Hasil untuk "Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only)"

ILMIAWAN AUWALIN, RUMAYYA, NI MADE SUKARTINI

This study investigates the impact of green open spaces in reducing the probability of flooding and open waste burning in urban areas in Indonesia’s three largest metropolitan cities: Surabaya, Jakarta, and Medan. This study employs urban village microdata from the 2014 and 2018 Village Potential Census. First, we construct the dataset into a difference-in-differences setup. The urban villages that initially did not have any green open spaces in 2014 and then had them in 2018 were assigned as the treatment group, and those without any green open spaces in both periods were the comparison group. Then, we estimated the impact of urban green spaces on the probability of flooding and open waste burning. The results indicate that the likelihood of flooding and open waste burning had decreased in treated areas by 2018.

Ai YUAN, Bisheng CHEN

In this special issue, we present contemporary studies of traditional Chinese philosophy, born out of the challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The scholars who contributed to this volume sought to engage in a profound dialogue, a necessity during a time when the pandemic prevented in-person cross-border meetings. Though COVID-19 is now behind us, the impact it left on our world continues to resonate. This collection should be seen as a response to the concern that “the loss of memory and the possibility of intercultural dialogues ...will deal humanism a final, fatal blow” (Rošker 2023, 8). It encompasses a diverse array of systematic studies predominantly authored by scholars from mainland China.

Egidius Agu, Yustinus Yustinus

This article discusses the moral position in the 1965 mass murder tragedy in Indonesia. An article that displays ethics involving the role of individuals and the government in this incident, as well as guaranteeing it to Indonesian society and history. This analysis will help understand the moral conflicts that influenced the decisions, actions, and impacts of this historical period. The method used is a discussion by Foucault. This method is useful in looking at social processes to legitimize power, and the construction of current truth constructions. The informants are three historical witnesses who became victims in 1965. The aim of this article is to discover the degradation of moral values from the tragedy of the 1965 mass murder in Indonesia. This aims to raise the moral awareness of the Indonesian people. Morality is very useful for building civilized humanity that is in accordance with the values in Pancasila.

Aditya Perdana, Muhammad Imam , Syafril Effendi

The research examined the contrasting experiences of the Philippines and Indonesia, two countries with multiparty presidential systems, in managing executive-legislative relations. While the presidentialism framework warns of institutional gridlock, the analysis reveals that Rodrigo Duterte and Joko Widodo effectively navigated these dynamics through the strategic use of presidential powers. The qualitative comparative analysis examines how the respective leaders leveraged coalition-building, patronage, and budgetary powers in divergent ways by applying a presidential toolbox framework. Duterte heavily relied on pork-barrel allocations and patronage to secure legislative support in the Philippines, while Jokowi pursued broad coalition-building, integrating opposition parties into the Indonesian cabinet. The findings suggest that the successful application of presidential toolboxs, rather than institutional design alone, plays a critical role in ensuring political stability within fragmented party systems. This challenges deterministic assumptions about the perils of presidentialism, offering a more nuanced understanding of executive adaptability in Southeast Asia. The research contributes to the comparative literature by refining the coalitional presidentialism model in emerging democracies, illustrating how distinct leadership styles, institutional arrangements, and informal practices influence the viability of multiparty presidential systems.

KIJIN KIM, ZEMMA ARDANIEL, AIKO KIKKAWA et al.

This paper examines the cyclicality of remittance inflows to economies in Asia and the Pacific, aiming to identify major factors associated with remittances using gravity models of bilateral remittances. An analysis that assesses correlation coefficients between the cyclical factors of remittances and gross domestic product suggests that remittances tend to be countercyclical, or acyclical, against the business cycle of the remittance-receiving economy relative to the sending economy. This observation is confirmed by the gravity models of bilateral remittances. Furthermore, the estimation results suggest that migrant stock is one of the most significant factors affecting bilateral remittances. The study also shows that an increase in bilateral remittances can be attributed to a higher occurrence of disasters triggered by natural hazards in receiving economies, an appreciation of the receiving economy’s currency value against the sending economy’s, a lower interest rate differential (receiver–sender), greater capital account openness, more political instability, and lower costs of remittances.

Heide Imai, Yao Ji

This paper is based on research that centres on the city of Tokyo, a mature city that is experiencing various transformations, in order to show how social capital and innovation can help build up resilient communities. It presents two major topics: 1) the potential of localities and their social capital and social innovation to actively react to change, and 2) the role of localities for inclusive urban governance. By focusing on five small neighbourhoods in the south of Taito-ward in central-east Tokyo, the paper addresses the following questions: a) what kinds of social networks and interaction exist at the local level, b) how are residents contributing to neighbourhood revitalization and community identity, and c) what are specific examples of social innovative practices, emerging in periods of crisis, in the case-study area as a direct response to the COVID-19 pandemic? By adopting a mixed methods approach drawing especially on in-depth interviews conducted with a range of independent business owners, the study reveals the dynamics between long-term residents and newcomers as they negotiate shared identities that continue to shape the present and future of some of Tokyo’s oldest neighbourhoods. The research findings highlight the need for good urban governance to draw on an improved understanding of the potential of localities, place-based social capital building, and new social practices that are emerging in local third sectors, such as volunteer-run industry-based organizations, which are vital in maintaining informal networks as an alternative to more traditional neighbourhood groups to bond, bridge, and link diverse community members.

Abdul Atsar, Tasum Tasum

The purpose of this study was to find a solution to the problem in applying the NHT (Numbered Heads Together) cooperative learning model to improve student learning outcomes in Class XII Social Studies Major of SMA Mathla’ul Anwar High School Batujaya Karawang. This study used a classroom action research method. The study was conducted in three cycles and each cycle consists of 4 steps, namely planning, acting/implementing, observing, and reflecting. The results of the study show students' improvement in understanding the legal protection and law enforcement materials after the implementation of NHT cooperative learning model. By using the NHT model, the students find it easier to understand the concepts that used to be considered difficult. Before implementing the model, the understanding level of the students at SMA Mathla’ul Anwar Batujaya Karawang was relatively low because some students’ scores were below the minimum completeness criteria. After the actions in the three cycles were completed, the student learning outcomes increase. The students’ average score before the treatment was 60.16. It increased to 68.25 in cycle 1, 72.50 in cycle 2, and 80.25 in cycle 3. This increase indicates that the NHT model can help the students improve their understanding. In the learning process using this model, the students feel that they are systematically guided in understanding the materials. Moreover, it helps the students in improving their ability to explain the learning materials and to provide examples on the legal protection and law enforcement materials in the learning process using the NHT cooperative learning model.

Haruka Matsuda

Bayu Ananto Wibowo

The purpose of research was to find out: (1) The implementation of research-based learning model in SMAN 2 Bantul as a learning innovation of Curriculum 2013, (2) The implementation of research-based learning model in History learning in SMAN 2 Bantul. This research was a qualitative descriptive research using the qualitative approach of case study in SMAN 2 Bantul. Research subjects were the principal, the curriculum coordinator, the History teachers, and the students. The data obtained in the research were in the form of direct information from the subject, the observation and facts documents in the field in accordance with the research focus. The process of testing the data validity done in this research included the triangulation and reference materials. The data analysis techniques used in this research was Miles and Huberman’s model that were data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing / verification. The results of the study are as follows: (1) Research-based learning model can be a role model for other senior high schools that implement Curriculum 2013. In its application in the school, this learning model was being regularized extracurricular for grade X students, as the introduction to research until the real practice in the field, hoping that when they become grade XI and XII students, this research-based learning can be applicable to each subject. Besides, this learning model can strengthen the character education and also deepen the knowledge of the students. (2) In History learning, this research-based learning model can improve students' thinking ability that can be seen from their ability in discussing and expressing opinion that was much better than before. The research-based learning model applied to the History learning created a new learning model that was named the Research-Based History Learning Model.

Danny ORBACH

Why was the legal system in 1930s Japan so friendly to right-wing offenders, even when they tried to assassinate leading statesmen and generals? The answer is intertwined with a cultural narrative defined here as “subjectivism”, that assigned vital importance to a criminal’s subjective state of mind when evaluating his or her transgressions. Though influenced by Western thought, this narrative was indigenous to Japan. It originated in the late Edo period, shortly prior to the establishment of the Meiji State in 1868, under specific historical circumstances and was later reinforced by the policy of the early Meiji State. Consequently, it pervaded education, politics and popular discourse alike, in the civilian sphere and even more so in the army. Until the early 1920s, this trend had a relatively modest influence on the Japanese justice system. It then began to gain traction in military courts dealing with political crimes of army personnel. From 1932 it influenced civilian courts as well, though civilian judges were relatively more reluctant to accept it than their military peers. After a peak in the mid-1930s, it again receded into the background, following the abortive coup d’état of February 26, 1936.

Jana S. ROŠKER

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K. Yhome

Kristýna VOJTÍŠKOVÁ

  According to some thinkers, in the 21st century, the Japanese society is facing a crisis of values. The postmodern approach to the individual and society may be one of the causes of this problem. In this point of view, an inadequate grasp of the relationship between the individual and the society seems to play an important role. The problem of this relationship was elaborated by the early 20th century philosopher Watsuji Tetsurō who endeavoured to re-define the role of an individual in the society. This paper attempts to examine the contemporary problem of Japanese identity from the perspective of Watsuji’s conception of interpersonal relationships.  

Masaaki OKAMOTO

Jakarta recently has gained even more central political attention in Indonesia since Joko Widodo (Jokowi) and Basuki Purnama (Ahok) became, respectively, the province’s governor and vice-governor in 2012. They started a series of eye-catching and populist programmes, drawing popular support from not only the people of Jakarta, but also among Indonesians in general. Jokowi is now even the most popular candidate for the presidential election in 2014. Their rise is phenomenal in this sense, but it is understandable if we look at Jakartan voters’ behaviour and the institutional arrangement that leads to it. Jakarta, as the national capital, has a unique arrangement in that the province has no autonomous regency or city. This paper argues that this arrangement causes Jakartans to be more politically volatile and describes how this institutional arrangement was created by analysing the minutes of the meeting to discuss the laws concerning Jakarta Province.

Shinya Ishizaka

This paper aims to re-evaluate the Chipko movement (1973-1981), a forest protection movement in the Uttarakhand hill region in northern India, which became widely known throughout the world through its image of local people hugging trees. Although the Chipko movement became famous as a good example of the “environmentalism of the poor” in the 1980s, it began to be criticised after the 1990s as the movement ended in failure due to the fact that the local people’s “true” desire to develop the local economy by using the forest’s resources was denied by the movement’s achievement of a total ban on commercial logging. Moreover, some scholars have stressed that the prohibition of commercial deforestation was not the outcome of the Chipko movement, but rather the consequence of the victory of the Department of Environment over the Ministry of Agriculture at the Centre. Against these previous studies, this paper argues that the Chipko movement did played a role in transforming the forest management systems, and the movement was also significant for the formation of a new network of social activists.

Karolina Prasad

Reviews of new literature: Butt, Simon, and Tim Lindsey (2012), The Constitution of Indonesia: A Contextual Analysis Oxford: Hart Publishing (Constitutional Systems of the World Series), ISBN-13: 978-1849460187, 292 pages || Kimura, Ehito (2012), Political Change and Territoriality in Indonesia: Provincial Proliferation London: Routledge (Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series), ISBN 9781136301810, 171 pages || Lindsey, Tim (2012), Islam, Law and the State in Southeast Asia: Volume I: Indonesia London – New York: Tauris I. B. (Islam, Law and the State in Southeast Asia Series), ISBN-13: 978-1848850651, 565 pages || Lukito, Ratno (2012), Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable London: Routledge (= Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series 48), ISBN 9780415673426, 288 pages

Zuzana Hrdlickova

The relationship between the Indian state and its citizens has been constantly evolving since independence. One of the ways, which illustrates a change in the conceptualization of Indian citizens, is how civilians were and are treated in cases of disasters. In my paper, I will look at the historical trajectory that has led to the recent establishment of the new disaster management framework in India epitomized by new institutions such as the National Disaster Management Authority and the National Institute for Disaster Management. I will touch on the modernist project of developing India through science and technology and based on the study of programmatic documents, historical material and fieldwork; I will explore the link between disaster and citizenship. Whereas the Civil Defence Act 1968 treats civilians as those to be modernised, shuffled around and dominated, the Disaster Management Act 2005 is full of language reminiscent of international development ‘speak’, seeking to demonstrate respect for local knowledge, indigenous technology and the power of community. I am going to explore how this change from a top-down framework to community based disaster management occurred.

Donghyun Park, Gemma Estrada

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) have emerged in developing Asia as a policy response to an unprecedented accumulation of foreign exchange (FX) reserves since 2000. At the same time, developing countries have become an increasingly important source of outward foreign direct investment (FDI). The central objective of this paper is to evaluate the prospects for SWFs to serve as a major conduit for the region’s outward FDI. In principle, FDI represents an attractive means of earning higher returns on FX reserves than traditional reserve assets. In practice, the limited institutional capacity and the political sensitivity of state-led FDI severely constrains the ability of developing Asia’s SWFs to undertake FDI on a significant scale. Therefore, the potential for developing Asia’s SWFs to become major sources of outward FDI is more apparent than real. This paper also explores the implications of the Santiago Principles and the global financial crisis on outward FDI by SWFs.

Kjeld A. Larsen

Akiko Terada-Hagiwara

This paper seeks to outline issues arising from rapid foreign exchange reserve accumulations in Asia. Attention is paid to People’s Republic of China and India for the significance of the accumulation fed by surges in capital inflows. The paper finds that sterilization interventions by the two economies appear to be effective in curbing credit growth, but the impacts appear limited and short-lived. In this regard, adjustments of exchange rate policies are called for to have more freedom in policy options, though incentives to live with exchange rate fluctuations are still limited, and in fact the currencies have been managed more tightly than before. Therefore, the paper argues that, while maintaining the current exchange rate practices with capital controls in place, domestic reforms should be pushed further to be ready for capital account convertibility and more exchange rate flexibility in the long term.