Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Mirena Slavova

This study explores the theme of magic and demons in the anti-heretical Letter written by Euthymius, an 11th-century monk from the Monastery of Theotokos Perivleptos in Constantinople. The Letter was aimed at his fellow countrymen from Acmonia and primarily targeted the Phundagiagites, also known as the Bogomils, along with the Armenians. Given the significant role of the demonic nature of heresies in his accusations, it is crucial to examine the Christian Church’s perception of how heretics are believed to communicate with demons. The paper argues that Euthymius used accusatory arguments about demons in two main ways: first, through a general characterisation of heresies, and second, by recounting several fictional stories involving levitation, lycanthropy, lecanomancy, and teleportation. It aims to provide an interpretation of three of these stories that have been previously misunderstood or overlooked in research: the desecration of a newly constructed church by a priest at Hieron, the lecanomancy involving teleportation performed by a magus for the heretic Lycopetros, and the unsuccessful attempt at teleportation by Terevinthos. By analysing these cases, the author aims to deepen our understanding of the rhetorical strategy of heresiological texts, which incorporate narratives about sacrilege, magic, and demons to condemn heresies.

M. A. Chigasheva

This study investigates the cognitive representations and affective-evaluative reactions of Russians towards Austria and its people. A free word association experiment was employed as the primary methodological tool. The novelty of this research lies in the absence of a comprehensive analysis of this particular heterostereotype within the scholarly discourse. The respondent pool consisted of 103 students from three Russian universities. The experiment yielded 146 stimulus words and 340 individual reactions, which were systematized into seven thematic categories and three groups based on emotional valence (positive, neutral, negative). The findings indicate a predominantly positive perception of Austria and its inhabitants among the Russian respondents. However, a critical stance towards certain historical facts was noted. The analysis determined the frequency of stereotype mentions and the ratio of conventional to non-conventional associations. A significant prevalence of non-conventional associations (67%) was revealed; these were characterized by their individuality and sporadic occurrence, suggesting a non-homogeneous nature of the heterostereotype within the Russian youth cohort. A comparison of preliminary respondent profiling data with the association experiment results identified four overlapping thematic areas: “Culture,” “History,” “Language,” and “Contemporary Political and Socio-Economic Situation.” The elicited associations supplemented the image of Austria and Austrians with three additional categories: “Cuisine,” “Geography,” and “People.”

E. V. Mironova

This article examines the social and economic engagement of noblewomen in Kazan Province during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It analyzes memoirs, diaries, and letters from several estate owners in the region, assessing the agency of these women as authors of their narratives and their capacity for independent and conscious choices regarding their life paths in areas such as education, labor, and social involvement. The significance of ego-documents is highlighted for reconstructing the “female perspective” on social everyday life and for understanding the motivations of noblewomen in their pursuits. The study concludes that the cultural revival of the late 19th to early 20th centuries, accompanied by women's emancipation, provided noblewomen with opportunities to assert their agency in educational and professional realms. It notes a tendency among some Kazan noblewomen to pursue further education beyond secondary school, often contingent upon support from family members. The article illustrates that the economic and labor activities of these women included estate management, establishing educational courses, teaching, and providing medical care to peasants. Their social engagement encompassed charitable endeavors (such as opening canteens, orphanages, and schools, as well as serving as nurses) and participation in secular life (including visits, receptions, balls, and theater outings aimed at building connections for the benefit of acquaintances).

Lloyd Allison

Compared to functions in mathematics, functions in programming languages seem to be under classified. Functional programming languages based on the lambda calculus famously treat functions as first-class values. Object-oriented languages have adopted ``lambdas'', notably for call-back routines in event-based programming. Typically a programming language has functions, a function has a type, and some functions act on other functions and/or return functions but there is generally a lack of (i) ``class Function'' in the OO sense of the word class and particularly (ii) subclasses of Function for functions having specific properties. Some such classes are presented here and programmed in some popular programming languages as an experimental investigation into OO languages missing this opportunity.

Andrew Duncan, Murray Elder, Lisa Frenkel et al.

We present a new criterion for proving that a language is not multiple context-free, which we call a Substitution Lemma. We apply it to show a sample selection of languages are not multiple context-free, including the word problem of $F_2\times F_2$. Our result is in contrast to Kanazawa et al. [2014, Theory Comput. Syst.] who proved that it was not possible to generalise the standard pumping lemma for context-free languages to multiple context-free languages, and Kanazawa [2019, Inform. and Comput.] who showed a weak variant of generalised Ogden's lemma does not apply to multiple context-free languages. We also record that groups with multiple context-free word problem have decidable rational subset membership problem.

Jack Liell-Cock, Zev Shirazi, Sam Staton

Relative monads provide a controlled view of computation. We generalise the monadic metalanguage to a relative setting and give a complete semantics with strong relative monads. Adopting this perspective, we generalise two existing program calculi from the literature. We provide a linear-non-linear language for graded monads, LNL-RMM, along with a semantic proof that it is a conservative extension of the graded monadic metalanguage. Additionally, we provide a complete semantics for the arrow calculus, showing it is a restricted relative monadic metalanguage. This motivates the introduction of ARMM, a computational lambda calculus-style language for arrows that conservatively extends the arrow calculus.

Yusuke Inoue, Yuji Komatsu

While a language assigns a value of either `yes' or `no' to each word, a lattice language assigns an element of a given lattice to each word. An advantage of lattice languages is that joins and meets of languages can be defined as generalizations of unions and intersections. This fact also allows for the definition of positive varieties -- classes closed under joins, meets, quotients, and inverse homomorphisms -- of lattice languages. In this paper, we extend Pin's positive variety theorem, proving a one-to-one correspondence between positive varieties of regular lattice languages and pseudo-varieties of finite ordered monoids. Additionally, we briefly explore algebraic approaches to finite-state Markov chains as an application of our framework.

Zhen Wu

The origins of Slavistics in China can be traced back to 1708. However, Slavistics so far cannot be called a popular scientific field, which is manifested in a fairly small number of scientific achievements directly related to Slavistics, and in a small number of organizations specializing in Slavistics. In recent years, under the influence of international and domestic factors, especially due to the promotion and implementation of the “the Belt and Road Initiative” the number of researchers interested in Slavic studies has shown an increasing trend, and relevant research organizations have been established consistently. This article provides a brief overview of the development of Slavic studies in China, introduces leading scientific organizations, scientific events and publications. In addition, the author pays special attention to the directions and results of research at the Institute of Slavic Languages (the only research institute called “Slavic Languages” in China) and the Research Center for Slavic Nations at Harbin Normal University under the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, using it as a prism to reflect the current state of Slavic studies in China. The research team of the Institute and the Center conducts both traditional and innovative research on languages, education, language consciousness, literature, folklore, and art of Slavic countries. Based on their research, we attempt to get a whole picture of the current status of the Slavic studies in China. In general, focusing on high-quality training of specialists in Slavistics and the construction of the discipline “Slavistics”, Chinese Slavists make efforts and achieve success in scientific and educational fields.

Irina Burukina

abstract:The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion of DP/PRO alternation examining properties of Russian evaluative adjectival predicatives that embed a non-finite clause (i.e. važno ‘important’) and arguing that (i) sentences with these predicates and an embedded non-finite clause are ambiguous between obligatory control and overt embedded subject analyses, (ii) the DP/PRO alternation does not correlate with the feature specification or the structural size of an embedded clause, (iii) the alternation is not free and can be formally accounted for by an analysis in terms of cross-clausal licensing of embedded overt DP subjects. The novel data from Russian challenge existing approaches to DP/PRO distribution and non-finite subordination in Slavic languages and provide further support for (a version of) Case filter.

Tsvi Cherny-Shahar, Amiram Yehudai

As part of a research on a novel in-process multiprogramming-language interoperability system, this study investigates the interoperability and usage of multiple programming languages within a large dataset of GitHub projects and Stack Overflow Q\&A. It addresses existing multi-lingual development practices and interactions between programming languages, focusing on in-process multi-programming language interoperability. The research examines a dataset of 414,486 GitHub repositories, 22,156,001 Stack Overflow questions from 2008-2021 and 173 interoperability tools. The paper's contributions include a comprehensive dataset, large-scale analysis, and insights into the prevalence, dominant languages, interoperability tools, and related issues in multi-language programming. The paper presents the research results, shows that C is a central pillar in programming language interoperability, and outlines \emph{simple interoperability} guidelines. These findings and guidelines contribute to our multi-programming language interoperability system research, also laying the groundwork for other systems and tools by suggesting key features for future interoperability tools.

Antonio Casares, Pierre Ohlmann

In the context of two-player games over graphs, a language $L$ is called positional if, in all games using $L$ as winning objective, the protagonist can play optimally using positional strategies, that is, strategies that do not depend on the history of the play. In this work, we describe the class of parity automata recognising positional languages, providing a complete characterisation of positionality for $ω$-regular languages. As corollaries, we establish decidability of positionality in polynomial time, finite-to-infinite and 1-to-2-players lifts, and show the closure under union of prefix-independent positional objectives, answering a conjecture by Kopczyński in the $ω$-regular case.

Thomas Place, Marc Zeitoun

We study the class of star-free languages. A long-standing goal is to classify them by the complexity of their descriptions. The most influential research effort involves concatenation hierarchies, which measure alternations between ``complement'' and ``union plus concatenation''. We explore alternative hierarchies that also stratify star-free languages. They are built with an operator $C\mapsto TL(C)$. From an input class $C$, it produces a larger one $TL(C)$, consisting of all languages definable in a variant of unary temporal logic, where temporal modalities depend on $C$. Level $n$ in the navigational hierarchy of basis $C$ is constructed by applying this operator $n$ times to $C$. As bases $G$, we focus on group languages and natural extensions thereof, denoted $G^+$. We prove that the navigational hierarchies of bases $G$ and $G^+$ are strictly intertwined and conduct a thorough investigation of their relationships with concatenation hierarchies. We also look at two problems on classes of languages: membership (decide if a language is in the class) and separation (decide, for two languages $L_1,L_2$, if there is a language $K$ in the class with $L_1\subseteq K$ and $L_2\cap K=\emptyset$). We prove that if separation is decidable for $G$, then so is membership for level \emph{two} in the navigational hierarchies of bases $G$ and $G^+$. We take a look at the trivial class $ST=\{\emptyset,A^*\}$. For the bases $ST$ and $ST^+$, the levels \emph{one} are standard variants of unary temporal logic. The levels \emph{two} correspond to variants of two-variable logic, investigated recently by Krebs, Lodaya, Pandya and Straubing. We solve one of their conjectures. We also prove that for these two bases, level \emph{two} has decidable \emph{separation}. Combined with earlier results on the operator $C\mapsto TL(C)$, this implies that level \emph{three} has decidable membership.

Florian Wandl

Abstract:One of the most curious phenomena that makes the Resian dialect of Slovenian stand out among the Slavic languages is subject doubling. Subject phrases in Resian can be doubled by clitic variants of the personal pronouns. Within Slavic, this is unknown outside the Romance-Slavic contact zone in northern Italy, which is why it is generally explained as a borrowing, most probably from Friulian (Rhaeto-Romance). Despite being such a rarity, studies dealing with subject doubling are scarce, and the phenomenon remains poorly understood. This paper aims at a description of Resian subject doubling, focusing on (1) the types of subject phrases that occur with doubling and (2) the place the subject clitics occupy in clauses with doubling. To identify cases of subject doubling, a recent translation of The Little Prince is used. Comparing potential cases with the French original helps to distinguish instances of subject doubling from instances of left- and right-dislocation. The analysis shows that subject clitics always precede the predicate. Apart from cases with subject-verb inversion, they follow the subject phrase but can be separated from it by adverbials. Partly in line with earlier research, it is observed that, with the exception of interrogatives and indefinite pronouns, all types of subjects (including universal quantifiers) occur with doubling. Moreover, it is shown that the lack of animacy, definiteness, and specificity do not inhibit subject doubling. Finally, subject doubling in Resian is contrasted with the use of subject clitics in Friulian as the language that, most probably, provided the example for Resian subject doubling.

Olga Trefilova

This congratulatory message refers to the lead researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philology Anna A. Plotnikova, a specialist in Serbian language, Balkanistics, ethnolinguistics, linguistic geography, Slavic dialectology, lexicology, lexicography. The researcher’s path is connected with the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with which she began to cooperate while studying at the Lomonosov Moscow State University in the 1980s. After defending her PhD thesis “Ethnolinguistic dictionary as a linguistic, ethnographic and folklore source (based on the material of Slavic languages and traditions)” (1990), she began to work at the Institute of Slavic Studies as a junior researcher and worked her way up to the lead researcher of the Department of Ethnolinguistics and Folklore. Anna Plotnikova is actively developing areal ethnolinguistics. In 2005, she defended her doctoral thesis “Ethnolinguistic geography of South Slavia”. To date, she has authored 6 books and more than 500 research papers. She is a member of the author’s team of the ethnolinguistic dictionaries “Slavic antiquities” and “Slavic mythology”, a member of the editorial boards of some scholarly journals, editor of serial publications and some monographs of her colleagues. Since 2007, Anna Plotnikova has led the collective work in the Department of Ethnolinguistics and Folklore, which was aimed at creating an electronic database of the Archive of Polesie expeditions (were conducted in 1962–1985); at various times she managed or participated in a number of grants supported by Russian scientific foundations. She is a member of the Russian National Committee of Slavists, participates in the work of several commissions under the International Committee of Slavists: on Balkan linguistics, on ethnolinguistics, on the study of Russian Old Believers. She cooperates with university education, directs the work of graduate students, including foreign ones, and engages young researchers in research activities.

F. f

Czech and Slovak are two close West Slavic languages spoken by two close peoples - Czechs and Slovaks. The socio-historical circumstances led to the emergence of a special coexistence and the creation of a specific passive bilingualism, which was applied in the so-called semi-communication. That semi-communicativeness and passive Czech-Slovak bilingualism was strengthened by the joint broadcasting of Czechoslovak Radio and Czechoslovak Television. After 1989, a new period of democratic development of Czech and Slovak society and language begins. The return to democracy, a new social and economic situation, and new international contacts caused a whole series of changes in both languages as well. Expressions connected with the communist past gradually disappeared from both languages, and expressions that had ceased to be used in the 1950s returned to active use in both languages. On January 1, 1993, based on a law of the Federal Assembly, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic ceased to exist and two new independent states appeared on the map of Europe - the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic. The paths of the two nations parted peacefully, but they did not stop communicating with each other. Even today, Czechs and Slovaks get along well without major problems, although the younger generations, who were socialized linguistically only after the division of the former Czechoslovakia, may have certain difficulties in communication. To a large extent, Czech-Slovak passive bilingualism and semi-communicative competence persist. However, some research shows that especially the young and the youngest generation of Czech and Slovak speakers understand the second language less and less. During the 20th century, both Czechs and Slovaks went through dramatic twists of fate, they came together and parted ways, but they were always actually together. And Czech and Slovak naturally reflected these twists. They entered the 20th century as languages not quite fully legal and despised by many (Czech was only a regional language, Slovak within Hungary a language intended for gradual Magyarization), they entered the 21st century as official languages of two separate equal states and as official languages of the European Union.

Jakob Horsch, M. Ivanová

Abstract:The principle of end-weight (Quirk et al. 1985) posits that language users prefer to place short ("light") before long ("heavy") constituents because this is easier to cognitively process (Hawkins 1994). Weight effects on constituent order have been discussed for well over a century in languages like English and German (cf. Behaghel 1909, 1930). In Slavic languages, however, they have received little attention so far (cf. Kizach 2012: 251).Rather, the focus has been on information structure (Short 2002: 494). However, Goldberg's Tenet #5 predicts that general cognitive restraints such as weight effects apply across languages (Goldberg 2003: 219). This article presents the results of a pilot study that investigates a phenomenon known as Heavy NP Shift, in which the VP[NP PP] pattern changes to VP[PP NP] when the NP is heavier than the PP.Employing the Magnitude Estimation Test method (Hoffmann 2013), grammaticality acceptability ratings from 39 L1 Slovak speakers were elicited. The results show that Slovak is susceptible to weight effects, such that placing short before long constituents is always preferred. Moreover, the results provide evidence for the existence of a VP[V NP PP] pattern in Slovak that has been identified as "basic" for English (Hawkins 1994: 20). This supports Hawkins's (2004) Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis, which posits that grammaticalized patterns in analytic languages are the result of performance preference and therefore preferred in synthetic languages.

Igor Mel′čuk, Jasmina Milicevic

Abstract:This paper describes the clausative-presentative construction, a particular type of the presentative construction found in Slavic languages, using data from Russian and Serbian. The discussion is carried out within the Meaning-Text linguistic approach.The clausative-presentative construction is syntactically headed by a special presentative lexeme that is a clausative (i.e., can constitute a clause by itself or together with its obligatory actants): Rus. èto/Serb. to ‘that situation is [Y]’ and Rus. vot/Serb. evo ‘I indicate here [Y]’. Such a lexeme takes as its actant—the presentee—a fully independent clause (i.e., a clause without a complementizer), which is, typologically, a rare occurrence.The semantic and syntactic properties of the clausative-presentative construction follow from the lexical meaning of the clausative-presentative lexeme that heads it. Therefore, this construction is a syntactic construction only in a very general sense (≈ ‘a configuration of syntactically linked items’); in fact, it is a clausative lexeme taken with its actant. This construction is compared with the cleft construction, which is a genuine syntactic construction: it expresses communicative information by a particular syntactic configuration.Lexical entries of Russian and Serbian clausative-presentative lexemes are supplied, together with an overview of their co-polysemous or homophonous lexical “partners”.

Virginia Hill, Adam Ledgeway

This article provides a short introduction to Balkan Romance, examining and exemplifying a number of its principal features. In particular, the discussion begins in §2 with a review of the main morphosyntactic features of the four principal sub-branches of Old Romanian spoken today within the Balkan Sprachbund (Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian, and Megleno-Aromanian), tracing the treatment of such Balkanisms both in the traditional philological literature (§3) and their more recent formalization and expansion in the theoretical literature dedicated to the Balkan Sprachbund (§4). This is followed in §5 by a discussion of some of the dialects spoken in southern Italy and their key morphosyntactic features. These varieties, although not situated in the Balkan Sprachbund proper, have nonetheless either developed under contact with Balkan languages, as in the case of the Romance dialects of the extreme south of Italy which have been in centuries-long contact with Greek (§5.1), or, in the case of Italo-Albanian, have evolved under contact with local Italo-Romance varieties (§5.2). The discussion concludes in §6 with an overview of the principal issues discussed in each of the contributions.

A. Indychenko

The article examines the history of the formation of Czech terminology of natural sciences - botany, zoology, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, technology in the works of Professor J. S. Presl (1791-1849), a representative of the second generation of the Czech national revival. Special attention is drawn to the contribution of other Slavic languages to the development of Czech natural science terminology, especially to the various types of reception of Russian scientific terminology by J.S. Presl.

Konstantin Lifanov

The article focuses on the perception of Magyarisms by codifiers of the Slovak literary language, which determined their place in the vocabulary. This perception has changed significantly over time. While A. Bernolák sought to define their status, forL. Štúr and S. Czambel, they did not pose any problem. In the first decades of Czechoslovakia's existence, Magyarisms were at the centre of a struggle between supporters and opponents of the convergence of the Czech and Slovak literary languages which was reflected in their evaluation in the "Rules of Slovak Spelling" (1931 and 1940). At present, however, there is a tolerant attitude towards both Magyarisms and their Slavic correlates.