The appearance of similar windows in other works allows the observations made in the article to be applied to other texts by Õnnepalu and Kaus, facilitating a broader discussion of indefiniteness in their poetics.

Wenqiang Du, Yikeremu Maimaitiyiming, Mewlude Nijat et al.

With the emergence of deep learning, the performance of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems has remarkably improved. Especially for resource-rich languages such as English and Chinese, commercial usage has been made feasible in a wide range of applications. However, most languages are low-resource languages, presenting three main difficulties for the development of ASR systems: (1) the scarcity of the data; (2) the uncertainty in the writing and pronunciation; (3) the individuality of each language. Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz as examples are all low-resource languages, involving clear geographical variation in their pronunciation, and each language possesses its own unique acoustic properties and phonological rules. On the other hand, they all belong to the Altaic language family of the Altaic branch, so they share many commonalities. This paper presents an overview of speech recognition techniques developed for Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz, with the purposes of (1) highlighting the techniques that are specifically effective for each language and generally effective for all of them and (2) discovering the important factors in promoting the speech recognition research of low-resource languages, by a comparative study of the development path of these three neighboring languages.

D. Anthony, A. Khokhlov, S. Agapov et al.

Abstract The genetically attested migrations of the third millennium BC have made the origins and nature of the Yamnaya culture a question of broad relevance across northern Eurasia. But none of the key archaeological sites most important for understanding the evolution of Yamnaya culture is published in western languages. These key sites include the fifth-millennium BC Khvalynsk cemetery in the middle Volga steppes. When the first part of the Eneolithic cemetery (Khvalynsk I) was discovered in 1977–1979, the graves displayed many material and ritual traits that were quickly recognized as similar and probably ancestral to Yamnaya customs, but without the Yamnaya kurgans. With the discovery of a second burial plot (Khvalynsk II) 120 m to the south in 1987–1988, Khvalynsk became the largest excavated Eneolithic cemetery in the Don-Volga-Ural steppes (201 recorded graves), dated about 4500–4300 BCE. It has the largest copper assemblage of the fifth millennium BC in the steppes (373 objects) and the largest assemblage of sacrificed domesticated animals (at least 106 sheep-goat, 29 cattle, and 16 horses); and it produced four polished stone maces from well-documented grave contexts. The human skeletons have been sampled extensively for ancient DNA, the basis for an analysis of family relationships. This report compiles information from the relevant Russian-language publications and from the archaeologists who excavated the site, two of whom are co-authors, about the history of excavations, radiocarbon dates, copper finds, domesticated animal sacrifices, polished stone maces, genetic and skeletal studies, and relationships with other steppe cultures as well as agricultural cultures of the North Caucasus (Svobodnoe-Meshoko) and southeastern Europe (Varna and Cucuteni-Tripol’ye B1). Khvalynsk is described as a coalescent culture, integrating and combining northern and southern elements, a hybrid that can be recognized genetically, in cranio-facial types, in exchanged artifacts, and in social segments within the cemetery. Stone maces symbolized the unification and integration of socially defined segments at Khvalynsk.

MİSLİNA DERDİYOK

In XV. century, Ali Shir Nawāyī who was the touchstone poet of Chagatai literature applied to delicacy philosophy of sufism for discovering the existence and meaning in inner journey of person in his poems in Turkic divans. As he dealed with his philosophical ideas about the human life in his poems, he displayed a different expression in mystic and literary meaning by some special bird names. In addition, it is seen that Nevȃyî gave place to special bird names in his couplets with a metaphorical use. This article consists of two part. In the first part of this article, a brief knowledge about metaphor was given. In thehe second part of this article, special birds that mentioned in couplets in the Nawāyī’s Turkic divans was shown. It is seen that some concepts in the couplets with special bird names are formed in connection with some mystical concepts and some verses in the Qur’an. The bond established by these special birds shaped Nawāyī’s bird world. This special birds that shaped Nawāyī’s bird world was envisioned like a guide to humanity. These special birds are both like a disciple and a guide in the spiritual journey. Some of special birds in Turkic divans are seen like thirty birds on a spiritual journey to accompany in the Nawāyī’s work “Lisān al-Tayr”. Also, the relationship and different aspects of some special birds in the Turkic divans.and the birds given in the Nawāyī’s work “Lisān al-Tayr” will be emphasized.

MERVE DEMİRBAŞ

Idioms that reflect the keen intelligence, core, tradition, and custom of the society and organs forming the physiology of the individual, nomenclature of these organs, and becoming idioms of these perceptible nomenclatures constitute the subject of this study. The name of organs takes place among basic words in a language. They are used for identifying relationships between languages. Using the name of organs is highly common in idioms. Idioms formed with the name of organs are called somatic idioms. Idioms formed with the name of organs are found in Turkish, Kyrgyz-Turkic, Kazakh-Turkic, and Azerbaijani-Turkic. However, there is no recognized study about somatic idioms in Turkmen-Turkic. In this study, firstly, idioms and the name of organs are categorized in line with an interdisciplinary perspective. Then, the name of organs used in idioms is considered structurally and semantically. In line with anatomy and linguistics, the name of organs is categorized into six groups as follows; organs in the head, organs in the neck, organs in the torso, organs in the upper and lower limbs, and organs covering the body, then they are sub-categorized. Idioms formed with the name of organs in Turkmen-Turkic are scanned in the “Idiom Dictionary of Turkmen-Turkic and Turkish” and found by comparing findings in “Frzazeologik Dictionary of Turkmen Language.” It is aimed to conclude with the data obtained by categorizing idioms formed with the name of organs and semantic features of these idioms.

Pire Teras

Leivu is one of the South Estonian dialects historically spoken in eastern Latvia and influenced by Latvian. One likely influence is broken tone or stød, which was developing in Leivu mainly as a result of the loss of /h/ in first quantity degree words. The aim of this study is to determine what characterises the pronunciation of CV’V-words (lost intervocalic /h/) and differentiates these from CVV-words. Sound durations, F0 and intensity contours of the syllable rhyme were analysed. Vowel duration in CV’V-words tends to be longer than in CVV-words. In CV’V-words, a short drop in intensity can occur between two identical or two different vowels, with the first vowel often being longer than the second one. In some cases, the second vowel in CV’V words was laryngealised. In CV’V-words, an early F0 turning point where F0 starts to fall occurs more consistently than in CVV-words where F0 can also be rising. Kokkuvõte. Pire Teras: Katketoon leivu CV’V-sõnades. Leivu on üks lõunaeesti murretest, mida räägiti Ida-Lätis ja mida mõjutas läti keel. Üks neist mõjudest on tõenäoliselt katketoon, mis oli tekkimas peamiselt esmavältelistes sõnades /h/ kao tulemusel. Liivi keeleski on katketooni kujunemise üheks põhjuseks peetud just /h/ kadu. Selle töö eesmärk on välja selgitada, mis iseloomustab leivu /h/-kaoliste CV’V-sõnade hääldust ja mis eristab neid kolmandavältelistest CVV-sõnadest. Analüüsiti häälikukestusi, põhitooni- ja intensiivsuskontuure. Vokaalikestus on leivu CV’V-sõnades veidi pikem kui CVV-sõnades. CV’V-sõnades võib toimuda intensiivsuse langus ja tõus või järsk intensiivsuse langus nii kahe ühesuguse kui ka erineva vokaali vahel: esimene vokaal on enamasti kestuselt pikem kui teine. Ka CVV-sõnade hilistekkelistes diftongides on esimene osis sageli pikem kui teine. Mõnel juhul larüngaliseerub CV’V-sõnades silbituuma lõpuosa. Põhitoonikontuuris on CV’V-sõnades palju järjekindlamalt varane pöördepunkt ja langev põhitoon kui CVV-sõnades, kus tuleb ette ka hilise pöördepunktiga tõusvat põhitooni.

Tuomas Huumo

Abstrakti. Projektiiviset grammit (kieliopilliset sanat, esimerkiksi edessä, oikealla, yläpuolella) asemoivat muuttujan (Figure) kolmiulotteiseen koordinaatistoon, jonka suhteutuskohtana on kiintopiste (Ground). Grammeilla on lisäksi skalaarisia merkityksiä, joita voidaan korostaa astemääritteiden avulla. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan suomen projektiivisten grammien esiintymismahdollisuuksia astemääritteiden kanssa, jotka ilmaisevat joko avointa (melko, hyvin) tai sulkeista skaalaa (melkein, aivan). Tarkastelussa erottuu kolme astemääritteen ja grammin yhteisesiintymän päätyyppiä. Tyypissä (1) muuttuja sijaitsee säiliömäisen kiintopisteen (kuten rakennuksen) sisäpuolella. Skalaarinen merkitys perustuu tällöin muuttujan vähenevään etäisyyteen kiintopisteen yhdestä sisärajasta (esimerkiksi seinästä): mitä lähempänä muuttuja sijaitsee rajaa, sitä korkeampi skalaarisuus (Istuin teatterissa melko edessä ~ ihan vasemmalla). Tyypissä (1) esiintyy niin avoimen kuin sulkeisen skaalan astemääritteitä. Kahdessa muussa päätyypissä muuttuja sijaitsee kiintopisteen ulkopuolella, ja skalaarisuus perustuu joko (2) muuttujan ja kiintopisteen välisen etäisyyden vähenemiseen (Auto seisoi ihan ’välittömästi’ oven edessä) tai (3) muuttujan skalaarisesti vähenevään poikkeamaan koordinaatiston jostain akselista (Lamppu riippui melkein ~ täsmälleen ’suoraan’ pöydän yläpuolella). Tyypeissä (2) ja (3) esiintyy vain sulkeisen skaalan astemääritteitä. Abstract. Tuomas Huumo: What degree modifiers reveal about the meaning of Finnish spatial grams? Projective spatial grams (‘in front of’, ‘to the right of’, ‘above’) localize Figure (F) in a three-dimensional coordinate system with Ground (G) as its origin. This paper addresses the compatibility of Finnish projective grams with degree modifiers (DM). DMs comprise two types: a) open-scale DMs (‘somewhat’, ‘rather’, ‘very’) and b) closed-scale DMs (‘almost’, ‘quite’, ‘completely’). Three types of scalar meaning are observed. The first one (1) applies when F is inside G, and the scalar conceptualization is based on a decreasing distance between F and one extremity of the inside of G. In type (1), both open- and closed-scale DMs are felicitous. The two other types concern situations in which F is outside G and the scalar meaning is based on either (2) a decreasing distance between F and G or (3) an increasing preciseness of F’s alignment on an axis. In (2) and (3), only closed-scale DMs are felicitous. Kokkuvõte. Tuomas Huumo: Mida kõnelevad astmemäärused soome keele projektiivsete grammide tähenduse kohta? Projektiivsed grammid (‘ees’, ‘paremal’, ‘kohal’) lokaliseerivad kujundi (Figure) kolmemõõtmelises koordinaatsüsteemis, mille alguspunktiks on taust (Ground). Artiklis analüüsitakse soome keele projektiivsete grammide koosesinemise võimalusi kaht tüüpi astmemäärustega: a) avatud skaala astmemäärused (intensiivsusmäärused, nt ‘natuke’, ‘üsna’, ‘väga’) ja b) suletud skaala astmemäärused (täielikkusastme määrused, nt ‘peaaegu’, ‘täiesti’). Autor eristab kolme astmemääruse ja grammi koosesinemise põhitüüpi. Tüübis (1) asub kujund kolmemõõtmelise tausta seespool. Skalaarne tähendus põhineb kujundi ning tausta siseruumi ühe serva vahelise kauguse vähenemisel: mida lähemal paikneb kujund servale, seda kõrgem on skalaarsus (nt ‘Istusin teatris üsna ees ~ päris vasakul’). Tüübis (1) esinevad nii avatud kui suletud skaala astmemäärused. Ülejäänud kahes tüübis paikneb kujund väljaspool tausta, ning skalaarsus põhineb kas (2) kujundi ja tausta vahelise kauguse vähenemisel (nt ‘Auto seisis peaaegu ~ täitsa ukse ees’) või (3) kujundi asendi väheneval kõrvalekaldel koordinaatsüsteemi teatud teljest (nt ‘Lamp rippus peaaegu ~ täpselt laua kohal’). Tüüpides (2) ja (3) esinevad ainult suletud skaala astmemäärused.

Elena Markus, Fedor Rozhanskiy

This paper analyzes the morphophonological structure of the inessive singular forms in Liivtšülä-Luuditsa Votic. There are no fluent speakers of this variety; the research is based on the materials recorded in 2003–2016. The inessive singular forms demonstrate variation of the weak and strong grade stems, which is very untypical for a case form. In all other morphological cases, the distribution of weak and strong stems is very stable. The variation in the inessive stem is observed both in the examples from published sources on the Votic language, and in our field materials. The acoustic research has confirmed the variation. Additionally, in the strong grade stem we find a shorter geminate stop or affricate compared to other strong grade forms (in the paper, the inessive singular is compared to the inessive plural and partitive singular). We consider several hypotheses that could explain the variation and the shorter geminate. The conducted experiments do not confirm the role of the word structure as the primary factor defining the geminate length. We suggest that both the variation of stems and the shorter geminate might result from language contact. In the neighbouring Ingrian varieties, the inessive is built from the weak grade stem. Since all the last fluent speakers of Votic knew Ingrian to some extent, the Votic and Ingrian patterns might have mixed. It is probable that originally the variation was triggered by some other factors, and the increasing role of the language contact turned it into a dominant factor in the course of the 20th century. Kokkuvõte. Elena Markus ja Fedor Rozhanskiy: Vadja inessiivi mõistatus. Artiklis analüüsitakse ainsuse inessiivi morfofonoloogilist struktuuri Liivtšülä- Luuditsa vadja keeles. Selle keele soravaid kõnelejaid enam pole; uurimus põhineb 2003–2016 lindistatud materjalidel. Ainsuse inessiivi vormid näitavad nõrga- ja tugevaastmeliste tüvede varieerumist, mis on ühe käändevormi kohta väga ebatüüpiline. Kõikide teiste morfoloogiliste käänete puhul on nõrkade ja tugevate tüvede jaotus korrapärane. Inessiivi tüve varieerumist vaadeldakse nii varem avaldatud vadja keele allikates kui ka meie välitööde materjalides. Akustiline analüüs kinnitab tüvede varieerumist. Lisaks esineb tugevas astmes inessiivis lühem geminaatkonsonant või afrikaat kui teistes tugeva astme vormides (artiklis võrreldakse ainsuse inessiivi mitmuse inessiivi ja ainsuse partitiiviga). Me esitame mõned hüpoteesid, mis võiksid sellist varieerumist ja lühemat geminaati selgitada. Tehtud eksperimendid ei kinnita sõnastruktuuri rolli esmase faktorina geminaadi pikkuse defineerimisel. Me arvame, et nii tüvede varieerumine kui ka lühike geminaat võivad olla tingitud keelekontaktist. Naabruses olevates isuri murretes moodustatakse inessiiv nõrgaastmelisest tüvest. Kuna kõik viimased head vadja keele kõnelejad oskasid mingil määral isuri keelt, võisid vadja ja isuri keel olla segunenud. On tõenäoline, et algselt oli varieerumine tingitud teistest faktoritest, kuid keelekontakti suurenenud roll kujunes 20. sajandi jooksul domineerivaks.

Külli Prillop

This reply to Natalja Kuznetsova highlights many questionable interpretations and outcomes, ten serious errors and five minor inaccuracies in her polemical paper “Estonian word prosody on the Procrustean bed of morae” (2018). The proposed list of errors includes misinterpretations of Estonian language data, faulty citations and biased conclusions. Kokkuvõte. Külli Prillop: Moorad eesti keeles. Vastus Natalja Kuznetsova artiklile “Eesti sõnaprosoodia moorade Prokrustese sängis”. Vastus Natalja Kuznetsovale toob välja mitu küsitavat tõlgendust ja tulemust, kümme tõsist viga ja viis väiksemat ebatäpsust tema poleemilises artiklis “Estonian word prosody on the Procrustean bed of morae”. Esitatud loend vigadest sisaldab eesti keeleandmete väärtõlgendusi, vigaseid tsitaate ja kallutatud järeldusi.

Kätlin Aare, Marcin Włodarczak, Mattias Heldner

This article provides a first quantitative overview of the timing and volumerelated properties of breath holds in spontaneous conversations. Firstly, we investigate breath holds based on their position within the coinciding respiratory interval amplitude. Secondly, we investigate breath holds based on their timing within the respiratory intervals and in relation to communicative activity following breath holds. We hypothesise that breath holds occur in different regions of the lung capacity range and at different times during the respiratory phase, depending on the conversational and physiological activity following breath holds. The results suggest there is not only considerable variation in both the time and lung capacity scales, but detectable differences are also present in breath holding characteristics involving laughter and speech preparation, while breath holds coinciding with swallowing are difficult to separate from the rest of the data based on temporal and volume information alone. Kokkuvõte. Kätlin Aare, Marcin Włodarczak ja Mattias Heldner: Hinge kinni hoidmine spontaanses kõnes. Artikkel kirjeldab hinge kinni hoidmist spontaansetes vestlustes ajaliste ja kopsumahuga seotud omaduste kaudu. Hinge kinni hoidmist analüüsitakse esmalt selle põhjal, kus see käimasoleva hingamisfaasi kopsumahu ulatuse suhtes asub. Teine fookus on ajalisel faktoril: kus hoitakse hinge kinni käimasoleva hingamisfaasi alguse ja lõpu ning vestlustes sisalduva kõne vm suhtes. Hüpoteeside kohaselt peaks hinge kinni hoidmine ajalisel ja kopsumahuga seotud skaalal toimuma erinevas kohas sõltuvalt sellest, milline kontekst hinge kinni hoidmist vestluses ümbritseb. Tulemused näitavad, et kuigi hinge kinni hoidmine esineb suure varieeruvusega mõlemal skaalal, sisaldab andmestik mustreid, mis eristavad kõneplaneerimisega seotud hinge kinni hoidmist teistest alternatiividest. Tulemustest selgub ka, et neelatustega seotud hinge kinni hoidmist on keeruline muudest eristada vaid aja ja kopsumahuga seotud informatsiooni abil. Märksõnad: hinge kinni hoidmine, kõnehingamine, spontaanne kõne, vestlused kolme osalejaga

Maria Kok

Artikkeli on oppihistoriallinen katsaus suomen sijamuotojen nimitysten kehityksestä ja erityisesti paikallissijojen nimitysjärjestelmän muotoutumisesta nykyiseen asuunsa. Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty sijamuotojärjestelmän kuvauksia 1800-luvun kieliopeissa, erityisesti Gustaf Renvallin teoksessa “Finsk Språklära, Enligt den rena Vest-Finska, i Bokspråk vanliga Dialecten”. Suomen paikallissijojen nykyistä nimitysjärjestelmää voidaan suurelta osin pitää Renvallin kehittämänä terminologisena tuotteena, jonka perusteita ja kehittelyprosessia hän myös teoksessaan seikkaperäisesti esittelee. Vaikka Renvallin luomat nimitykset (inessiv,elativ, illativ, adessiv, ablativ, allativ) ovat sisällöllisesti oikeat ja perustuvat hyvään käsiteanalyysiin, ne ovat kuitenkin osoittautuneet ongelmallisiksi. Erityisesti perusasteen äidinkielenopetuksessa ja S2-opetuksessa nämä latinaan pohjautuvat termit ovat työläitä muistaa ja jäävät helposti vieraiksi käyttäjilleen. Lisäksi Renvallin termistö on syrjäyttänyt tieltään aikaisempia kuvausmalleja, joissa olisi ollut ainesta jatkokehittelyyn. Vaikka Renvallin termijärjestelmästä ei ole syytä luopua, vaihtoehtoja sille tarvittaisiin. Hyvän lähtökohdan vaihtoehtoisille tai rinnakkaisille nimityksille voisivat tarjota Reinhold von Beckerin käyttämät termit, jotka ovat aiheettomasti jääneet unohduksiin. Myös August Ahlqvistin deskriptiivisiä nimityksiä (sisäinen/ulkoinen olosija, erosijaja tulosija) kannattaisi hyödyntää aktiivisemmin opetuksessa. Lisää aineksia vaihtoehtoisille termeille tarjoaa myös Kalevi Wiikin tutkimus suomen sijamuotojen nimityksistä. *** "On the naming system of the Finnish nominal cases: Concept analysis and product development in the 19th century Finnish grammars" This study discusses the naming system for the Finnish nominal cases as a terminological product and the research material is a collection of 17th–19th century grammars of the Finnish language. According to the findings, it can safely be concluded that most of our terms for the Finnish nominal cases originate from the 19th century. The term systems used to describe the Finnish nominal cases changed many times before the current terminology was accepted as official. The development process that leads to the terminology we have now has been long but cannot be called gradual. On the contrary, most changes in the terminological system were abrupt and may be considered conscious choices of individual scholars. Special attention in this study is given to the term system used to denote the six Finnish local cases: inessive, elative, illative, adessive, ablative and allative. This system is currently applied in most reference grammars and standard works for studying L1 and L2 Finnish and it can rightfully be attributed to Gustav Renvall (1840). Not only was this system used for the first time by Renvall, but in his grammar “Finsk Språklära Enligt den rena Vest-Finska” Renvall also takes credit for the new terms and gives a lengthy account of their structure and meaning. Renvall also argues why his terms should be used instead of those suggested by i.e. Vhael (1733) and von Becker (1824).

Qiymət MƏHƏRRƏMLİ

The considerations about life and practical activities, examples from compositions of XIII-XXI century representatives of Shaki literary entourage reflected in the book of “The voices coming from Shaki”, compiled by poet-researcher Ramiz Orser, are reflected in this article. This research work is an encyclopedic knowledge book respecting centuries-old exponents of Shaki literary heritage.

Özge EKER

In this study it will be try to constituted a conceptual field/frame of meaning in terms of their vocabulary that is constituted verbs in Kokturk Khaned Inscriptions. Verbs, which is reported act, occurance and manner are the most component, constituting a language. The multiplicity of actions and diversity are indicator circumstances of a language, Lifestyles of society reflect to their fundemental vocabulary. Also Kokturks have nomadic way of life. Also nomadic way of life of Kokturks reflected to three major inscription in eighth century. When look at Kokturk inscription, it is seen that a lot of acts. Providing easy axis of meaning in verbs, we can connect nomadic lifestyle of Kokturks. There are verbs, that the same meaning axis, but one with special meanings than the other. In this study, firstly it has been referred meaning of managing, to organize, to bring together verbs. We have tried to identified fundemental meaning of verbs. We have tried to sampled, the context where the same words, taking from three major inscriptions. Later we have tried to give a schema, frame of meaning that constituting this verbs. In this study, we tried to determine meaning frame of administration/manage also benefit hyponymy and hyperonymy topics.

Matti Miestamo

Language typologists are dependent on data provided by descriptive linguists working on individual languages, who, in turn, benefit from typologists’ results, which give them new insights into the properties of their respective languages. The article addresses the relationship between typology and Uralic descriptive linguistics. The state of description of Uralic languages is examined by surveying the availability of descriptive sources on Uralic languages in the Glottolog database, which is widely used by typologists. Ways in which Uralic studies and language typology can be brought closer to each other for the benefit of both fields are discussed giving a number of recommendations for writing typologically-oriented grammars of (Uralic) languages. Finally, the use of typologically informed questionnaires in language description is briefly addressed. Аннотация. Матти Миестамо: О взаимоотношении типологической и описательной лингвистики в контексте уральских языков. Лингвисты, занимающиеся типологией, зависят от данных, предоставляемых лингвистами, работающими с конкретными языками. Последние, в свою очередь, используют результаты работы типологов, что позволяет им по-новому взглянуть на материал соответствующего языка. В статье рассматриваются взаимоотношения между типологией и описательной лингвистикой в контексте уральских языков. Положение дел в описании уральских языков оценивается на основе наличия материалов по этим языкам в базе данных Glottolog, широко используемой типологами. В статье обсуждаются способы сближения типологического и описательного подходов в изучении уральских языков, что способствует развитию обоих направлений. В статье даются рекомендации по написанию типологически ориентированных грамматик (уральских) языков. Кроме того, кратко обсуждается использование типологических анкет для описания языков. Ключевые слова: дескриптивная грамматика, описание языков, документация языков, лингвистическая типология, анкеты, уральские языки Kokkuvõte. Matti Miestamo: Tüpoloogia ja Uurali keelte kirjeldamise vahelisest suhtest. Keeletüpoloogid sõltuvad andmetest, mis pärinevad üksikkeeltega tegelevatelt deskriptiivses raamistikus töötavatelt keeleteadlastelt. Viimased aga saavad omakorda kasu tüpoloogide töö tulemustest, mis avavad uusi vaatenurki vastavate keelte omaduste kohta. Siinne artikkel käsitleb tüpoloogia ja deskriptiivse Uurali keeleteaduse vahelist suhet. Uurali keelte kirjeldamise seisu uuritakse analüüsides Uurali keeli puudutavate deskriptiivsete allikate kättesaadavust Glottologi andmebaasis, mida tüpoloogid laialdaselt kasutavad. Arutletakse viiside üle, mis aitaksid vastastikkuse kasu eesmärgil lähendada Uurali keelte uurimist ja keeletüpoloogiat, näiteks antakse mitmeid soovitusi tüpoloogilise suunitlusega (Uurali keelte) grammatikate kirjutamiseks. Lõpuks käsitletakse ka tüpoloogilise suunitlusega küsitluskavade kasutamist keelte kirjeldamisel. Märksõnad: deskriptiivne grammatika, keelekirjeldus, keelte dokumenteerimine, keeletüpoloogia, kirjastamine, küsitluskavad, Uurali keeled

Marge Käsper

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis analüüsitakse eesti-prantsuse paralleelkorpuse (www.estfra.ee) põhjal, kuidas jagunevad prantsuse keeles võimalikkuse väljendamisega seotud modaalverbi pouvoir peamised modaalverbilised vasted eesti keeles (võima, saama, suutma). Lausungis väljenduvat tähendust analüüsitakse eituse, määruste tüüpide, verbisemantika ning rõhupartiklite kasutuse kaudu, jälgides modaalsust määravate elementide kombineerumist lausekontekstides. Käsitades eitust kui vormi, mis toob esiplaanile lausungis väljendatavad võimalikkuse piirangud, keskendutakse sageli eitavatena esinevate saama ja suutma tähenduspotentsiaalide määratlemisele, vastandamaks neid sagedaimale tõlkevastele võima, mille kasutuskontekst on enamasti jaatav. Võima kasutuskontekste kirjeldatakse kui tingimuskonstruktsioonide kaudu kujutatavat võimalikkust. Saama puhul näitab analüüs võimalikkuse tingimuste määratlemist ruumiliste vms konkretiseerivalt määratlevate adverbiaalsete konstruktsioonide kaudu, tingivas kõneviisis toetavad selle verbi evidentsiaalsusega seotavat tähenduspotentsiaali leksikaalsed või deiktiliselt osutavad lausekomponendid. Eitavas vormis verbiga suutma koos esinevate ajamääratluste ning rõhupartiklite analüüs näitab ühelt poolt suutlikkuse seost väliste tingimuste muutumise või rõhutatud mittemuutumisega ja teisalt verbiga suutma väljenduvat intensiivistavat tähendusvarjundit tegevussubjekti reaalsusega suhestumisel. Abstract. Marge Käsper: The verbs võima, saama and suutma as equivalents of the French modal verb pouvoir. Definition and intensification of possibility in negation. The article studies three Estonian modal verbs (võima, saama, suutma) as they correspond to the French modal verb pouvoir in examples collected from the Estonian-French parallel corpus (www.estfra.ee). The meaning of possibility is studied by examining variables in expression: negation, adverb types, verb semantics, modal particles. The analysis focuses on the verbs saama and suutma, occurring mainly in negation in the corpus, to determine their meaning potential in contrast to the most frequent equivalent võima. While the possibility expressed by the verb võima appears to be constructed as hypothetical or evaluative, the verb saama is mainly characterized by the presence of spatial or other such determining adverbial constructions. The analysis of the temporal indications occurring with the verb suutma, analysed in its negation forms, shows the importance of external temporally determined conditions in regard to capacity, but also the participant sourced subjectivity of these indications. The analysis of modal particles accompanying suutma shows an effect of intensification in expression in the relation between the participating subject and its reality. Keywords: modality; polysemy; negation; adverbs; evidentiality; intensification; Estonian; French

Birute Klaas-Lang, Renate Pajusalu

Kokkuvõte. Siinses artiklis vaatleme modaalverbide ja neile funktsionaalselt lähedaste väljendite kasutust eesti ja soome palvetes ja küsimustes. Mõlemas keeles on palju sarnase algupäraga modaalkonstruktsioone, kuid nende funktsioneerimine palve ja küsimuse pehmendajatena on osaliselt erinev. Materjal pärineb diskursuse täiendamise ülesandest, milles emakeelsetel keelejuhtidel paluti kirjutada, mida nad kirjeldatud olu korras teeksid. Modaalpredikaatide võrdlus näitab, et nende esinemise üldsagedus palvetes on eesti ja soome keeles enam-vähem võrdne, kuid soome keeles on nad sagedamini konditsionaalis. Küsimuste pehmendamisel on konditsionaali mõlemas keeles märgatavalt vähem kui palvete puhul. Artiklis vaadeldakse ka sagedamate modaalverbide (saama/saada, võima/voida jm) esinemist eri situatsioonides. Abstract. Birute Klaas-Lang and Renate Pajusalu: Modal constructions in Estonian and Finnish requests. The aim of this article is to compare Estonian and Finnish modal verbs and other modal predicates in requests and questions. Written discourse completion tasks were used as a method. Native speakers were asked to write what they would say in 10 different scenarios. The scenarios were constructed so that they provided maximum variety of context for the requests and questions (from institutional to colloquial and from written to oral). The article concentrates on modal predicates, many of which have the same origin in Estonian and Finnish but are used somewhat differently. The overall number of modal verbs used to soften requests and questions was approximately the same in Estonian and Finnish. In the Estonian data, the modal constructions of main acts were in conditional form in 58% of the cases, in the Finnish data in 84% of the cases; thus in the Finnish data the conditional is much more frequent. The typical modal verb in the Estonian data is saama ‘get’, whereas in the Finnish data it is voida ‘can’. In the Estonian data some variation is possible: Estonian võima ‘can’ occurs as well, despite being considerably less frequent. In the Finnish data saada ‘get’ was present only in the sense of acquisition or success which is not included in the current table. Other modal constructions were represented in the data surprisingly evenly in both languages. Only oskama/osata ‘can, know’ showed a slight difference, being noticeably more frequent in the Estonian questions than in the Finnish ones. The article also examines the modal predicates in other response texts. A tendency to use more speaker-oriented modal verbs expressing mainly desire and obligation can be observed in the Estonian data. On the basis of modal verbs only, it would also be possible to conclude here that in the Estonian requests the speaker’s obligation is expressed more frequently (I should send the abstract, need to submit the certificate, etc.). Keywords: politeness; directives; questions; modality; Estonian; Finnish

Gwen Eva Janda

Research on possessive suffixes in Ob-Ugric languages, as in most Uralic languages, has primarily viewed them in the light of their terminological denomination – i.e., as markers of possessive relations, traditionally referred to as their prototypic use. Whenever this onomasiology-based approach fails, the usage of possessive suffixes is considered non-prototypical; a secondary or determinative function of possessive suffixes is cited. In my paper, I will claim that the original function of possessive suffixes in Ob-Ugric languages is not to denote a possessive relation and, in consequence, there is no concept of non-prototypical use. Instead, possessive suffixes denote a relation between two entities, whose default interpretation is a possessive one. I will claim that both, the prototypic and the non-prototypic use is an outcome of the very same property of possessive suffixes, which is to establish reference. In consequence, possessive suffixes play an important role in information structure.