Hasil untuk "Technology"

P. Baláž, M. Achimovičová, M. Baláž et al.

A. Luo

Abstract This paper summarizes the melting and casting processes for magnesium alloys. It also reviews the historical development of magnesium castings and their structural uses in the western world since 1921 when Dow began producing magnesium pistons. Magnesium casting technology was well developed during and after World War II, both in gravity sand and permanent mold casting as well as high-pressure die casting, for aerospace, defense and automotive applications. In the last 20 years, most of the development has been focused on thin-wall die casting applications in the automotive industry, taking advantages of the excellent castability of modern magnesium alloys. Recently, the continued expansion of magnesium casting applications into automotive, defense, aerospace, electronics and power tools has led to the diversification of casting processes into vacuum die casting, low-pressure die casting, squeeze casting, lost foam casting, ablation casting as well as semi-solid casting. This paper will also review the historical, current and potential structural use of magnesium with a focus on automotive applications. The technical challenges of magnesium structural applications are also discussed. Increasing worldwide energy demand, environment protection and government regulations will stimulate more applications of lightweight magnesium castings in the next few decades. The development of use of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) tools will accelerate the applications of magnesium castings in structural applications.

S. Chaudhuri, U. Dayal, Vivek R. Narasayya

Chanmin Kim, Min Kyu Kim, Chia-Jung Lee et al.

G. Winter, A. Griffiths, R. E. Hawkins et al.

W. Orlikowski, D. Robey

Recent work in social theory departs from prior traditions in proposing that social phenomena can be understood as comprising both subjective and objective elements. We apply this premise of duality to understanding the relationship between information technology and organizations. We construct a theoretical framework in which the development and deployment of information technology in organizations is a social phenomenon, and in which the organizational consequences of technology are products of both material and social dimensions. The framework is based on Giddens' theory of structuration, and it allows us to progress beyond several of the false dichotomies subjective vs objective, socially constructed vs material, macro vs micro, and qualitative vs quantitative that persist in investigations of the interaction between organizations and information technology. The framework can be used to guide studies in two main areas of information systems research-systems development and the organizational consequences of using information technology.

J. Wajcman

Jerry Avorn

F. Narin, Kimberly S. Hamilton, D. Olivastro

D. Leidner, S. Jarvenpaa

A. Poon

Tourism, the world s fastest growing industry, is now entering a more mature phase. During the 1970s and 1980s mass tourism, with its rigid, standardized packages, developed rapidly and provided many consumers with their first experiences of international travel. Today, a complex and multi-faceted industry, tourism faces growing pressures - consumer demand for more individually tailored holidays, an increasingly competitive operational environment, opportunities provided by new technology and growing environmental concerns. This book analyzes the major challenges facing tourism today. The author highlights the central role of information technology in creating mass tourism by the mid-1970 s, and how this technology and innovation is creating a new best practice of flexibility, market segmentation and diagonal integration within tourism. The book demonstrates how companies in the industry can enhance their competitiveness in the market place. Aimed at both academics and industry practitioners, this original and challenging work will attract a wide readership."

Stephen L. Parente, E. Prescott

Marie-Claude Boudreau, D. Robey

Patrick Y. K. Chau, P. H. Hu

M. Otero, F. Villarreal, V. Palmieri et al.

D. Krass, Timur Nedorezov, Anton Ovchinnikov

N. Bloom, L. Garicano, R. Sadun et al.

Empirical studies on information communication technologies (ICT) typically aggregate the “information” and “communication” components together. We show theoretically and empirically that these have very different effects on the empowerment of employees, and by extension on wage inequality. If managerial hierarchies are devices to acquire and transmit knowledge and information, technologies that reduce information costs enable agents to acquire more knowledge and ‘empower’ lower level agents. Conversely, technologies reducing communication costs substitute agent’s knowledge for directions from their managers, and lead to centralization. Using an original dataset of firms in the US and seven European countries we study the impact of ICT on worker autonomy, plant manager autonomy and spans of control. Consistently with the theory we find that better information technologies (Enterprise Resource Planning for plant managers and CAD/CAM for production workers) are associated with more autonomy and a wider span of control. By contrast, communication technologies (like data networks) decrease autonomy for both workers and plant managers. Our findings are robust to using exogenous variation in cross-country telecommunication costs arising from differential regulatory regimes.

Nancy K. Lankton, D. McKnight, John F. Tripp

Chelsea Thompto

Artists and especially new media artists contribute to public perceptions and adoption of new technologies through their own use of emerging media technologies such as augmented and virtual reality, generative image systems, and high-resolution displays in the production of their work. In this way, art and media production can be understood as part of the larger issue of unsustainable computational consumption. As such, it is critical for artists to develop, share, and promote new and more sustainable methods of engaging with technology, especially within the context of higher education. This paper will explore how artists might implement more sustainable methods by considering the relationship between the technical approaches of compute reuse, sustainable web development, and frugal computing, and the concepts of material specificity , futurity, and media archaeology . Proposing three methods of less carbon-intensive artistic production and a set of guidelines for introducing sustainable methods into arts and technology curriculum, this paper will outline not only the technical viability of these approaches but also the rich conceptual opportunities these approaches might offer to artists and viewers alike. For each method, models for pedagogical implementation will be explored with an emphasis on how local resources and sustainability contexts should play a role.

Eline de Jong, Sebastian De Haro

Technological understanding is not a singular concept but varies depending on the context. Building on De Jong and De Haro's (2025) notion of technological understanding as the ability to realise an aim by using a technological artefact, this paper further refines the concept as an ability that varies by context and degree. We extend its original specification for a design context by introducing two additional contexts: operation and innovation. Each context represents a distinct way of realising an aim through technology, resulting in three types (specifications) of technological understanding. To further clarify the nature of technological understanding, we propose an assessment framework based on counterfactual reasoning. Each type of understanding is associated with the ability to answer a specific set of what-if questions, addressing changes in an artefact's structure, performance, or appropriateness. Explicitly distinguishing these different types helps to focus efforts to improve technological understanding, clarifies the epistemic requirements for different forms of engagement with technology, and promotes a pluralistic perspective on expertise.