Hasil untuk "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"

Ghislain Dorian Tchuente Mondjo

Generative AI platforms (Google AI Studio, OpenAI, Anthropic) provide infrastructures (APIs, models) that are transforming the application development ecosystem. Recent literature distinguishes three generations of business models: a first generation modeled on cloud computing (pay-per-use), a second characterized by diversification (freemium, subscriptions), and a third, emerging generation exploring multi-layer market architectures with revenue-sharing mechanisms. Despite these advances, current models impose a financial barrier to entry for developers, limiting innovation and excluding actors from emerging economies. This paper proposes and analyzes an original model, "Revenue-Sharing as Infrastructure" (RSI), where the platform offers its AI infrastructure for free and takes a percentage of the revenues generated by developers applications. This model reverses the traditional upstream payment logic and mobilizes concepts of value co-creation, incentive mechanisms, and multi-layer market architecture to build an original theoretical framework. A detailed comparative analysis shows that the RSI model lowers entry barriers for developers, aligns stakeholder interests, and could stimulate innovation in the ecosystem. Beyond its economic relevance, RSI has a major societal dimension: by enabling developers without initial capital to participate in the digital economy, it could unlock the "latent jobs dividend" in low-income countries, where mobile penetration reaches 84%, and help address local challenges in health, agriculture, and services. Finally, we discuss the conditions of feasibility and strategic implications for platforms and developers.

Sentao Miao, Yining Wang

This paper proposes a practically efficient algorithm with optimal theoretical regret which solves the classical network revenue management (NRM) problem with unknown, nonparametric demand. Over a time horizon of length $T$, in each time period the retailer needs to decide prices of $N$ types of products which are produced based on $M$ types of resources with unreplenishable initial inventory. When demand is nonparametric with some mild assumptions, Miao and Wang (2021) is the first paper which proposes an algorithm with $O(\text{poly}(N,M,\ln(T))\sqrt{T})$ type of regret (in particular, $\tilde O(N^{3.5}\sqrt{T})$ plus additional high-order terms that are $o(\sqrt{T})$ with sufficiently large $T\gg N$). In this paper, we improve the previous result by proposing a primal-dual optimization algorithm which is not only more practical, but also with an improved regret of $\tilde O(N^{3.25}\sqrt{T})$ free from additional high-order terms. A key technical contribution of the proposed algorithm is the so-called demand balancing, which pairs the primal solution (i.e., the price) in each time period with another price to offset the violation of complementary slackness on resource inventory constraints. Numerical experiments compared with several benchmark algorithms further illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.

Xinyu Wang, Qianwei Zhang, Yilun Lu et al.

In this paper, we examine two-stage production organizations as decision-making units (DMUs) that can collaborate to form alliances. We present a novel approach to transform a grand coalition of n DMUs with a two-stage structure into 2n single-stage sub-DMUs by extending the vectors of the initial input, intermediate product, and final output, thus creating a 2n*2n DEA cross-efficiency (CREE) matrix. By combining cooperative game theory with CREE and utilizing three cooperative game solution concepts, namely, the nucleolus, the least core and the Shapley value, a characteristic function is developed to account for two types of allocation, i.e., direct allocation and secondary allocation. Moreover, the super-additivity and the core non-emptiness properties are explored. It is found that the sum of the revenue allocated to all DMUs will remain constant at each stage regardless of the allocation manner and the cooperative solution concept selected. To illustrate the efficiency and practicality of the proposed approach, both a numerical example and an empirical application are provided.

Yukun Zhang, Qi Dong

This paper investigates the trade-off between short-term revenue generation and long-term social welfare optimization in online food delivery platforms. We first develop a static model that captures the equilibrium interactions among restaurants, consumers, and delivery workers, using Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) as a proxy for immediate performance. Building on this, we extend our analysis to a dynamic model that integrates evolving state variables,such as platform reputation and participant retention-to capture long-term behavior. By applying dynamic programming techniques, we derive optimal strategies that balance GMV maximization with social welfare enhancement. Extensive multi-agent simulations validate our theoretical predictions, demonstrating that while a GMV-focused approach yields strong initial gains, it ultimately undermines long-term stability. In contrast, a social welfare-oriented strategy produces more sustainable and robust outcomes. Our findings provide actionable insights for platform operators and policymakers seeking to harmonize rapid growth with long-term

Zhikang Fan, Weiran Shen

Consider a market where a seller owns an item for sale and a buyer wants to purchase it. Each player has private information, known as their type. It can be costly and difficult for the players to reach an agreement through direct communication. However, with a mediator as a trusted third party, both players can communicate privately with the mediator without worrying about leaking too much or too little information. The mediator can design and commit to a multi-round communication protocol for both players, in which they update their beliefs about the other player's type. The mediator cannot force the players to trade but can influence their behaviors by sending messages to them. We study the problem of designing revenue-maximizing mechanisms for the mediator. We show that the mediator can, without loss of generality, focus on a set of direct and incentive-compatible mechanisms. We then formulate this problem as a mathematical program and provide an optimal solution in closed form under a regularity condition. Our mechanism is simple and has a threshold structure. Additionally, we extend our results to general cases by utilizing a variant version of the ironing technique. In the end, we discuss some interesting properties revealed from the optimal mechanism, such as, in the optimal mechanism, the mediator may even lose money in some cases.

Will Ma, Calum MacRury, Jingwei Zhang

In the Network Revenue Management (NRM) problem, products composed of up to L resources are sold to stochastically arriving customers. We take a randomized rounding approach to NRM, motivated by the modern tool of Online Contention Resolution Schemes (OCRS). The goal is to take a fractional solution to NRM that satisfies the resource constraints in expectation, and implement it in an online policy that satisfies the resource constraints with probability 1, while (approximately) preserving all of the sales that were prescribed by the fractional solution. In NRM problems, customer substitution induces a negative correlation between products being demanded, making it difficult to apply the standard definition of OCRS. We start by deriving a more powerful notion of "random-element" OCRS that achieves a guarantee of 1/(1+L) for NRM with customer substitution, matching a common benchmark in the literature. We show this benchmark is unbeatable for all integers L that are the power of a prime number. We then show how to beat this benchmark under three widely applied assumptions. Finally, we show that under several assumptions, it is possible to do better than offline CRS when L>= 5. Our results have corresponding implications for Online Combinatorial Auctions, in which buyers bid for bundles of up to L items, and buyers being single-minded is akin to having no substitution. Our result under the assumption that products comprise one item from each of up to L groups implies that 1/(1+L) can be beaten for Prophet Inequality on the intersection of L partition matroids, a problem of interest. In sum, our paper shows how to apply OCRS to all of these problems and establishes a surprising separation in the achievable guarantees when substitution is involved, under general resource constraints parametrized by L.

Bruce Boghosian, Christoph Börgers

We refer to an individual holding a non-negligible fraction of the country's total wealth as an oligarch. We explain how a model due to Boghosian et al. can be used to explore the effects of taxation on the emergence of oligarchs. The model suggests that oligarchs will emerge when wealth taxation is below a certain threshold, not when it is above the threshold. The underlying mechanism is a transcritical bifurcation. The model also suggests that taxation of income and capital gains alone cannot prevent the emergence of oligarchs. This is an article intended for undergraduate students. We suggest several opportunities for students to explore modifications of the model.

Yongzhuo Chen, Yixuan Liang, Yiran Liu et al.

This research paper addresses the critical challenge of accurately valuing post-revenue drug assets in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors, a key factor influencing a wide range of strategic operations and investment decisions. Recognizing the importance of reliable valuations for stakeholders such as pharmaceutical companies, venture capitalists, and private equity firms, this study introduces a novel model for forecasting future sales of post-revenue biopharmaceutical assets. The proposed model leverages historical sales data, a resource known for its high quality and availability in company financial records, to produce distributional estimates of cumulative sales for individual assets. These estimates are instrumental in calculating the Net Present Value of each asset, thereby facilitating more informed and strategic investment decisions. A practical application of this model is demonstrated through its implementation in analyzing Pfizer's portfolio of post-revenue assets. This precision highlights the model's potential as a valuable tool in the financial assessment and decision-making processes within the biotech and pharmaceutical industries, offering a methodical approach to identifying investment opportunities and optimizing capital allocation.

Jiashuo Jiang

The Network Revenue Management (NRM) problem is a well-known challenge in dynamic decision-making under uncertainty. In this problem, fixed resources must be allocated to serve customers over a finite horizon, while customers arrive according to a stochastic process. The typical NRM model assumes that customer arrivals are independent over time. However, in this paper, we explore a more general setting where customer arrivals over different periods can be correlated. We propose a model that assumes the existence of a system state, which determines customer arrivals for the current period. This system state evolves over time according to a time-inhomogeneous Markov chain. We show our model can be used to represent correlation in various settings. To solve the NRM problem under our correlated model, we derive a new linear programming (LP) approximation of the optimal policy. Our approximation provides an upper bound on the total expected value collected by the optimal policy. We use our LP to develop a new bid price policy, which computes bid prices for each system state and time period in a backward induction manner. The decision is then made by comparing the reward of the customer against the associated bid prices. Our policy guarantees to collect at least $1/(1+L)$ fraction of the total reward collected by the optimal policy, where $L$ denotes the maximum number of resources required by a customer. In summary, our work presents a Markovian model for correlated customer arrivals in the NRM problem and provides a new LP approximation for solving the problem under this model. We derive a new bid price policy and provides a theoretical guarantee of the performance of the policy.

Ozan Candogan, Feiyu Han, Haihao Lu

Regressivity in property taxation, or the disproportionate overassessment of lower-valued properties compared to higher-valued ones, results in an unfair taxation burden for Americans living in poverty. To address regressivity and enhance both the accuracy and fairness of property assessments, we introduce a scalable property valuation model called the $K$-segment model. Our study formulates a mathematical framework for the $K$-segment model, which divides a single model into $K$ segments and employs submodels for each segment. Smoothing methods are incorporated to balance and smooth the multiple submodels within the overall model. To assess the fairness of our proposed model, we introduce two innovative fairness measures for property evaluation and taxation, focusing on group-level fairness and extreme sales price portions where unfairness typically arises. Compared to the model employed currently in practice, our study demonstrates that the $K$-segment model effectively improves fairness based on the proposed measures. Furthermore, we investigate the accuracy--fairness trade-off in property assessments and illustrate how the $K$-segment model balances high accuracy with fairness for all properties. Our work uncovers the practical impacts of the $K$-segment models in addressing regressivity in property taxation, offering a tangible solution for policymakers and property owners. By implementing this model, we pave the way for a fairer taxation system, ensuring a more equitable distribution of tax burdens.

Eitan-Hai Mashiah, Idan Attias, Yishay Mansour

We consider a seller faced with buyers which have the ability to delay their decision, which we call patience. Each buyer's type is composed of value and patience, and it is sampled i.i.d. from a distribution. The seller, using posted prices, would like to maximize her revenue from selling to the buyer. In this paper, we formalize this setting and characterize the resulting Stackelberg equilibrium, where the seller first commits to her strategy, and then the buyers best respond. Following this, we show how to compute both the optimal pure and mixed strategies. We then consider a learning setting, where the seller does not have access to the distribution over buyer's types. Our main results are the following. We derive a sample complexity bound for the learning of an approximate optimal pure strategy, by computing the fat-shattering dimension of this setting. Moreover, we provide a general sample complexity bound for the approximate optimal mixed strategy. We also consider an online setting and derive a vanishing regret bound with respect to both the optimal pure strategy and the optimal mixed strategy.

Mahdi Hamzeei, Alvin Lim, Jiefeng Xu

In this paper, we solve the multiple product price optimization problem under interval uncertainties of the price sensitivity parameters in the demand function. The objective of the price optimization problem is to maximize the overall revenue of the firm where the decision variables are the prices of the products supplied by the firm. We propose an approach that yields optimal solutions under different variations of the estimated price sensitivity parameters. We adopt a robust optimization approach by building a data-driven uncertainty set for the parameters, and then construct a deterministic counterpart for the robust optimization model. The numerical results show that two objectives are fulfilled: the method reflects the uncertainty embedded in parameter estimations, and also an interval is obtained for optimal prices. We also conducted a simulation study to which we compared the results of our approach. The comparisons show that although robust optimization is deemed to be conservative, the results of the proposed approach show little loss compared to those from the simulation.

Nicolaus Tideman, Thomas Mecherikunnel

The optimal taxation of assets requires attention to two concerns: 1) the elasticity of the supply of assets and 2) the impact of taxing assets on distributional objectives. The most efficient way to attend to these two concerns is to tax assets of different types separately, rather than having one tax on all assets. When assets are created by specialized effort rather than by saving, as with innovations, discoveries of mineral deposits and development of unregulated natural monopolies, it is interesting to consider a regime in which the government awards a prize for the creation of the asset and then collects the remaining value of the asset in taxes. Analytically, the prize is like a wage after taxes. In this perspective, prizes are awarded based on a variation on optimal taxation theory, while assets of different types are taxed in divergent ways, depending on their characteristics. Some categories of assets are abolished.

Dailit González Capote, Yusniel Tartabull Contreras, Katherine Roxana Barzola Pinto

Taxation is relevant to the economy of the country, so encourage the community to engage in responsible and honest practices in the development of economic activity where they adhere to tax regulations to make tax returns and payment without resorting to avoidance or evasion acts that are not positive for the strengthening of the social, productive and tax structure of Ecuador. Today, taxpayers' lack of knowledge about their tax obligations to the Internal Revenue Service (SRI) persists, which generates penalties and fines, hence the importance of proposing a training plan for a greater tax culture for the citizens of Sauces III de the city of Guayaquil.

Anthony P. Polito

Congress, by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (hereinafter “TCJA”),1 made a number of changes to the income tax rates applicable to individuals and profits of businesses conducted both in corporate and non-corporate form. Elsewhere, in an article entitled Advancing to Corporate Tax Integration: A Laissez-Faire Approach, I advanced the case for an Integrationist Norm of business income taxation.2 In the tax regime of the Integrationist Norm, all business profits would be subject to exactly the same tax burden as if a business were conducted directly by the individual equity holders without an intervening legal fiction of a juridical business entity. The purpose of this Article is to assess how near TCJA brings the Internal Revenue Code (hereinafter the “Code”) to achieving the Integrationist Norm, and to consider what possible modifications to TCJA might bring it nearer the target, and whether achieve sufficiently more good than harm to justify the effort to have them enacted.

M. Luchko, A. Zinkevych

The article describes the role of tax payments in generating revenue for the State Budget of Ukraine. The study shows how audit of taxes and fees influences the effectiveness of enterprise performance. The authors emphasize that implementing internal tax audit procedures is important in order to optimize the enterprise’s financial policy. An attempt is made at defining tax optimization and developing a logical framework to enhance the effectiveness of taxation in enterprises. It is pointed out that effective management of tax liabilities involves either creating a tax planning system or performing functions for maintaining tax discipline within integrated management. The factors influencing the quality of audit of taxes and fees in the process of assessing the financial position of economic entities are systematized. Among them are the following: qualification of auditors; engaging highly-skilled specialists; independence and confidentiality of auditor’s assessment; high mobility; accumulated experience in working with financial statements; high level of responsibility. The study offers ways to improve the system of audit of taxes and fees in Ukraine in the context of ensuring effective tax management in enterprises. It is proved that a timely audit of taxes and payments not only reduces tax risks in entrepreneurial activity, but also optimizes tax and accounting policy of the company, because it incorporates current changes in legislative regulation and modern techniques in auditing introduced abroad.

Giuseppe Vitaletti

I. Lunina, O. Bilousova

The principles underlying the long-term solvency of the government through creating the necessary preconditions for the innovation-driven development of the national economy are studied. Dynamic series on change in revenues and expenditures of consolidated budget, and budget losses caused by tax exemptions over 2013–2017 in Ukraine are analyzed. It is found that the revenue shortfalls caused by the preferential taxation of company incomes are hardly predictable. A comparative analysis of the structure of budget losses caused by preferential income taxation of companies in 2014–2017 demonstrates the limited character of support for innovation activities at company level. This support could be observed only in the aircraft industry in 2014 and 2017. According to the results of the survey of innovation activities at non-innovating companies of Ukraine, performed in 2012–2014 and 2014–2016, the limited internal funds or private capital and the limited access to government assistance in innovation were significant factors discouraging companies from decisions in favor of innovation projects or innovation activities. The conclusion is made that the tax policy of the government, apart from seeking for stable balance of the budget, needs to create stimuli for capital formation and effective performance of companies and, consequently, the accelerated economic development. Absence of an innovation tax credit in Ukraine and appropriate instruments for assessing its budget effects has dramatic negative consequences for company performance and macroeconomic competitiveness.    Econometric models for tax stimulation of innovation activities at company level are constructed, enabling to select approaches to the innovation tax credit policy and the tax credit intensity, in order to enhance the potential of the national economy to develop by innovation factors. Considering the real budget capacities in Ukraine, the results of computations of budget effects of innovation tax credit (by the first or the second proposed model and by the given alternative options of tax credit amounts) can be used in selecting options of tax stimulation of innovation activities of companies.

Andrés Biehl, José Tomás Labarca

Tathiane Piscitelli