The present study is an attempt to analyse and assess the wage-productivity gap in the Indian manufacturing industries during the last few decades along with a focus on labour market flexibility in recent time. We carry out the study at the All-India level using the available ASI database for the period 1973-2020. The basic objective of the study is two-fold: (a) to assess the wage productivity gap in Indian manufacturing industry based on secondary data available from Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) and (b) to see whether the labour market flexibility at the same time period has any mutual association with the wage productivity gap in Indian manufacturing industry. We measured the wage-productivity gap at the 3-digit level of the NIC classification of industry groups by regrouping them into divisions of industries. We have tried to relate the wage productivity gap in terms of labour share with the ongoing effort for labour market flexibility in India since 1991.
Vadim Yu. Pashkus, Vitaly Terekhov, Maksim Yu. Shcheglov
et al.
Introduction. The article studies patent activity in the regions of Russia. The relevance of the research in this area is determined by the importance of the innovation component in economic growth, as well as by the established targets in the Concept of Technological Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. The aim of the study is to identify possible types and directions of patent policy for different groups of Russian regions on the basis of patent activity factors.
Materials and Methods. The empirical material for the analysis includes data from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Federal State Statistics Service (FSSS) for 2012‒2021. We use linear regression to identify the key factors affecting the patent activity of the regions. The method of hierarchical clustering allowed us to identify groups of regions according to their patent activity.
Results. The linear regression showed the statistically significant dependence of regional patent activity on I-activity level of organizations, the number of active fixed broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population and the average of internal costs for research and development per 1 organization in the region. The hierarchical clustering distinguished 5 clusters of regions: “The Leader”, “Innovation centers”, “Regions of high manufacturability”, “Old R&D regions” and “Regions-outsiders”. The authors also formulate definitions of the regional patent policy and the national patent policy and present typologies of state patent policy.
Discussions and Conclusions. Based on empirical and theoretical analysis, recommendations on further directions for the development of active patent policies were given to groups of regions. The results of the study can be applied in the development and implementation of scientific and technological regional development strategies, and will also be useful to specialists and government officials involved in regulating patent activity in the regions.
El presente artículo examina la circulación mercantil entre la región del Río de la Plata, Santiago en el Reino de Chile y el Bajo Perú en el periodo 1779-1783, mediante la utilización de las notas de aduana de Buenos Aires. Por medio del examen de esta fuente documental se puede cuantificar la intensidad y densidad de contactos entre las economías mencionadas. Los datos obtenidos demuestran la importancia de esta ruta comercial para el conjunto de las economías sudamericanas a finales del siglo XIX y la centralidad de las economías de Mendoza, San Juan y Santiago en el Reino de Chile en la ruta comercial analizada.
Latin America. Spanish America, Regional economics. Space in economics
The advent of the coronavirus in early 2020 led to the severe shutdown of economic activities across the globe. The virus led to a pandemic affecting the physical facilitation of cross border merchandise trade. International trade is augmented with trade documentation and physical verification. Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) as WTO plus agreements between countries have provided bilateral trade opportunities for participating countries. Due to the pandemic, several physical processes shifted to digital mode and people were forced to participate, giving a boost to the digital economy across the world. Developing and under-developed countries were left behind due to a lack of clarity on digital trade provisions in the present WTO framework. Though, RTAs provided much scope for interpreting the existing provisions with innovation for the current times. The present study explores the digital trade provisions in the RTAs and how the pandemic will further push inculcating provisions. The focus is on RTAs that exist in the Asia Pacific region, along with India's perspective. The study identifies the initial digital provisions and collaborations, and evaluates the scope of digital trade.
This paper based on the theory of marxist political economics “binary” thought, puts forward total contradiction movement in the process of social production is a new development pattern of “binary” theoretical basis, establishes a new development pattern of “binary” rely on “factor market”, “product marketing”, and needs to make full use of the domestic market on the basis of expanding the international market “market space”. At the same time, it definitely points out that “efficient market” and “efficient government” are the fundamental guarantee of the new development pattern of “double circulation”. The constraint conditions of constructing the new development pattern of “double circulation” are analyzed from four dimensions: economic system, innovation ability of market subjects, regional location and industrial structure. Finally, according to the realistic constraints of constructing the new development pattern of “double circulation”, the paper puts forward the concrete implementation path: in the top-level design of the economic system, the market should play a decisive role in the allocation of resources, and the government should play a greater role; in the aspect of cultivating the innovation ability of market subjects, we should implement the innovation-driven strategy and promote comprehensive innovation with scientific and technological innovation as the core. In terms of regional and regional cooperation and development, we will coordinate regional development internally and integrate into the global economy in an all-round way externally. At the level of industrial structure optimization and upgrading, efforts should be made to optimize the supply-side structural reform and strive to achieve a benign interaction between supply and demand.
O estudo faz uma abordagem econômica, política e institucional da exploração e produção (e&p) de petróleo e gás no Brasil desde as explorações precursoras ocorridas no Brasil Império até a descoberta do pré-sal. A conjunção de três episódios recentes (a grave recessão econômica de 2015-16, a derrocada dos preços do petróleo e a Operação Lava-Jato) produziram sérias instabilidades no setor petrolífero. Porém, as alterações no marco regulatório a partir de 2018 e a redução da presença do Estado na economia alavancaram os investimentos no setor que contribuirão para financiar o crescimento econômico do país. Ademais, o setor petrolífero no Brasil ainda tem muito a crescer, visto que menos de 5% da área sedimentar estão contratados.
Latin America. Spanish America, Regional economics. Space in economics
In a structuralist reading, the hegemonies of the global economy are perceived as threateningly fixed. We suggest understanding the global knowledge economy as an always unfinished project of ordering socio-spatial relations. To better communicate the struggles of peripherally located places/companies associated with this process of spatial ordering, we provide a simplified visualization of the global knowledge economy.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Regional planning
In this paper, spatial domain verification of the haze of dependence and the dynamic evolution process of the spatial panel data model was based on the estimation of different factors that influence on the horizon haze effect and spillover effect from the perspective of spatial economics. The study found that the provincial space is dependent on Chinese haze; the influence of haze on neighboring provinces of the spatial spillover effect factors is obvious during the period of 2000∼2015; the effect of elastic coefficient of industrial structures on the haze near the space overflow area energy is high; thus the industrial structure has a significant inhibitory effect on the haze; the role of regional industrial transfer haze governance has been very fruitful; population, economic growth, financial development, and fiscal decentralization to reduce haze inhibiting the spillover effect of regional haze were increasing. In the formulation of haze-related policies and development planning, the government departments must take into account the spatial mechanism of regional haze and influencing factors and realize the overall reduction of haze amount in time dimension and spatial dimension in China.
Abstract Background. A firm, as it develops, tends to overcome local, regional, and national business environment boundaries by expanding into global economic space. The intense dynamics of internationalization, the expansion of multinational companies from emerging economies, the presence of multinational companies owned by the state are just a few of the specificities that shape the global business environment today. In the literature, these trends have become challenging topics, both open to criticism and appreciation. Aims and approach. In this study we aim to map the expansion of business in the international environment from a sectoral perspective. In this respect, using the data synthesized by UNCTAD in the World's Top 100 non-financial MNEs and Top 100 non-financial MNEs from developing and transition economies, we aggregated, for each sector, the main performance indicators (assets, sales and employment) which reflects the magnitude of the expansion of the activity of the companies included in these ranks outside the economic area of origin. Also, based on the algorithm for calculating the Transnationality Index, we have calculated an aggregate Sectoral Transnationality Index for each of the two tops. Conclusions. The analysis carried out leads to a series of conclusions regarding the dynamics and configuration of the universe of the world's most prominent multinational companies. Although this is mainly an exploratory research, we appreciate that this sectoral approach leads to a deeper level of analysis, expanding the area of knowledge in the field and, at the same time, creating a framework for new investigative perspectives.
The object of research in this monograph is the objects of waste disposal (reduced OZO), simply put, garbage dumps, which are studied by space monitoring methods through digital processing of space images (concepts and approaches, techniques and models, programs and algorithms, educational guidelines, etc. d.). At the same time, the described approaches can be applied not only to OZO, but also to the majority of other objects on the earth's surface, therefore OZO are considered as examples of their applicability. The monograph discloses the idea of using space information as a tool for monitoring the socio-economic development of the country. The book is of interest to scientists and specialists in the field of geoinformatics, geophysics, regional economics, as well as for a wide range of readers. The book can be used as an educational tool for teachers, students and specialists in space monitoring, practical image processing, problems of solid household and industrial waste as one of the basic factors for the development of the socio-economic structure of the state.
. The understanding of economic polarization as one of the possible sources of economic development is rooted in a number of scientific papers and in strategic planning documents. This understanding requires the revision of the implications that emerge due to the formation and development of growth poles. The goal of our present research is to develop an approach that will help assess the impact of growth poles on the surrounding space. Scientific novelty of the work consists in the justification of an approach to the identification of direct and reverse effects of the development of growth poles, which allows us to measure the scale of the impact they have on the territories concentrated around. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study is formed by a set of scientific ideas in the field of regional economics, spatial analysis and modeling. Using the assessment of spatial autocorrelation (by determining the values of Moran’s Global Index and Moran’s Local Index) and the implementation of cartographic analysis, we assess the relationships between individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to the resulting parameters of territory development such as “permanent population” and “gross regional product”. According to the calculations we prove that the influence of growth poles on the surrounding space is ambiguous: the territories located near large-scale socio-economic systems do not receive a significant impetus to their own development; moreover, they lose the resources they already have. The revealed pronounced reverse effect of economic polarization determines the importance of applying a balanced approach to the use of growth poles as a tool of economic development.
The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of applying GIS analysis for investigations into the state of preservation of a baroque garden complex. The article presents a method based on Airborne Laser Scanning data (LIDAR) which can be used for analysis of revalorization of historical garden complexes. The research was conducted in a rural park in Siemczyno, Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship, Poland. The analysis was made by means of the ENVI and ArcMap programs. The article presents an analysis of the terrain microstructure, which was used for assessment of changes in the terrain. It is a significant element used for planning public space. The research results were compared with the park inventory data of 1973. The research proved that LIDAR data analysis could be used for assessment of the state of preservation of historical garden complexes. It might also be used for preparation of park registration documentation or revalorization plans.
Paulo Alves Silva, Raimundo Cláudio Gomes Maciel, Pedro Gilberto Cavalcante Filho
O desenvolvimento e a viabilidade da agricultura familiar ao longo do tempo tem sido alvo de intensos debates em torno de temas como a reforma agrária de determinadas regiões e a capacidade de reprodução social no campo. Recentemente vários assentamentos rurais foram implantados no Brasil, buscando-se encaminhar tais discussões no contexto do desenvolvimento sustentável. O objetivo geral do presente estudo é avaliar a dinâmica inovativa e o investimento no Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Bonal, Senador Guiomard, Acre. Trabalha-se com indicadores específicos de avaliação da produção familiar rural. Os resultados indicam baixa incidência de efetivos agricultores familiares, bem como uma propensão negativa a investir entre a maioria das unidades produtivas.
W artykule podjęte zostały rozważania dotyczące możliwości rozwoju klastrów i wsparcia transferu wiedzy w nowej perspektywie okresu 2014–2020. Głównym celem artykułu było wskazanie, jak tematyka klastrów i transferu wiedzy wzajemnie na siebie oddziałuje oraz jak przedstawiona została w wybranych dokumentach strategicznych perspektywy 2014–2020. Konstrukcję artykułu tworzą cztery części. W pierwszej z nich podjęto się analizy zagadnienia tworzenia, kodyfikacji i transferu wiedzy dla rozwoju innowacyjności i wsparcia struktur klastrowych. W drugiej części dokonano schematycznego podsumowania koncepcji klastrów, ich charakterystyk oraz rodzajów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem klastrów wiedzy. Trzecia część poświęcona została tematyce struktur klastrowych i transferu wiedzy w wybranych dokumentach poziomu unijnego, a w czwartej poruszono te same kwestie ale na poziomie krajowym.