Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Yujie Cheng, Haiou Gu, Sang Chen et al.

The Mekong River is a mega‐river in East and Southeast Asia, and precipitation in its watershed influences more than 300 million people. However, the controlling factor in precipitation and weathering in the basin remains controversial. Here we present a high‐resolution record of weathering of the Mekong River basin over the past 3200 years by magnesium isotopes (δ26Mg) of silicate components in a sediment core from an area off the Vietnam coast in the western South China Sea. The results show that the δ26Mg values of silicates in marine sediments range from −0.40 to 0.036‰, and display evident change patterns. Our data support a theory that weathering in the Mekong River basin is controlled by three monsoon systems including the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), and the Western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM), but the ISM may have played a more important role in the past century.

Minghui Wu, Haitao Tang, Jiahuan Fan et al.

Dysarthric speech reconstruction (DSR) typically employs a cascaded system that combines automatic speech recognition (ASR) and sentence-level text-to-speech (TTS) to convert dysarthric speech into normally-prosodied speech. However, dysarthric individuals often speak more slowly, leading to excessively long response times in such systems, rendering them impractical in long-speech scenarios. Cascaded DSR systems based on streaming ASR and incremental TTS can help reduce latency. However, patients with differing dysarthria severity exhibit substantial pronunciation variability for the same text, resulting in poor robustness of ASR and limiting the intelligibility of reconstructed speech. In addition, incremental TTS suffers from poor prosodic feature prediction due to a limited receptive field. In this study, we propose an end-to-end simultaneous DSR system with two key innovations: 1) A frame-level adaptor module is introduced to bridge ASR and TTS. By employing explicit-implicit semantic information fusion and joint module training, it enhances the error tolerance of TTS to ASR outputs. 2) A multiple wait-k autoregressive TTS module is designed to mitigate prosodic degradation via multi-view knowledge distillation. Our system has an average response time of 1.03 seconds on Tesla A100, with an average real-time factor (RTF) of 0.71. On the UASpeech dataset, it attains a mean opinion score (MOS) of 4.67 and demonstrates a 54.25% relative reduction in word error rate (WER) compared to the state-of-the-art. Our demo is available at: https://wflrz123.github.io/

Domakhina Yulia A.

The article analyzes the role of North Korea's nuclear missile potential as a factor in the development of security cooperation between Japan, the US, and the Republic of Korea in 2023–2025. Positive trends along Tokyo–Washington–Seoul axis emerged in 2022, and the 2023 Camp David summit elevated the trilateral partnership to a new level and laid the foundation for its transformation into an institutionalized and comprehensive alliance. The parties justified the formation of the Japan – USA – ROK triangle by the need to strengthen stability in the Asia -Pacific region and counter “common challenges”, including those from the DPRK. To contain the so-called North Korean threat, the allies have developed retaliatory measures, including coordinating sanctions policy and expanding defense and diplomatic cooperation. The author examines the results of the triangle's policy on countering the DPRK in 2023–2025 and describes the dynamics of the trilateral partnership after the change of administrations in the US and South Korea. The author concludes that the activities of Washington and its allies create a risk of rising tensions in the Asia-Pacific region. Despite this, the trends in the development of the triangle's policy in the second half of 2025 signal the parties' commitment to further deepening security cooperation.

Kokarev K.A.

The article analyses and contrasts Japan-Thailand and US-Thailand relations. It attempts to prove a thesis that the Japanese leadership formulates the policy towards Thailand in its own way, without regard for its key ally, namely the US. This problem tends to be of high relevance, since currently Thailand is attempting to cautiously maneuver between the PRC and the so-called “collective West”. The author insists that, although Japan's and the US approaches towards the Southeast Asia countries have never substantially contradicted each other (due to the previously existing bipolar system and China's currently increasing presence in the region), they imply different methods of influencing other countries, including Thailand. It is characteristic of the US to practice military-political cooperation, while Japan rather resorts to economic cooperation. Furthermore, Japan and the US, due to the confrontation during the Second World war, had different starting points for modern relations with Thailand. In order to showcase that bilateral dialogues have evolved independently, the author examines Japan's and the US main driving forces when building relations with Thailand in a chronological order, from the Second World war onwards. The author concludes that Japan's key interest in Thailand is economy, while the US has consistently prioritised human rights, which laid the foundation for the US to criticise the military coups of 2006 and 2014 in a harsher way.

Thomas Budiarjo, Santana Yuda Pradata, Kadek Gemilang Santiyuda et al.

High energy consumption remains a key challenge in high-performance computing (HPC) systems, which often feature hundreds or thousands of nodes drawing substantial power even in idle or standby modes. Although powering down unused nodes can improve energy efficiency, choosing the wrong time to do so can degrade quality of service by delaying job execution. Machine learning, in particular reinforcement learning (RL), has shown promise in determining optimal times to switch nodes on or off. In this study, we enhance the performance of a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent for HPC power management by integrating curriculum learning (CL), a training approach that introduces tasks with gradually increasing difficulty. Using the Batsim-py simulation framework, we compare the proposed CL-based agent to both a baseline DRL method (without CL) and the conventional fixed-time timeout strategy. Experimental results confirm that an easy-to-hard curriculum outperforms other training orders in terms of reducing wasted energy usage. The best agent achieves a 3.73% energy reduction over the baseline DRL method and a 4.66% improvement compared to the best timeout configuration (shutdown every 15 minutes of idle time). In addition, it reduces average job waiting time by 9.24% and maintains a higher job-filling rate, indicating more effective resource utilization. Sensitivity tests across various switch-on durations, power levels, and cluster sizes further reveal the agent's adaptability to changing system parameters without retraining. These findings demonstrate that curriculum learning can significantly improve DRL-based power management in HPC, balancing energy savings, quality of service, and robustness to diverse configurations.

Zayyin Dinana, Suwarno Suwarno, Imam Mustofa et al.

Background and Aim: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly contagious in cloven-hoofed animals, and it causes outbreaks in Indonesia and several countries worldwide. This disease is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae. In 1990, the World Organization for Animal Health Office International des Epizooties recognized Indonesia as an FMD-free country. A new FMDV outbreak in Indonesia was reported in April 2022 and confirmed in May 2022, resulting in economic losses to the beef cattle sector. This study aimed to determine the genotype and amino acid content of viral proteins (VP1) gene. Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from vesicle swabs from the mouth and feet of cattle in Banyuwangi Regency, Lamongan Regency, and Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were identified using one-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with a pair of specific primers encoding the VP1O serotype with a target of 1165 bp. Results: Sequencing revealed that the FMDV subtype belonged to the O/ME-SA/Ind2001e. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolate was 100% amino acid-identical to the Indonesian outbreak isolates from 2022 and 95% identical to isolates from Southeast Asia. The amino acid substitutions found in the G-H Loop of the VP1were S134C, D138E, T140A, and A156T. Only the K135Q mutation was detected in Lamongan. Conclusion: The spread of the subtype O/ME-SA/Ind2001e in South-east Asia caused an outbreak in Indonesia due to less stringent animal traffic control measures. Surveillance studies and whole-genome sequence analyses are important for monitoring FMDV genetics in Indonesia.

Eimear McGlinchey, PhD, Claudia Duran-Aniotz, PhD, ProfMD Rufus Akinyemi, PhD et al.

Summary: Research on neurodegenerative diseases has predominantly focused on high-income countries in the Global North. This Series paper describes the state of biomarker evidence for neurodegeneration in the Global South, including Latin America, Africa, and countries in south, east, and southeast Asia. Latin America shows growth in fluid biomarker and neuroimaging research, with notable advancements in genetics. Research in Africa focuses on genetics and cognition but there is a paucity of data on fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers. South and east Asia, particularly India and China, has achieved substantial progress in plasma, neuroimaging, and genetic studies. However, all three regions face several challenges in the form of a lack of harmonisation, insufficient funding, and few comparative studies both within the Global South, and between the Global North and Global South. Other barriers include scarce infrastructure, lack of knowledge centralisation, genetic and cultural diversity, sociocultural stigmas, and restricted access to tools such as PET scans. However, the diverse ethnic, genetic, economic, and cultural backgrounds in the Global South present unique opportunities for bidirectional learning, underscoring the need for global collaboration to enhance the understanding of dementia and brain health.

C. Paz-Soldan, S. Gu, N. Leuthold et al.

The operational space and global performance of plasmas with edge-localized modes (ELMs) suppressed by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) are surveyed by comparing AUG, DIII-D, EAST, and KSTAR stationary operating points. RMP-ELM suppression is achieved over a range of plasma currents, toroidal fields, and RMP toroidal mode numbers. Consistent operational windows in edge safety factor are found across devices, while windows in plasma shaping parameters are distinct. Accessed pedestal parameters reveal a quantitatively similar pedestal-top density limit for RMP-ELM suppression in all devices of just over 3x1019 m-3. This is surprising given the wide variance of many engineering parameters and edge collisionalities, and poses a challenge to extrapolation of the regime. Wide ranges in input power, confinement time, and stored energy are observed, with the achieved triple product found to scale like the product of current, field, and radius. Observed energy confinement scaling with engineering parameters for RMP-ELM suppressed plasmas are presented and compared with expectations from established H and L-mode scalings, including treatment of uncertainty analysis. Different scaling exponents for individual engineering parameters are found as compared to the established scalings. However, extrapolation to next-step tokamaks ITER and SPARC find overall consistency within uncertainties with the established scalings, finding no obvious performance penalty when extrapolating from the assembled multi-device RMP-ELM suppressed database. Overall this work identifies common physics for RMP-ELM suppression and highlights the need to pursue this no-ELM regime at higher magnetic field and different plasma physical size.

Dawulie Jinensibieke, Mieradilijiang Maimaiti, Wentao Xiao et al.

Relation Extraction (RE) serves as a crucial technology for transforming unstructured text into structured information, especially within the framework of Knowledge Graph development. Its importance is emphasized by its essential role in various downstream tasks. Besides the conventional RE methods which are based on neural networks and pre-trained language models, large language models (LLMs) are also utilized in the research field of RE. However, on low-resource languages (LRLs), both conventional RE methods and LLM-based methods perform poorly on RE due to the data scarcity issues. To this end, this paper constructs low-resource relation extraction datasets in 10 LRLs in three regions (Central Asia, Southeast Asia and Middle East). The corpora are constructed by translating the original publicly available English RE datasets (NYT10, FewRel and CrossRE) using an effective multilingual machine translation. Then, we use the language perplexity (PPL) to filter out the low-quality data from the translated datasets. Finally, we conduct an empirical study and validate the performance of several open-source LLMs on these generated LRL RE datasets.

Avinash Anand, Raj Jaiswal, Mohit Gupta et al.

Large ground-truth datasets and recent advances in deep learning techniques have been useful for layout detection. However, because of the restricted layout diversity of these datasets, training on them requires a sizable number of annotated instances, which is both expensive and time-consuming. As a result, differences between the source and target domains may significantly impact how well these models function. To solve this problem, domain adaptation approaches have been developed that use a small quantity of labeled data to adjust the model to the target domain. In this research, we introduced a synthetic document dataset called RanLayNet, enriched with automatically assigned labels denoting spatial positions, ranges, and types of layout elements. The primary aim of this endeavor is to develop a versatile dataset capable of training models with robustness and adaptability to diverse document formats. Through empirical experimentation, we demonstrate that a deep layout identification model trained on our dataset exhibits enhanced performance compared to a model trained solely on actual documents. Moreover, we conduct a comparative analysis by fine-tuning inference models using both PubLayNet and IIIT-AR-13K datasets on the Doclaynet dataset. Our findings emphasize that models enriched with our dataset are optimal for tasks such as achieving 0.398 and 0.588 mAP95 score in the scientific document domain for the TABLE class.

Ryo Sahashi

Lien Thi Quynh Le, Dung Quoc Ho, Takashi Inoguchi

AbstractThis study presents a quantitative framework to analyze the engagement of four Asian sub-regions with global issues through their participation in multilateral treaties across various policy areas. The research addresses key questions regarding the speed of Asian states’ involvement in multilateral treaties and their adaptation to these treaties within the United Nations system over time. The approach combines empirical data and conceptualization to ensure a robust evidentiary basis. A dataset comprising 600 major multilateral treaties deposited in the United Nations system, covering diverse global issues, was collected. Additionally, ratification actions from twenty-eight Asian countries were categorized into four sub-regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia. To quantitatively measure states’ engagement with multilateral treaties, the study developed and calculated the Treaty Participation Index for each Asian country and sub-group. In an area predominantly characterized by qualitative research, this paper contributes to the existing literature by providing quantitative and metric findings for comparative analyses of multilateral treaty participation among the four Asian sub-regions, as well as comparisons between Asia and the rest of the world. By analyzing the results, the paper offers an evidence-based assessment of the feasibility of these four regionalisms in Asia, particularly in the context of the transition from international politics to the paradigm of global politics.

Inda Mustika Permata

Nagornova A.Yu., Nagornova S.Yu.

This article deals with the problem of discrimination against foreigners in Japan. Discrimination against foreigners is historically conditioned by the ethnic nationalism characteristic of the Japanese, the manifestations of which are widespread nowadays. This is confirmed by the fact that Japan is one of the few developed countries without national legislation prohibiting racial discrimination. Foreigners remain on the margins of social life in Japan because existing policies do not allow them to make the transition from temporary migrants to a recognized, integrated minority. This unfriendly attitude of the Japanese toward foreigners cannot be acceptable in the context of Japan's level of socio-economic development. Therefore, it is important to draw attention to the problem of racial discrimination by all means and to counteract this phenomenon in every way possible. To this end, a study was conducted to identify the main forms of discrimination against foreigners in Japan. According to the study, all the foreigners surveyed had experienced discrimination to some degree or another in Japan. The most common forms of discrimination against foreigners include housing discrimination, employment discrimination, age discrimination, ethnic discrimination, and race discrimination. Specific examples of discrimination against foreigners include being placed in poor housing, being forced to work in harsh working conditions, and being forced to change their natural appearance. At the same time, foreign respondents are practically unable to resist discrimination against them, which is akin to the phenomenon of trained helplessness. Foreigners very rarely engage in conflicts in Japanese society, understanding the futility of their actions. The high level of discrimination against foreigners and the higher prevalence of discriminatory behavior compared to other countries suggests that urgent national and local measures should be taken in Japan to reduce the forms and intensity of this discrimination, in particular, as a matter of priority, a law to protect immigrants' rights and to simplify the procedure for legal immigration into the country.

Alifia Ain Nindya, Supriyati, Dewi Murdiawati et al.

Corporate Caracteristics and Tax Avoidance: a Sudy of Banking Industry in South East Asia Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the characteristics of the company on tax avoidance. The trend of sub-optimal profits and demands for financial performance in the banking sector support tax avoidance as an alternative choice in banking strategy. Method: This study uses regression testing with a sample of 152 industrial data in Southeast Asia. Results: The results show that profitability and capital intensity have an effect on tax avoidance.  Novelty: The novelty in this research lies in the measurement of financial performance where the banking industry has measurements that are different from other industrial sectors.  Contributions: The contribution of research to the world of banking is that it is hoped that optimal earnings management policies will emerge in ensuring the sustainability of public funds.   Karakteristik Perusahaan dan Tax Avoidance: Studi pada Industri Perbankan Asia Tenggara Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji karakteristik perusahaan dalam penghindaran pajak. Kecenderungan keuntungan yang belum optimal dan tuntutan kinerja keuangan di sektor perbankan mendukung penghindaran pajak sebagai pilihan alternatif dalam strategi perbankan. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan uji regresi dengan sampel 152 data industri di Asia Tenggara. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa profitabilitas dan intensitas modal berpengaruh terhadap penghindaran pajak. Kebaruan: Kebaruan dalam penelitian ini terletak pada pengukuran kinerja keuangan dimana industri perbankan memiliki ukuran yang berbeda dengan sektor industri lainnya. Kontribusi: Kontribusi penelitian kepada dunia perbankan diharapkan akan muncul kebijakan manajemen laba yang optimal dalam menjamin kesinambungan dana masyarakat.

Andrew Harris, Andrea Cremaschi, Tse Siang Lim et al.

Over the past two decades, Digital Humanities has transformed the landscape of humanities and social sciences, enabling advanced computational analysis and interpretation of extensive datasets. Notably, recent initiatives in Southeast Asia, particularly in Singapore, focus on categorising and archiving historical data such as artwork, literature and, most notably archaeological artefacts. This study illustrates the profound potential of Digital Humanities through the application of statistical methods on two distinct artefact datasets. Specifically, we present the results of an automated die study on mid-1st millennium AD "Rising Sun" coinage from mainland Southeast Asia, while subsequently utilising unsupervised statistical methods on 2D images of 13th-14th century earthenware ceramics excavated from the precolonial St. Andrew's Cathedral site in central Singapore. This research offers a comparative assessment showcasing the transformative impact of statistics-based approaches on the interpretation and analysis of diverse archaeological materials and within Digital Humanities overall.

Ranjit Sah, Aroop Mohanty, Abdelmonem Siddiq et al.

Skvortsova E.M.

This review is based on the materials published in April – June 2021 in various media of East Asian countries, which cover the most relevant topics for the region during this period. Among them are: ASEAN leaders’ summit on the Myanmar crisis, the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA), rising tensions in the South China Sea (SCS), the suspension of the EU-China investment agreement, the preparation for reopening borders in Thailand.

Piya Changmai, Ron Pinhasi, Michael Pietrusewsky et al.

Abstract Indian cultural influence is remarkable in present-day Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), and it may have stimulated early state formation in the region. Various present-day populations in MSEA harbor a low level of South Asian ancestry, but previous studies failed to detect such ancestry in any ancient individual from MSEA. In this study, we discovered a substantial level of South Asian admixture (ca. 40–50%) in a Protohistoric individual from the Vat Komnou cemetery at the Angkor Borei site in Cambodia. The location and direct radiocarbon dating result on the human bone (95% confidence interval is 78–234 calCE) indicate that this individual lived during the early period of Funan, one of the earliest states in MSEA, which shows that the South Asian gene flow to Cambodia started about a millennium earlier than indicated by previous published results of genetic dating relying on present-day populations. Plausible proxies for the South Asian ancestry source in this individual are present-day populations in Southern India, and the individual shares more genetic drift with present-day Cambodians than with most present-day East and Southeast Asian populations.

LI Sanzhong, SUO Yanhui, ZHOU Jie et al.

The northern South China Sea continental margin is the key or critical segment of the Ocean-Continent Connection Zone (OCCZ) of the Great South China Block, the junction between the Tethyan and the (Paleo-) Pacific dynamic systems, and the interaction area between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. However, due to the low-degree geophysical exploration in the past, the regional tectonic background, processes and mechanism of the transition between the Tethyan and the Pacific tectonic domains are unclear. Based on the latest large number of seismic profiles, we focus on the Cenozoic basin structure in the continental margin of the northern South China Sea and try to reveal the Mesozoic basement structures of the northern South China Sea continental margin, with the aim of exploring the pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution and the Cenozoic opening, spreading, ridge fossil and closure of the South China Sea oceanic basin, so as to serve the accurate oil and gas exploration in this area at the same time. The seismic interpretation of the Pearl River Mouth Basin and the field structural investigation of the South China continental margin show that the OCCZ of the South China Block has experienced three processes: Mesozoic Indosinian collisional orogeny, Early Yanshanian accretionary orogeny and Late Yanshanian transpressive orogeny. During the Cenozoic era, it experienced the dispersive extension into basins under the control of NW-SE-directed normal extension in the early stage, the dextral pull-apart into basins under the control of NE-NNE-trending strike-slip faults in the middle stage, and the sinistral pull-apart into basins under the control of NW-WNW strike-slip faults in the late stage. In general, the transition process from the Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic systems can be subdivided into four stages: the transition from the Paleo-Tethyan to the Neo-Tethyan tectonic systems, the transition from the Neo-Tethyan to the Paleo-Pacific tectonic systems, the transition from the Neo-Tethyan to the Pacific tectonic systems, and the transition from the Paleo-Pacific to the Pacific tectonic systems. The tectonic transition of the East Asian OCCZ reflects the long-term mechanism of the Earth plate dynamic system driving the plate superconvergence in East Asia, in particular of the importance of the deep or submarine “Triple Poles”, the Southeast Asian U-shape subduction system, the Pacific LLSVP and the African LLSVP. More importantly, the Southeast Asian U-shape subduction system is also one of the important dynamic engines of the Earth plate motion.