Hasil untuk "River protective works. Regulation. Flood control"

Xuan Zhang, Jian Luo, Ruihong Yu et al.

River runoff and suspended sediments exhibit high dynamic and multiscale variability, particularly during rainstorm-driven floods in arid and semiarid regions. Despite the widespread use of the hysteresis loop model, flood-event-scale hysteresis patterns and their controls remain poorly quantified in these environments. This study investigated the hysteresis patterns between runoff and sediment and identified the dominant factors affecting the hysteresis index (HI) in a typical semiarid catchment in northern China. Forty-eight flood events were classified by K-means clustering using the runoff depth (H), flood duration (T), and peak flood flow (Qp) into three types: A (low-intensity, medium-duration floods), B (medium-variability, long-duration floods), and C (high-intensity, short-duration floods). The monthly runoff and sediment load were decomposed via multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) to extract scale-specific dynamics, whereas event-scale hysteresis patterns were quantified separately to assess sediment transport mechanisms during floods. Figure-eight loops occurred most frequently (31.3 %), followed by counterclockwise (29.2 %), complex (22.9 %), and clockwise (16.7 %) loops. HI is governed by distinct hydrological factors for each loop type: flood peak timing skewness (FT) for clockwise loops; Qp, suspended sediment yield (SSY), mean suspended sediment concentration (Sm), and peak suspended sediment concentration (Sp) for counterclockwise loops; T and high traffic duration (HT) for figure-eight loops; and flood variability (FV) for complex loops. By combining MEMD-based scale decomposition with objective K-means event classification and HI quantification, we provide a transferable, scale-aware framework for diagnosing sediment transport regimes in semiarid basins.

Dandan Li, Xiaoyan Chen, Pingzong Zhu et al.

As a specific near surface hydrological condition, soil saturation can significantly affect the critical hydrodynamic characteristic and soil erosion rate of rill formation, leading to severe rill erosion. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the characteristics of critical hydrodynamic parameters and their relationships with rill erosion rate under critical hydrodynamic conditions of rill formation on saturated soil slopes. Consequently, the quantification of critical hydrodynamic parameters and their effects on rill erosion rate under critical hydrodynamic conditions of rill formation on saturated soil slopes is of great significance for understanding the dynamic mechanism of rill formation and evolution and for predicting and controlling soil loss. In this study, indoor simulated rainfall experiments were performed and a new analytical model (Vc(NAM)) was applied to calculate the aforementioned critical parameters under a wide range of hydraulic conditions comprising five slope gradients (SG) (2°, 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) and three rainfall intensities (RI) (30, 60, and 90 mm/h). The results indicated that the new analytical model (Vc(NAM)) was suitable for estimating critical hydrodynamic parameters on saturated soil slopes. The critical flow velocity (Vc), the critical shear stress (τc), and the critical stream power (ωc) apparently increased, whereas the critical rill length (Lc) decreased with the increase of slope gradients and rainfall intensities. Moreover, the erosion rate at the critical condition increased with decreasing Lc and increasing Vc, τc, and ωc. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that τc and ωc were significantly positively correlated, whereas Lc was negatively correlated with erosion rate under the critical conditions. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that the erosion rate under critical hydrodynamic conditions of rill formation could be well predicted by τc (R2 = 0.83) with the linear model. The results provide an accurate model for evaluating critical conditions of rill formation and a basis for further understanding the intrinsic dynamic mechanism of rill formation on saturated soil slopes.

Lieke Brackel, Udo Pesch, Neelke Doorn

Abstract Land use change, managed retreat, and relocation programs are examples of exposure reduction measures in flood risk management (FRM). Exposure reduction measures are especially prone to conflict at the local level due to competing interests, values, and attachments. In this paper, we build upon the capability approach to justice and specifically the concept of political capabilities to advance justice in exposure reduction measures in FRM. A capabilities‐based approach to justice helps to recognize the multiplicity of valuable ways of life and addresses a wide range of inequalities including concerns related to recognition justice. The innovation of our capabilities‐based approach to justice is that we include both actors who have too little political influence as well as those who have too much and can thus excessively steer FRM in their advantage. A political capabilities analysis is different than a focus on principles or rights because it draws attention to realized political influence and includes the informal stages of FRM politics such as lobbying. The political capabilities concept also shifts the focus from vulnerability to human agency, thereby addressing concerns in the FRM literature about the loss of self‐determination and misrecognition. The paper concludes with a critical discussion of the opportunities and limitations of using the political capabilities concept in FRM.

Joern Birkmann, Alessa Truedinger, Holger Schuettrumpf

ABSTRACT In summer 2021, heavy precipitation caused major flooding in central Europe, affecting areas in Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium. The Ahr Valley in Germany was one of the most adversely affected areas, with more than 135 deaths and major destruction within a 50 km path along the Ahr. The federal government of Germany and the federal states affected established a reconstruction fund of 30 billion euros. The recovery and reconstruction process is still ongoing. Much attention has been given to the analysis of the flood disaster; however, this paper explores and documents how selected scientific recommendations developed within a transdisciplinary project (called KAHR) have influenced decisions within the reconstruction process in terms of strengthening climate‐resilient recovery. We assess factors that increased the uptake and impact of selected scientific recommendations as well as factors that hindered the uptake. We find, for example, that the urgency for rebuilding large parts of the Ahr Valley and the fact that policy processes were open for scientific inputs increased the uptake and impact. Also, the transdisciplinary nature of the KAHR project helped in translating science into practice. In contrast, time pressure to reconstruct rapidly, uncertainties of what is going to be financed by the reconstruction fund, and existing zoning and building regulations hindered the uptake of selected scientific recommendations toward resilience building. Finally, we argue that science needs a formal role in post‐disaster reconstruction processes in order to strengthen resilience, as this allows the latest scientific findings to be incorporated to support resilient reconstruction and allows for a more neutral perspective in discussions and decisions.

Anirban Mandal, Zulfequar Ahmad, Erik Mosselman

Submerged vanes are an effective approach to sediment management in river systems. Nowadays, submerged vanes are increasingly utilized in contemporary river engineering due to their convenient and cost-effective installation, which distinguishes them from traditional approaches. However, this structure induces localized scour, which can potentially destabilize and compromise its integrity. The performance and effectiveness of a submerged vane in controlling scour and managing sediment depends on its shape and dimensions. The primary aim of this study is to refine the design of submerged vanes to assess the maximum scour depth in their vicinity and changes in bed morphology downstream of the vane. We carried out 95 experimental runs in clear-water conditions to investigate the influence of vane height, bevel angle, angle of flow attack, and flow regime on the maximum scour depth in the vicinity and downstream of the vane. Results show that the maximum scour depth increases with the increase in the angle of attack, vane height-to-depth ratio, and densimetric Froude number. The depth of scour around the vane and downstream in the channel decreases as the bevel angle increases. We propose empirical equations for calculating the maximum scour depth near the vane and downstream at equilibrium condition. The densimetric Froude number of the flow and the angle of flow attack are found to have the largest influence on maximum scour depth and downstream extension. The findings indicate that the bevel shape is effective method to reduces the maximum scour depth around the vane.

Dawei Guan, Xuefen Zhang, Hao Meng et al.

This review focuses on the mechanisms and scour resistance of various soil solidification methods used in civil and coastal engineering. Traditional chemical methods, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime, enhance scour resistance primarily through pozzolanic reactions and cementitious bonding, which increase cohesion and shear strength. The laboratory results revealed that OPC-solidified soil can resist flows of up to 4 m/s after one day of curing, whereas lime-treated soils can withstand flows of up to 8.5 m/s after 14 days. Polymer-based treatments work by forming a surface-binding network that improves soil aggregate stability; optimal dosages can reduce rainfall-induced erosion rates to as low as 0.3 % compared with those of untreated soil, although their limited strength restricts their use to nonhydrodynamic environments. Ionic soil stabilizers (ISSs), a class of chemical agents, function by replacing exchangeable ions in clay minerals, leading to reduced plasticity, improved particle alignment, and increased soil density. While widely applied in subgrades and slope stabilization, their application in hydraulic environments is still in its infancy. Current evidence of scour resistance remains limited because of insufficient laboratory and field data. Biological methods, including microbial and enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP/EICP), function by precipitating calcium carbonate that binds particles and fills pores; these methods can reduce sand erosion by up to 80 %–98 %, although the cost and nonuniform distribution of enzymes present challenges. Combined methods leverage complementary mechanisms—for example, carbonate precipitation and cement hydration—to improve microstructure and strength synergistically, with reported increases in critical shear stress up to 971.6 Pa. This review provides a comparative analysis of the methods, focusing primarily on their underlying mechanisms and ability to enhance scour resistance, with additional discussion on costs, environmental impact, and operational complexity. Future research is needed to address how these methods could be optimized for better performance and cost efficiency, especially for large-scale prototype applications.

Shrabani S. Tripathy, Hamid Moradkhani, Hamed Moftakhari

ABSTRACT Flood shelters are crucial for mitigating flood impacts, providing temporary refuge. However, their effectiveness hinges on strategic placement near flood‐prone areas, guided by accurate risk maps. Traditional flood risk analysis fails to distinguish floods based on their extent and duration, even though they have varying impacts. This study introduces a novel approach to flood risk mapping by creating maps specific to varying flood severity levels, offering a more precise understanding of spatial risk distribution compared to conventional methods. By classifying floods and computing hazard for each severity category, it provides a detailed understanding of relative hazard dynamics and their spatial variations. We further compute risk by combining hazard, vulnerability, and exposure at block level for each flood category. These category‐specific risk maps highlight how risk differs across flood types at a granular level, demonstrating the benefits of such classification for tailored risk assessments. Analysis of categorized risk maps alongside current shelter locations reveals disparities between hotspots and shelter placements, highlighting the importance of effective shelter location and evacuation planning based on localized risk assessment. Fine‐scale risk information is vital for informed community‐level flood mitigation. The developed method offers a generalizable approach for categorizing risk maps across various spatial scales and global locations.

Imroni Arif, Vita Ayu Kusuma Dewi

The Sumber Pinang River in Pasuruan Regency frequently experiences flooding due to its insufficient capacity. This study aims to analyze flood control measures using hydrological and hydraulic approaches with the HEC-RAS 6.4.1 software. The data used include maximum rainfall, river cross-section profiles, and land use. The planned flood discharge was calculated using the Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (SUH) method, resulting in a peak discharge of 442.823 m³/s. The analysis results indicate that 81% of the river cross-sections are prone to overflow. Proposed control measures include river normalization and the construction of levees and parapet walls. River normalization is planned for the entire river body, while levees and parapet walls are proposed at critical points to enhance the river's capacity. This study provides recommendations for more effective flood control planning in the future.

Jianguo Xin, Yue Xin, Huiming Wu et al.

The Yellow River Basin is an important grain-production base in China, playing a crucial role in the country’s agricultural production and overall national economy and social development. However, due to the impact of climate change, China’s food security is facing challenges. Therefore, this article takes the Yellow River Basin as an example to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution patterns of the main crop yields in the basin. Based on a coupled statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and ten General Circulation Models (GCMs) from CMIP5, it estimates the future temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of rainfall and evaporation in the basin. Furthermore, a distributed crop-growth model (AquaCrop) is constructed to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution patterns of agricultural irrigation water requirements from a future perspective, clarifying the impact of multi-source uncertainty on the prediction uncertainty of agricultural irrigation water needs. The results indicate that the ten climate models constructed in this study can be effectively applied to the Yellow River Basin, and their ability to capture light-rain events is superior to that of moderate- and heavy-rain events. The simulation accuracy of the AquaCrop model significantly improves with an increase in precipitation frequency. The agricultural irrigation water demand in the middle and upper reaches of the basin is greater than that in the lower reaches, and the uncertainties from GCMs and RCPs have a significant impact on the uncertainty of agricultural irrigation water demand. The research results provide important references for formulating agricultural development plans for irrigation areas under climate-change conditions and for developing response measures for irrigation areas to cope with climate change.

Arnau Bayón, Daniel Valero, Mário J. Franca

Abstract Extreme floods threaten lives, assets and ecosystems, with the largest impacts occurring in urbanised areas. However, flood mitigation schemes generally neglect the fact that urban floods carry a considerable amount of solid load. In this study, we define urban flood drifters (UFDs) as loose objects present in the urban landscape that can become mobile under certain flow conditions, thereafter blocking drainage infrastructure and endangering both downstream and upstream communities. Based on 270 post‐flood photographic records from 63 major inundations of the past quarter‐century across 46 countries, we provide a comprehensive analysis of UFDs and their flood‐hazard implications. We show that a variety of vehicles, furniture and a heterogeneous mixture of drifters are present in post‐flooding scenarios. Plastic, construction debris and wood (natural or anthropogenic) dominate the statistics of transported drifters in urban floods (with frequencies of roughly 50%–60% each), followed by cars (present in 31.5% of post‐flood images). Other heavy vehicles are readily observed in post‐flood imagery and furniture such as bins, garden sheds or water tanks also appear occasionally, therefore suggesting that they can play a relevant role in extreme floods.

Yan Liu, Jun min Zhang, Hong Huo et al.

Abstract Snowmelt floods are highly hazardous meteorological disasters that can potentially threaten human lives and property. Hence, snowmelt susceptibility mapping (SSM) plays an important role in flood prevention systems and aids emergency responders and flood risk managers. In this paper, a method of identifying snowmelt flood hazards is proposed, and a large‐scale snowmelt flood hazard zonation scheme based on historical recordings and multisource remote sensing data is established. To assess the quality of our approach, the proposed model was tested in the cold and arid region of Xinjiang, China. Overall, 140 historical snowmelt flood events and 27 explanatory factors were selected to construct a geospatial dataset for SSM of the contemporary period. GridSearchCV was used to comprehensively search the candidate parameters from the grid of given parameters obtained with the random forest (RF) algorithm. Then, the geospatial dataset was divided into two subsets: 70% for training and 30% for testing. Next, SSM results were obtained with the RF algorithm using optimized parameters. The results indicate that our optimized RF classifier performs well for the task of SSM, with a high AUC value (0.975) for the test dataset. The validation and analysis suggest that the proposed method can efficiently identify snowmelt flood hazards in undersampled arid areas at a regional scale.

مجید خزایی, ایمان صالح, رضا بیات et al.

مقدمه نقش آب در توسعه کشاورزی و رشد اقتصادی غیرقابل انکار است. عدم توازن بین عرضه و تقاضای آب در کشور، مدیریت منابع آب را به‌خصوص در بخش کشاورزی، با چالش روبرو ساخته است. یکی از مؤثرترین راهکارهای مقابله با بحران آب و افزایش کمی و کیفی تولیدات در بخش کشاورزی، توجه جدی به بهره‌وری آب و ارتقای آن با اعمال روش‌ها و سیاست‌های مناسب است. مفهوم بهره‌وری آب این است که با صرف کمترین مصرف آب، بهترین و بیشترین محصول را تولید کرد. بهره‌وری آب کشاورزی، یکی از مهم‌ترین موضوعاتی است که در سال‌های اخیر مورد توجه جدی مجامع علمی مرتبط با آبیاری و کشاورزی قرار گرفته است. اختلاف در بهره‌وری آب محصولات مختلف در سطح کشور و همچنین، در مقایسه با سایر کشورها با شرایط اقلیمی مشابه، نشان‌دهنده وجود پتانسیل برای افزایش بهره‌وری آب کشاورزی است. در این پژوهش، با بررسی های میدانی، اندازه‌گیری‌های صحرایی و تحلیل‌های سنجش از دوری به بررسی بهره‌وری محصولات زراعی و باغی پرداخته شده است.   مواد و روش‌‌ها در مرحله اول، وضعیت منابع آبی آبخوان شامل تغییرات سطح آب زیرزمینی و آب قابل برنامه‌‌ریزی آبخوان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس، آب مصرفی گیاهان زراعی از تفاضل بارندگی مؤثر و آب مورد نیاز گیاه (تبخیر-تعرق گیاه) محاسبه شد. در مرحله بعد، سطح زیر کشت آبخوان باشت با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره سنتینل-2 در نرم‌افزار گوگل ارث انجین مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. عملکرد، تاریخ کشت و برداشت و تعداد دفعات آبیاری محصولات کشاورزی دشت از طریق تکمیل پرسش‌نامه توسط کشاورزان و کارشناسان مراکز خدمات جهاد کشاورزی بررسی شد. در مرحله بعد، نیاز آبی الگوی کشت فعلی با روش فائو پنمن-مانتیث محاسبه شد. در نهایت، با ارزیابی محصولات از نظر شاخص‌های بهره‌وری، میزان بهره‌وری محصولات مختلف تعیین شد.   نتایج و بحث وسعت آبخوان آبرفتی باشت، 45.5 کیلومترمربع به طول متوسط حدود 25 کیلو‌متر و عرض پنج کیلومتر محاسبه شد. حجم کل تخلیه و برداشت از منابع آب زیرزمینی در سطح محدوده 39.723 میلیون مترمکعب است. مقدار نفوذ در سطح آبخوان آبرفتی باشت 7.905 میلیون مترمکعب محاسبه شده است. با پیوستن جریانات خروجی شامل جریانات انتقالی از طریق جبهه‌های مختلف ارتفاعات به آبخوان، مجموعاً 20.377 میلیون مترمکعب آبخوان را تغذیه می‌نماید. محاسبات روش فائو پنمن- مانتیث نشان داد که نیاز آبی محصولات غالب آبخوان شامل مرکبات، گندم، جو، ذرت، کلزا، هندوانه، برنج، حبوبات و یونجه به‌ترتیب 9170، 5630، 4821، 7863، 5411، 9291، 20234، 5225 و 14083 مترمکعب بوده است. در مجموع، میزان آب مصرف شده توسط محصولات کشاورزی آبخوان باشت نزدیک به 45 میلیون مترمکعب بوده است که تقریباً معادل یک مترمکعب در هر مترمربع از سطح زیر کشت آبخوان بوده است که این میزان برداشت، 64/2 برابر آب قابل ‌برنامه‌ریزی پیش‌بینی ‌شده برای کشاورزی (17 میلیون مترمکعب) است.   نتیجه‌‌گیری الگوی کشت، تحت‌تأثیر عامل‌هایی نظیـر سـازگاری اقلیمـی محصـولات، پتانسیل‌های منابع آب و خاک، نیازهای منطقه، عرف و علایق مردم منطقه و ارزیـابی اقتصـادی و درآمد حاصل از تولید خواهد بود. هر نوع تغییر الگوی کشت، باید با لحاظ همه ملاحظات اجتماعی و اقتصادی و زیست‌محیطی صورت گیرد اما با توجه به شرایط موجود منابع آب هر نوع الگوی کشت (حتی با لحاظ بالا بودن درآمد) که سبب بالا رفتن میزان تخلیه نسبت به منابع تغذیه آبخوان شود، برای حیات آینده آبخوان خطر محسوب و موجب شور شدن منابع آب زیرزمینی و نشست آبخوان خواهد شد. کشت گیاهان پرمصرفی مانند ذرت دانه‌ای، با توجه به شرایط وخیم آبی منطقه باید متوقف شده و سرمایه‌گذاری بیشتری در جهت توسعه کشت محصولاتی مانند کلزا که با وضعیت آب‌وهوایی منطقه سازگاری بهتری دارند صورت پذیرد.

Ghasem Panahi, Saeed Reza Khodashenas, Alireza Faridhosseini

Abstract The risk of flooding has become more significant in many parts of the world due to climate change and increased urbanization. Flood has devastating effects on infrastructure, and communities, causing damage to property and loss of life. Simulation of flood extent in a particular area is done by using various mathematical models, hydrologic‐hydraulic models, and datasets. Flood modeling using hydraulic‐hydrological models has many errors due to the lack of hydraulic‐hydrologic data and insufficient statistical period length. This study demonstrates the fact that the geomorphological index (GI) method, which is based on the digital elevation model and requires little hydraulic‐hydrologic data, is an effective method for flood modeling. Flood zoning based on GI was performed within the Kashafroud basin with 25, 100, and 200‐year return periods by using geomorphic flood area (GFA) plugin in QGIS software. The true positive rates were 0.985, 0.989, and 0.992, respectively, which showed the high accuracy of flood zoning based on the GI method. Here proposed method showed that using the GFA plugin offers a good way for the flood risk assessment in a basin with the lack of measured data as an alternative to the hydraulic‐hydrological methods.

Yinan Zhang, Mengfan Wu, Fuxia Yang et al.

Muddasir Khan, Syed Hussain Shah, Sumera Afzal Khan et al.

Bartholomew Hill, Qiuhua Liang, Lee Bosher et al.

Abstract The Pitt Review of the 2007 summer floods in the UK, published in 2008, commended the potential of natural flood management (NFM) for reducing flood risk. NFM is a nature‐based approach that has since gained substantial interest from both practitioners and academics. The review further highlighted the need for catchment‐based flood management (CBFM) to enhance resilience to flooding and climate change by incorporating NFM and wider nature‐based solutions into hard flood protection systems. Such integrated approaches are considered to be more sustainable and adaptable than the traditional hard‐engineered measures. More recently, the European Commission's European Green Deal also highlighted the need for greater use of nature‐based solutions including NFM for managing flood risk. Whilst there have been many attempts to quantify the effects of NFM through hydraulic and hydrological modelling, there is still no systematic review conducted for these modelling works. This review aims to summarise the current NFM modelling approaches, as well as discussing their key limitations related to data, model methods, and real‐world applications. This paper then goes further to highlight potential solutions to some of these challenges and provides guidance to assist modellers to improve future modelling and data collection process.

علیرضا رابط, قباد رستمی زاد, امین صالح پور جم

مقدمه از جمله مشکلات مهم در فرایند اجرا و نگهداری ‏پروژه‌های آبخیزداری و منابع طبیعی، عدم مشارکت و ‏همکاری موثر آبخیزنشینان است. بر این اساس، توجه به عوامل بازدارنده و همچنین، شناسایی راهکارهای تقویت مشارکت جوامع محلی در فرایند اجرای پروژه‌های آبخیزداری و منابع ‏طبیعی، امری ضروری و اجتناب ‌ناپذیر است. این پژوهش، با هدف شناخت ویژگی‌های ‏اجتماعی-اقتصادی جوامع محلی، شناسایی شاخص‌‌های موثر بر کاهش موانع و افزایش ‏مشارکت مردمی در اجرای طرح‌های منابع طبیعی و ‏آبخیزداری، شناخت انتظارات و نیازهای جامعه محلی و ‏در نهایت، ارائه راهکارهای علمی و فنی با هدف ‏افزایش میزان مشارکت مردمی، در منطقه پایلوت آرپاچای شهرستان زنجان انجام شده است. مواد و روش‌ها در این پژوهش، چهار شاخص‌ تاثیرگذار اجتماعی-فرهنگی، اقتصادی، طبیعی و مدیریتی، با 40 زیرشاخص تعیین و دسته‌بندی شدند. اطلاعات لازم به‎‌صورت پیمایشی و با استفاده از ‏ابزار پرسشنامه، مصاحبه و نشست‌‌های متعدد با افراد جامعه و خبرگان محلی، جمع‌‌آوری شد. برای تعیین حجم نمونه از رابطه کوکران، برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شد. همچنین، برای بررسی روایی پرسشنامه از آلفای کرون باخ، از تحلیل عاملی به‌منظور کاهش و دسته‌بندی متغیرهای تاثیرگذار بر عدم مشارکت مردم در پروژه‌‌های آبخیزداری، استفاده شد. نتایج و بحث نتایج نشان داد که شش عامل در مجموع به میزان 64.4 درصد، از واریانس متغیر وابسته را تبیین می‌کنند و  متغیر آموزش و اطلاع‌رسانی در سطح محلی، به‌عنوان موثرترین عامل شناخته شد که 29.79 درصد از واریانس متغیر وابسته را تبیین کرد. پس از آن، عوامل بهبود درآمد و معیشت روستاییان با 19.24 درصد، تنوع‌ فعالیت‌های اقتصادی و بهبود عملکرد با 18.93 درصد، تقویت اقتصاد محلی با 13.92 درصد، مدیریت طرح‌های آبخیزداری با 11.34 درصد و مدیریت منابع طبیعی با 4.3 درصد، به‌ترتیب در اولویت دوم تا ششم قرار گرفتند. نتیجه‌گیری در مجموع، می‌توان این ‌گونه بیان کرد، نبود اطلاع و آگاهی جامعه محلی از جنبه‌ها و منافع مثبت اقتصادی، اجتماعی، طبیعی و فنی حاصل از اجرای پروژه‌های منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری در محدوده زیست و تولید آن‌ها، یکی از موانع مهم در عدم مشارکت و محقق نشدن اهداف پیش‌بینی‌شده در اجرای پروژه‌های آبخیزداری و منابع طبیعی در محدوده مورد مطالعه است. بر این اساس، توجه و تاکید بر موضوع اعتمادسازی و افزایش میزان اعتماد اجتماعی، به اداره کل منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری، در فرایند اجرا و موفقیت پروژه‌ها، نقش بسزایی دارد.

Azadeh Hosseinzadeh, Kourosh Behzadian, Pekka Rossi et al.

Abstract Urban development broadly impacts the hydrological cycle, leading to increased peak flow and flooding. Surface water detention ponds are among the most efficient measures for attenuating peak flow and returning it from development to pre‐development conditions. However, the major challenge is identifying optimal locations and cost‐effective designs for these ponds. This paper presents a new framework for identifying the best strategies for using detention ponds to control floods in urban drainage systems (UDS). The framework comprises a portfolio of simulation tools coupled with evolutionary optimisation and multi‐criteria decision analysis models. Hydraulic simulation of UDS is first modelled using SWMM and GIS tools. A multi‐objective optimisation model was used to find the optimal location and design for detention ponds. The compromise programming (CP) multi‐criteria decision‐making method was then used to prioritise potential best management solutions for detention ponds based on several sustainability criteria comprising economic, environmental, physiographic and social factors. The results identified the key features of potential detention ponds appearing in all multi‐objective optimal solutions that are useful for decision‐makers/designers when planning/designing for new detention ponds. The selected optimal pond strategies can significantly improve the UDS performance by decreasing flood damage between 66% and 90% at the cost of between $50,000 and $160,000.

عارف رسولی, قربان وهاب زاده کبریا, سید رمضان موسوی et al.

مقدمهگردشگری، صنعتی درآمد­زا، دارای صرفه اقتصادی و همراه با تبادل اجتماعی، فرهنگی و در عین حال، شامل کمترین آلودگی‌­های محیط زیست‌ است. ژئوتوریسم یا زمین­‌گردشگری، اولین بار در ابتدای دهه 1990، به‌عنوان مطالعه مکانی مخصوص که دارای پدیده­‌های آشکار زمین­‌شناسی و ژئومورفولوژی است، به‌کار رفت. امروزه توسعه گردشگری در سراسر جهان، توجه زیادی را به خود معطوف کرده است، زیرا گردشگری به صنعتی تبدیل شده است که مزایای زیادی هم برای میزبان و هم برای بازدیدکننده به همراه دارد. این صعنت، به‌عنوان منبع اصلی اشتغال، رشد بخش خصوصی و توسعه زیرساخت‌ها در بسیاری از کشورها تبدیل شده است. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی قابلیت‌های ژئوتوریسم منطقه خطیرکوه واقع در شهرستان سوادکوه استان مازندران، با استفاده از تحلیل ترکیبی SWOT-ANP و QSPM است.مواد و روش‌­هابه لحاظ مراحل انجام کار، این پژوهش، از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است. شیوه جمع‌آوری داده‌ها به­‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای و مطالعات میدانی از نوع پیمایشی (مصاحبه و پرسشنامه) و چارچوب نظری نیز با استفاده از روش اسنادی انجام گرفت. به‌منظور انجام پژوهش، پرسشنامه‌ای شامل 83 سوال طراحی شد که به چهار قسمت اقتصادی، اجتماعی، ‌محیط زیستی و اکولوژیکی و قابلیت ژئوتوریسم، تقسیم شد که چند سوال نیز در پایان پرسشنامه، مربوط به پیشنهاد و راهکار آورده شده است. پرسشنامه طراحی شده، بعد از آزمون پایایی و روایی آن، در اختیار 71 نفر از افراد محلی، کارکنان، کارشناسان و دانشجویان قرار گرفت که هر یک از سوال‌های پرسشنامه به‌­صورت چهار گزینه‌ای و بر اساس مقیاس لیکرت طراحی شدند. سپس، با استفاده از تحلیل SWOT، نقاط قوت، ضعف، تهدیدها و فرصت‌های منطقه در زمینه ژئوتوریسم مشخص شد و با استفاده از روش فرایند تحلیل شبکه‌ای، وزن‌دهی و اولویت‌بندی شده و در نهایت، راهبرد‌های توسعه ژئوتوریسم در منطقه مشخص شدند.نتایج و بحثنتایج نشان داد که مجموع امتیازات وزن‌دار نقاط قوت (S) و ضعف (W) به­‌ترتیب 2.88 و 2.55 و مجموع امتیازات وزن‌دار فرصت‌ها (O) و تهدیدها (T) نیز به‌­ترتیب 2.92 و 2.39 به‌دست آمد. بر اساس نتایج روش برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی کمی (QSPM)، اولویت‌بندی این راهبردها با مجموع امتیازهای 29.283، 28.350، 27.744، 26.877 و 26.534 به‌ترتیب شامل راهبردهای ST6، SO1، SO7، WO2 و WO1 هستند. همچنین، با توجه به این‌که مجموع امتیازات SO بیشتر از WT بوده است، راهبرد مناسب برای تدوین برنامه‌ریزی توسعه ژئوتوریسم در منطقه، راهبرد تهاجمی خواهد بود. طبق تحلیل ANP، اولویت نهایی راهبرد­هایی مثل بهره‌گیری و جذب سرمایه‌گذاری بخش خصوصی، جلب همکاری نهاد­های دولتی در تخصیص منابع مالی برای توسعه زیرساخت‌های گردشگری منطقه، سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش‌های زیربنایی، ایجاد مشاغل جدید برای مردم بومی، سرمایه‌گذاری مناسب در بخش‌های فرهنگی و آموزش مردم بومی برای ارتباط برقرار کردن با گردشگران، بوده است که مناسب­‌تر از سایر راهبرد­ها تشخیص داده شد.نتیجه­‌گیریبا توجه به اولویت راهبردهای پیشنهادی برای منطقه، می‌توان بیان کرد که برای توسعه پایدار ژئوتوریسم، باید مشوق‌هایی برای بخش خصوصی منطقه خطیرکوه در نظر گرفت. زیرا سرمایه‌گذران خصوصی با ورود به این صنعت، به‌دنبال به‌دست آوردن عایدی بیشتر هستند و همین موضوع آن­‌ها را ناگزیر به ارائه خدمات مناسب می‌کند. متاسفانه مشوق‌ چندانی برای مشارکت بخش خصوصی در صنعت گردشگری به­‌خصوص در بحث ژئوتوریسم در ایران و طبیعتا در منطقه خطیر­کوه وجود ندارد. در صورت رفع مشکلات ناشی از عدم واگذاری­‌ها به بخش خصوصی و امکانات زیربنایی، شاهد توسعه‌ پایدارتر در منطقه خواهیم بود.

Yunke Xiao, Wan Liu, Yongqiang Wang et al.