Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Milind Tiwari, Adrian Gepp, Kuldeep Kumar

Shell companies can be a legitimate entity but can also been used for illicit activities such as money laundering. Users of shell companies have included illegal arms dealers, drug cartels, terrorists and cyber-criminals, as well as legitimate businesses. To assist in distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate uses of shell companies, we develop a data-driven model to detect shell companies that are being used for money laundering. We use a hybrid approach combining graph analytics and supervised machine learning. The resulting detection models have an impressive classification accuracy ranging between 88.17 % and 97.85 %. We found no prior study that developed such models to detect illicit shell companies using publicly available information as done with our models. Beneficiaries of this work include government officials and compliance professionals, particularly accountants, tax officials and anti-corruption agencies.

Yu Jie Ong

Through a carefully selected set of criminological case studies from both the Global North and the Global South, this article takes on a critical approach on how hegemonic Northern criminological theories have fallen short in their attempts at formulating universally-applicable causative theses. It demonstrates how the field of criminology can be sharpened and brought to compelling new heights through the importation of the alternative Southern criminology, which reifies the need to consider individual, localised contexts on top of global influences in criminological inquiries. Vastly different historical contexts seen in the Global South mean that while the region may produce criminal justice outcomes similar to the Global North, how it derives at such outcomes may diverge greatly from the North. Likewise, countries appearing to share notable commonalities in the South may not produce similar criminological outcomes as one another, unlike what one would usually expect from the North. This cautions against undertaking comparative research based on resemblances and similarities across nations alone, and highlights the need to reconsider the stating points of comparative research and any attempted universalisation of theories. Lastly, criminological trends seen in the North are also responses to what is being brought in from the South in this age of advanced globalisation. Understanding criminological trends already extant in the South allows for a sharpened analysis of modern day Northern law enforcement and why Northern states have responded in certain manners. In its challenging of Northern hegemony and its providence of alternative de-colonial causal theses, as well as its refreshing coverage of what Northern criminology may have overlooked, Southern criminology should be enthusiastically welcomed and incorporated into the field as a means to further refine criminology as a discipline.

Rosemary Ricciardelli

Jessica P. Orea, Haylee K. DeLuca Bishop, Kim Pulvers

Background: Young adults have the highest rates of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) among all age groups. One important yet understudied behavioral factor linked with CUD is Distress Tolerance (DT), and it is unknown whether this association varies as a function of race/ethnicity, despite health disparities. This study tests the hypothesis that the association between DT and CUD symptoms will be stronger among young adults who identify as non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic (under-represented minoritized; URM) and that cannabis coping motives will mediate this association. Method: Participants with past 30 day cannabis use (N = 451; M = 21.3 years; 54.8 % female; 33.0 % Hispanic; 35.7 % non-Hispanic Black) completed a cross-sectional survey administered through an online panel in 2021, which included measures of Distress Tolerance, Cannabis Coping Motives, and CUD symptoms. Moderation, mediation, and moderated mediation with covariates age, gender, education, income, and cannabis state legality were tested. Results: Greater distress intolerance was associated with higher CUD symptoms (b = 1.85, p = 0.000) and the effect was stronger for URM than NHW individuals (b = -2.43, p = 0.002).Cannabis motives mediated the association between distress intolerance and CUD symptoms (indirect effect: b = 1.069, SE = 0.222, 95 % CI(b) = [.662, 1.520]). Moderated mediation was not present, indicating that the link between DT and CUD symptoms by coping motives did not vary by race/ethnicity (index = 0.011, SE = 0.491, 95 % CI(b) = [-0.916, 1.033]). Conclusion: Developing DT may be a valuable approach for preventing and treating CUD, particularly among young adults from underrepresented backgrounds.

Juan Sebastián Correa-Delgado

La Cuarta Revolución Industrial ha generado cambios en la ciencia, la tecnología, el conocimiento, el mercado laboral, la educación, entre otros, surgiendo iniciativas pedagógicas acordes a las demandas contemporáneas. En este marco se ha consolidado el enfoque STEAM como una propuesta de innovación educativa. El presente artículo reflexivo, expone los supuestos básicos del movimiento de educación STEAM (por su sigla en inglés: Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) en América Latina, desde la perspectiva crítica de la educación popular. En este sentido, se plantea la Investigación como Estrategia Pedagógica-IEP- como una apuesta alternativa de promoción de ciencia, investigación y tecnología en niños, niñas y jóvenes escolares gestada desde la realidad de América Latina. La IEP ha jugado un papel clave, como una apuesta teórico metodológica de apropiación social de la ciencia, a través de un diálogo entre el contexto, el conocimiento y la realidad de la escuela colombiana, que tiene como centro las preguntas de investigación del estudiantado. Por ello, se reconoce el papel clave que puede jugar la pedagogía crítica y educación popular en construir geo-pedagogías situadas acordes a las condiciones de cada contexto.

Mariana de Almeida Pinto, Luiza Miranda Furtuoso

O presente artigo tem como intuito discutir os aspectos gerais do pensamento de György Lukács acerca do estranhamento religioso a partir da obra Para uma Ontologia do Ser Social. Nessa direção, parte-se dos elementos centrais acerca do fenômeno do estranhamento para, então, compreender a gênese histórica da religião à luz da abordagem lukacsiana. Na esteira do pensamento marxiano, a religião comparece, na obra investigada, como uma forma específica de estranhamento e, ao mesmo tempo, ideologia que expressa, no cotidiano do ser singular, o processo histórico de cisão indivíduo-gênero humano consolidado, sobremaneira, pelo descompasso entre o desenvolvimento das forças produtivas e o da personalidade humana. Assim, não se trata de uma crítica religiosa no sentido teológico, mas de compreender a gênese e a função social da religião, recolocando em outros patamares a questão do “de onde” e “para onde” do humano, com vistas à superação prática do estranhamento.

NTfK

IBCCRIM

O IBCCRIM, em editorial de seu Boletim 294, de maio de 2017, intitulado “Pela definitiva extinção das casas dos horrores”, apontava para a urgência em dar-se cumprimento à lei 10.216/2001 (Lei da Reforma Psiquiátrica) no âmbito das medidas de segurança. Com base em experiências bem-sucedidas como o Programa de Atenção Integral ao Louco Infrator (PAILI), em Goiás, naquela oportunidade, externamos a já antiga posição institucional em prol da Política Antimanicomial: É mais que urgente o fechamento dos Manicômios Judiciários e a reorientação das medidas de segurança para atendimento pelo SUS, ficando a internação adstrita às necessidades do caso clínico, mediante avaliação de equipe multiprofissional e laudo médico. Os Manicômios Judiciários, nomeados como Hospitais de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico pela LEP e pelo Código Penal, são instituições asilares, proibidas pela Lei 10.216/2001, de vigência posterior. Ou seja, são instituições ilegais, onde a medicalização desenfreada e a segregação não servem para nada além da completa destruição da dignidade do paciente.

Robyn M Mullins, Rebecca Mannix, Nicole Marshall et al.

Background People experiencing homelessness are known to suffer from poor health and can be reluctant to seek healthcare except in crisis. Foot and ankle problems are a concern; as well as causing discomfort and pain, they may escalate from a minor problem to a very serious one without timely and appropriate treatment. Little is known about the foot and ankle problems of people experiencing homelessness. This paper describes a podiatric service specifically for people experiencing homelessness, which includes a fixed site as well as outreach services. The service operates as part of the Homelessness Team program at Cohealth, a large community health service in Melbourne. Methods The study used routinely collected data. Every person who was seen by the podiatrist in the Cohealth Homelessness Team in 2019, whether on site or on outreach, was included in the study ( n  = 295). Of these, 156 were attending for the first time and 139 were returning clients. People who used the service were predominantly rough sleeping (45.2%), with 32.2% in unstable or insecure housing and 22.6% recently housed. Results Skin and nail pathologies (68.1%), inadequate footwear (51.9%) and biomechanical issues (44.1%) were the most common presentations. People sleeping rough were particularly likely to present with biomechanical issues (50.8%), acute wound care needs (17.4%) or traumatic injury (10.6%). Most people presented with more than one issue (mean = 2.4), and new clients (mean = 2.53) and those rough sleeping (mean = 2.69) had more issues than others. Outreach was the most effective way to reach clients in the most difficult circumstances (48.9% of those in unstable housing, 34.8% of rough sleepers). Most of the clients (81.4%) had connections with other services offered by Cohealth, such as social work or physiotherapy. Conclusions This study demonstrated that reaching and intervening on foot and ankle problems of people experiencing homelessness who may not seek care on their own could be achieved through a publicly funded health service, using simplified pathways to care including outreach. In addition to the long- and short- term benefits of the immediate podiatric treatment, building trust and connections through footcare may provide an entry point into accepting other health and welfare services.

Yolande Heyns, Willem Roestenburg

The Ecological Assessment and Intervention Protocol (ECO-AIP) was designed by Heyns and Roestenburg (2021) to address inadequate service rendering to children with developmental delays and disabilities (DDDs) at rural Child and Youth Care Centres (CYCCs). This article presents the results of a trial implementation of the ECO-AIP at two rural CYCCs to ascertain whether the protocol made any difference to the care practices of the staff and the developmental health of the children. Qualitative focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured interview schedule and thematic analysis. This research study found that the ECO-AIP added substantially to the staff’s knowledge and skills base, leading to a general improvement in the quality and sophistication of service rendering. The ECO-AIP guided multidisciplinary CYCC teams in identifying DDDs in rural children and in supporting them to reach developmental milestones.

Milena Fernandes Barroso

O artigo tem como tema a violência, ora como sintoma, ora como condição, e destaca a centralidade que esta assume na produção e reprodução da sociabilidade atual. A partir de uma pesquisa teórica, o texto, ao apresentar a complexidade da questão e problematizar as conceituações hegemônicas sobre violência estrutural, propõe uma reconceituação desta no sentido de apreender a violência, como modus operandi da sociedade patriarcal-racista-capitalista e, nesse sentido, como um fenômeno estrutural e estruturante das relações sociais. As reflexões indicam, ainda, a relevância da abordagem crítica da violência estrutural como caminho teórico-político a partir das conexões e pluralidade que ela possibilita, no intuito de desnaturalizar a(s) violência(s) em curso e, consequentemente, fortalecer as lutas e resistências plurais em direção ao seu enfrentamento.

Amalia Campos-Delgado

This paper examines Mexico’s governmentality of extracontinental migration in transit to the United States. It argues that, in the context of transit control regimes, exemption is instrumentalised as a bordering mechanism and practice in which transit states assume, react and utilise their role as a ‘transit’ country. By drawing on statistical information about migrant populations from Asia and Africa intercepted by Mexican authorities from 2010 to 2019, four arrangements are identified: (1) sporadic expulsion, (2) regularisation façade, (3) guardianship and (4) self-deportation. The analysis sheds light on the transformative and adaptive dimension of the Mexican Transit Control Regime and how this is geared towards maintaining its focus on intercepting and deterring Central American migrants in transit to the United States.

Aliyar Ahmadi, Manijheh Zarghami, Roghayeh Khusravi et al.

The status and care of the elderly are now one of the most critical issues in society. The goal of this study was to explore the attitudes of women in Shiraz City towards elderly care and also the generational disparity between these attitudes. The statistical population of this study included women 20-55 years old in Shiraz which is grouped into two generations of 20-34 years and 35-55 years old. The respondents including 384 females were selected through stratified sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and both descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed using the SPSS. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was computed to check the validity of the research scales (attitudes towards the elderly, attitude towards caring for the elderly, religiosity, and, relationships within the family). The findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the attitude of two generations of women towards caring for the elderly and that people belonging to the younger generation have a more positive attitude towards elderly care. Attitudes towards aging, supportive family relationships, being a householder, family size, and age were significant variables determining attitudes towards caring for the elderly.

Federica Cabras

La presenza della mafia siciliana nel Lazio è storia antica. Risalgono agli anni Cinquanta gli arrivi di esponenti mafiosi di rango che si concentrano attorno alla Capitale. Quella di Natale Rimi, figlio del boss Vincenzo Rimi, rappresenta la vicenda che meglio di altre illustra la natura strategica di Cosa Nostra a Roma. Si propone una sintesi dei fatti a cui segue il testo integrale dell’audizione dell’allora assessore regionale Antonio Muratore.

Shaun Ossei-Owusu

Karin Hyland, A. Hammarberg, E. Hedman-Lagerlöf et al.

Alcohol dependence is a common disorder with a continuum regarding severity. Most alcohol-dependent persons have a moderate level of dependence and live under socially orderly conditions. Treatment-seeking in this group is low, mainly due to stigma and because treatment options are seen as unappealing. Alcohol is a relevant topic to discuss in many primary care (PC) consultations and PC is less stigmatizing to visit compared to addiction care units for people with alcohol problems. However, general practitioners (GPs) hesitate to engage in treating alcohol problems due to time constraints and lack of knowledge. Screening and brief interventions are effective for high consumers but there are few studies on dependence. This is a two-group, parallel, randomized controlled trial (RCT). The aim is to study whether an Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (iCBT) when added to treatment as usual (TAU) is more effective than TAU only for alcohol dependence in PC. Two hundred and sixty adults with alcohol dependence will be included. Participants are randomized to iCBT and TAU or TAU only. The primary study outcome is alcohol consumption in grams per week and heavy-drinking days. Secondary outcomes include alcohol-related problem severity, number of diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence, depression and anxiety symptoms, health-related quality of life and biochemical markers for high consumption and liver pathology. Data will be analyzed using mixed-effect models. Internet-based interventions are attractive to, and have been shown to reach, people with alcohol problems. Yet there are no studies investigating the efficacy of Internet treatment of alcohol dependence in PC. In this study we hypothesize that iCBT when added to TAU will improve treatment outcome for alcohol dependence in PC, compared to TAU only. If effective, iCBT can be distributed to the public to a low cost for a stakeholder and has the opportunity to reduce both short-term and long-term public health costs. ISRCTN69957414. Retrospectively registered on 7 June 2018.

Bertocchi F.

29 Settembre 2018: “Lignano, minorenni pestano coetaneo e postano video in rete”; 30 Ottobre 2018: “Bullismo, a Vimercate prof aggredita con le sedie dai suoi studenti”; 5 Novembre 2018: “Lecco, difende il figlio dai bulli che lo tormentano: 53enne pestato dal branco”; 6 novembre 2018: “Bullismo a Ravenna, minacce col coltello e molestie sessuali in prima media”; 10 Novembre 2018: “Omofobia, 17enne aggredito e insultato in piazza a Brindisi: denunciati due ragazzi”; 13 Novembre 2018: “Bulli al compleanno, denunciati per violenza sessuale”; 14 Novembre 2018: “Prof aggredita in classe a sediate”; 24 Novembre 2018: “Bullismo, quattro denunciati Erba: botte a un coetaneo per avere 250 euro”; 29 Novembre 2018: “Lodi, bullizzano 15enne e diffondono il video: minori denunciati per trattamento illecito di dati personali”; 7 Dicembre 2018: “Torino, in classe con una mazza da hockey per vendicarsi dei bulli che lo avevano preso in giro”. Questi sono solo alcuni dei più recenti titoli di cronaca che ci riportano un quadro allarmante del fenomeno della violenza in età evolutiva, sintomo del forte disagio vissuto dai giovani d’oggi, non più confinabile in ambiti e contesti di marginalità e di disagio socio-economico. In questo articolo si esplora la complessa realtà della violenza fra minori, descrivendone tutte le possibili sfaccettature e cercando di fornire una risposta plausibile a un fenomeno così complesso e multidimensionale quale è il bullismo. Résumé 29 septembre 2018 : « Lignano (Italie), des mineurs frappent un garçon de leur âge et en publient la vidéo sur les réseaux sociaux » ; 30 octobre 2018 : « Harcèlement en milieu scolaire, à Vimercate (Italie) un professeur est attaquée avec des chaises par ses étudiants » ; 5 novembre 2018 : « Lecco (Italie), il défend son fils des enfants qui le tourmentent : un homme de 53 ans battu par une bande » ; 6 novembre 2018 : « Harcèlement en milieu scolaire à Ravenne (Italie), menaces au couteau et harcèlement sexuel en 6e » ; 10 novembre 2018 : « Homophobie, un garçon de 17 ans attaqué et insulté en pleine rue à Brindisi (Italie) : deux garçons signalés au Parquet » ; 13 novembre 2018 : « Brutes à une fête d’anniversaire signalés au Parquet pour violences sexuelles » ; 14 novembre 2018 : « Professeur attaquée en classe à coups de chaises » ; 24 novembre 2018 : « Harcèlement en milieu scolaire à Erba (Italie), quatre garçons signalés au Parquet : ils ont battu un camarade pour 250 Euros » ; 29 novembre 2018 : « Lodi (Italie), ils harcèlent un garçon de 15 ans et en publient la vidéo : mineurs signalés au Parquet pour traitement illicite de données à caractère personnel » ; 7 décembre 2018 : « Turin (Italie), un garçon entre dans la classe armé d’une crosse de hockey pour se venger de ses harceleurs qui s’étaient moqués de lui ». Ce ne sont là que quelques-uns des exemples les plus récents qui ont fait les gros titres des journaux et qui brossent un tableau alarmant du phénomène de la violence chez les enfants et les adolescents. C’est le signe d’un malaise croissant dont souffrent les jeunes d’aujourd’hui qui va au-delà de la marginalité et des milieux socio-économiques défavorisés. L’auteur de cet article analyse la réalité complexe de la violence chez les jeunes, en essayant d’en décrire toutes les facettes possibles et d’apporter une réponse plausible à un phénomène aussi composite et multidimensionnel que le harcèlement en milieu scolaire. Abstract 29 September 2018: “In Lignano (Italy), minors beat a boy of the same age and post a video on it on social networks”; 30 October 2018: “Bullying, in Vimercate (Italy) a teacher has been attacked with chairs by her students”; 5 November 2018: “In Lecco (Italy), a father was protecting his son from bullies who tormented him: a 53-year-old has been beaten by gang”; 6 November 2018: “Bullying in Ravenna (Italy), threats with a knife and sexual harassment at the first year of a middle school”; 10 November 2018: “Homophobia, a 17-year-old has been attacked and insulted in a central square of Brindisi (Italy): two boys were reported”; 13 November 2018: “Bullies at a birthday party were reported for sexual violence”; 14 November 2018: “A teacher has been attacked with chairs in the classroom”; 24 November 2018: “Bullying in Erba (Italy), four people were reported: they were fighting with a boy of the same age in order to steal 250 Euros from him”; “29 November 2018: “In Lodi (Italy), a 15-year-old was bullied and a video was posted on social networks: minors were reported for unlawful possession of personal data”; 7 December 2018: “In Torino (Italy), a boy was going in the classroom armed with a hockey stick to take revenge on bullies who had made fun of him”. These are just some examples of the most recent headlines which describe an alarming picture of the phenomenon of violence among children and adolescents. This is a symptom of the serious malaise experienced by young people nowadays that does not originate only in marginalization or poor socio-economic background. In this article, the author analyses the complex reality of violence amongst young people, trying to describe every possible facet and to give possible answers to a phenomenon as complex and multi-dimensional as bullying.

Febrianti Santi

Esta Bostock, Gareth Parkes, Graham Williams

Textiles are generally present when a crime takes place and, in some cases, may be directly linked to a crime. Due to changes that occur to fabric over time, there is a risk of clothing damage being misinterpreted, and vital evidence being missed. This study is the first of a number of studies exploring the effect of decomposition upon clothing damage evidence following a stabbing. Sections of porcine tissue were wrapped in fabric in which stab cuts had been created, and left exposed to the environment alongside negative controls. Images of the damage were taken before and after a period of decomposition over two weeks. When compared to the negative controls, these images clearly demonstrated that there was a significant amount of alteration to the clothing damage evidence e.g. loose and fraying yarns, following a period of decomposition. Quantification of the fraying to the damage showed a statistically significant increase of the amount of fraying (p=<0.05).

Jørn Vestergaard