Part 1: Basic Concepts in Event Studies 1. Introduction and Overview of Event Studies 2. The World of Planned Events Part 2: Foundation Disciplines and Closely Related Fields 3. Anthropology, Sociology, Philosophy, Religious Studies and Psychology 4. Economics, Management, Political Science, Law, History, Human Geography, Future Studies 5. Closely Related Professional Fields Part 3: Framework for Understanding and Creating Knowledge 6. The Event Experience and Meanings 7. Event Design 8. Antecedents and Choices 9. Management of Events 10. Outcomes and the Impacted 11. Events and Public Policy Part 4: Conclusion 12. Science, Knowledge and Theory for Event Studies
IN SPITE of the tremendous importance of government decisions in every phase of economic life, economic theorists have never successfully integrated government with private decision-makers in a single general equilibrium theory. Instead they have treated government action as an exogenous variable, determined by political considerations that lie outside the purview of economics. This view is really a carry-over from the classical premise that the private sector is a self-regulating mechanism and that any government action beyond maintenance of law and order is "interference" with it rather than an intrinsic part of it.2 However, in at least two fields of economic theory, the centrality of government action has forced economists to formulate rules that indicate how government "should" make decisions. Thus in the field of public finance, Hugh Dalton states:
The electric power sector is a leading source of air pollutant emissions, impacting the public health of nearly every community. Although regulatory measures have reduced air pollutants, fossil fuels remain a significant component of the energy supply, highlighting the need for more advanced demand-side approaches to reduce the public health impacts. To enable health-informed demand-side management, we introduce HealthPredictor, a domain-specific AI model that provides an end-to-end pipeline linking electricity use to public health outcomes. The model comprises three components: a fuel mix predictor that estimates the contribution of different generation sources, an air quality converter that models pollutant emissions and atmospheric dispersion, and a health impact assessor that translates resulting pollutant changes into monetized health damages. Across multiple regions in the United States, our health-driven optimization framework yields substantially lower prediction errors in terms of public health impacts than fuel mix-driven baselines. A case study on electric vehicle charging schedules illustrates the public health gains enabled by our method and the actionable guidance it can offer for health-informed energy management. Overall, this work shows how AI models can be explicitly designed to enable health-informed energy management for advancing public health and broader societal well-being. Our datasets and code are released at: https://github.com/Ren-Research/Health-Impact-Predictor.
The Hermite-Taylor method evolves all the variables and their derivatives through order $m$ in time to achieve a $2m+1$ order rate of convergence. The data required at each node of the staggered Cartesian meshes used by this method makes the enforcement of boundary and interface conditions challenging. In this work, we propose a novel correction function method, referred to as the discrete correction function method, which provides all the data required by the Hermite method near the surface where a condition is enforced. The flexibility of the resulting Hermite-Taylor discrete correction function method is demonstrated by considering a wide range of problems, including those with variable coefficients, discontinuous solutions at the interface, and generalized sheet transition conditions. Although the focus of this work is on Maxwell's equations, this high-order method can be adapted to other linear wave systems. Several numerical examples in two space dimensions are performed to verify the properties of the proposed method, including long-time simulations.
This study proposes and implements the first LLM agents based agentic pipeline for multi task public opinion analysis. Unlike traditional methods, it offers an end-to-end, fully automated analytical workflow without requiring domain specific training data, manual annotation, or local deployment. The pipeline integrates advanced LLM capabilities into a low-cost, user-friendly framework suitable for resource constrained environments. It enables timely, integrated public opinion analysis through a single natural language query, making it accessible to non-expert users. To validate its effectiveness, the pipeline was applied to a real world case study of the 2025 U.S. China tariff dispute, where it analyzed 1,572 Weibo posts and generated a structured, multi part analytical report. The results demonstrate some relationships between public opinion and governmental decision-making. These contributions represent a novel advancement in applying generative AI to public governance, bridging the gap between technical sophistication and practical usability in public opinion monitoring.
Ethan Chervonski, Ethan Chervonski, Marisa A. Guerrero
et al.
Anthropogenic climate change, while once regarded primarily as an environmental concern, has evolved into a global health crisis. As a victim of escalating climate-related phenomena, New York City (NYC) has positioned itself at the forefront of climate resilience and public health action. Local Law 97 (LL97) is the latest in NYC’s long trajectory of climate action initiatives, setting progressively stringent caps on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from large buildings greater than 25,000 square feet. LL97 represents one of the most ambitious—and divisive—climate action policies in the United States and if successful, is poised to make NYC carbon neutral by 2050. At the same time, the potential public health benefits of LL97 are broad, including improved local air quality, decreased cost barriers to residential cooling, and if in principle applied to city buildings worldwide, reduced global GHG emissions capable of stabilizing global warming for posterity. Nevertheless, LL97’s reliance on a carbon-intensive electricity grid, creation of complex financial incentives, and divisive reception by political groups threaten its impact. The following paper reviews the public health consequences of building emissions through the lens of NYC’s built environment. It explores the role of LL97 and other relevant local and state legislation in mitigating the public health impacts of building emissions. Finally, the law’s limitations are critically assessed. By analyzing LL97’s potential successes and obstacles, this paper aims to provide actionable insights for other cities seeking to design effective climate action plans that balance sustainability, public health, and equity.
Ludger Niemann, Ludger Niemann, Thomas Hoppe
et al.
Since 1994, Colombian mayors have been legally held accountable for election promises and goal achievement in office; non-compliance or underperformance may trigger recalls. In several Latin American countries, civil-society coalitions striving for urban sustainability have successfully lobbied for adopting similar rules in more than 60 cities. We conducted a longitudinal, comparative case study, based on documents and 16 interviews, to study the characteristics and effects of the accountability mechanisms emerging in Bogotá, Córdoba, Guadalajara, and São Paulo. Results show that goal-setting and reporting requirements are beneficial to urban governance in terms of increasing programmatic policies, intra-municipal cooperation, civil society involvement, and citizen participation. However, unintended consequences, including a rigid, short-term focus on targets at the expense of long-term objectives, were also observed. This suggests trade-offs concerning accountability and flexibility and dilemmas in the choice of indicators; outcome-based targets foster long-term, holistic policymaking yet output targets align more easily to local government competencies and citizen demands. The engagement of strong local civil society organisations facilitates the effective implementation of mayoral accountability mechanisms. Our findings offer insights to practitioners and researchers of democratic innovations and international policy frameworks including localisation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The design of accountability mechanisms at the city level in diverse contexts and alternatives to the dominant model of voluntary goal-setting require further attention and research.
Data-art blends visualisation, data science, and artistic expression. It allows people to transform information and data into exciting and interesting visual narratives. Hosting a public data-art hands-on workshop enables participants to engage with data and learn fundamental visualisation techniques. However, being a public event, it presents a range of challenges. We outline our approach to organising and conducting a public workshop, that caters to a wide age range, from children to adults. We divide the tutorial into three sections, focusing on data, sketching skills and visualisation. We place emphasis on public engagement, and ensure that participants have fun while learning new skills.
A través del presente artículo se pretende efectuar un análisis respecto a la aplicación de la excepción de improcedencia de acción en la etapa intermedia y su colisión con el supuesto de sobreseimiento regulado en el literal b del numeral 2 del artículo 344 del Código Procesal.
El estudio tendrá como punto de partida el antiguo régimen procesal penal aplicado en la República del Perú, para luego considerar la normativa comparada de otros países, algunos de ellos de influencia acusatorio-garantista en cuanto a la aplicación del proceso sancionatorio penal punitivo, tales como el Código Procesal chileno de 2002, el Código de Procedimiento Penal colombiano de 2004, el Código Procesal Penal de la Nación Argentina de 2014, el Código Procesal Penal de Paraguay de 1998, el Código de Procedimiento Penal de Ecuador de 2000, el Código Orgánico Procesal Penal de Venezuela de 2001, el Código de Procedimiento Penal de Bolivia de 1999, el Código Procesal Penal de Costa Rica de 1998, los Códigos Procesales Penales de El Salvador, el Código Procesal Penal de Panamá de 2008 y el Código Procesal Penal de Honduras de 2002.
Posteriormente, se efectúa una descripción de las notas esenciales de la excepción de improcedencia de acción y del sobreseimiento desde el punto de vista de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia para, finalmente, comparar los supuestos de aplicación de ambas instituciones y arribar a las conclusiones respectivas para un mejor entendimiento de estas.
Public law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
In the construction of the personal income tax, it is important that, in addition to the proper shaping of its individual structural elements, the legislator also ensures that they are adequately
protected against inflation. The lack of such regulations leads to a disproportionately high fiscal burden. The above is due to the fact that often the structural elements of the tax are expressed in terms of amounts. Thus, the lack of valorisation mechanisms in income tax leads to an erosion of nominally expressed structural elements. This situation undermines the fairness of the tax. The purpose of this article is to analyse the legal regulations from the point of view of proper protection of taxpayers against erosion of nominally determined structural elements of the Polish personal income tax. In view of the relatively low inflation for more than two decades, this problem was not noticeable. It was not until high inflation in the European Union countries, that attention was once again drawn to this very important issue.
Law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
One of the most refined expressions of rights-based approaches to environmental protection, rights of nature have come a long way since the early 2000s. They have developed into full-fledged governance structures that could either improve or potentially replace duty-based existing environmental protection within domestic jurisdictions. However, even though they advance sustainable development values, both eco-theological and local participative governance strands of rights of nature have encountered shortcomings; several of them particularly related with the scope of protection derived from their explicit content. From a legal analysis perspective, a predominantly doctrinal and comparative approach can contribute to shedding light on rights of nature legal potency. Preliminary conclusions would
show that from a legal analysis under this approach comprising four European domestic rights of nature legal frameworks, a bundle of indicators can be extracted to determine whether a certain rights of nature provision could be discarded as capable of enhancing or even substituting existing environmental protection
Law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
We consider the problem of training private recommendation models with access to public item features. Training with Differential Privacy (DP) offers strong privacy guarantees, at the expense of loss in recommendation quality. We show that incorporating public item features during training can help mitigate this loss in quality. We propose a general approach based on collective matrix factorization (CMF), that works by simultaneously factorizing two matrices: the user feedback matrix (representing sensitive data) and an item feature matrix that encodes publicly available (non-sensitive) item information. The method is conceptually simple, easy to tune, and highly scalable. It can be applied to different types of public item data, including: (1) categorical item features; (2) item-item similarities learned from public sources; and (3) publicly available user feedback. Furthermore, these data modalities can be collectively utilized to fully leverage public data. Evaluating our method on a standard DP recommendation benchmark, we find that using public item features significantly narrows the quality gap between private models and their non-private counterparts. As privacy constraints become more stringent, models rely more heavily on public side features for recommendation. This results in a smooth transition from collaborative filtering to item-based contextual recommendations.
This study is the first to investigate whether pawnshops, financial institutions for low-income populations, have contributed to the decline in mortality in the early twentieth century. Using ward-level panel data from Tokyo City, this study revealed that the popularity of public pawnshops was associated with a 4% and 5% decrease in infant mortality and fetal death rates, respectively, during 1927-1935. The historical context implies that the potential channels of the relationships were improving nutrition and hygiene and covering childbirth costs. Moreover, a cost-effectiveness calculation highlighted that the establishment of public pawnshops was a cost-effective public investment for better public health. Contrarily, for-profit private pawnshops showed no significant association with health improvements.
هدف البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على التقنيات الرقمية الحديثة التي أنتجتها الثورة الصناعية الرابعة وأثرها على المحاسبة والمراجعة ، لما لها من مزايا في تحسين الإفصاح الإلكتروني للبيانات المحاسبية ، حيث أن تلك التقنيات لها دور فعال في تطوير منهجية المراجعة المستمرة كمرتكز لتحسين جودة التقارير المالية الإلكترونية . وقد توصل البحث إلى عدة نتائج ونقاط جوهرية أهمها : أن الدمج بين تقنيات التحول الرقمي يفتح آفاقاً جديدة لجمع البيانات وتحليلها في الوقت الحقيقي كمرتكز لتحسين جودة التقارير المالية ، كما يسهم تطوير المراجعة في ظل البيئة الرقمية في تخطيط وتنفيذ برامج منهجية مستحدثة لمراجعة مواقع المنظمات على شبكة المعلومات الدولة (الإنترنت) بإعتبارها أهم الوسائل الفورية لتوصيل المعلومات المحاسبية ، فضلاً عن دورها في بناء نماذج للكشف المبكر عن التحذيرات التي تعزز الرقابة الداخلية بشأن عمليات الرقمنة. وأخيراً يمكننا التأكد بأن إستخدام التقنيات الرقمية الحديثة في مجال المراجعة يساعد على تلبية إحتياجات المستخدمين في الحصول على معلومات دقيقة في الوقت المناسب والتي تتميز يالموثوقية ، وذات معنى لمتخذي القرارات . وعلى ضوء تلك النتائج فقد أوصى البحث بضرورة الإهتمام بتأهيل جيل جديد من المحاسبين والمراجعين علمياً وعملياً لمواكبة متطلبات تطبيق آليات التحول الرقمي وتظيم الإستفادة منها ، كذلك تنظيم المزيد من المؤتمرات المحلية والدولية التي تتناول مستحدثات الثورة الصناعية الرابعة وتقنياتها المختلفة ، وإنعكاس تلك التقنيات على تطور الجانب الأكاديمي والمهني .
We show that public firm profit rates fell by half since 1980. Inferred as the residual from the rise of US corporate profit rates in aggregate data, private firm profit rates doubled since 1980. Public firm financial returns matched their fall in profit rates, while public firm representativeness increased from 30% to 60% of the US capital stock. These results imply that time-varying selection biases in extrapolating public firms to the aggregate economy can be severe.
A simple method is proposed to estimate the instantaneous correlations between state variables in a hybrid system from the empirical correlations between observable market quantities such as spot rate, stock price and implied volatility. The new algorithm is extremely fast since only low-dimension linear systems are involved. If the resulting matrix from the linear systems is not positive semidefinite, the shrinking method, which requires only bisection-style iterations, is recommended to convert the matrix to positive semidefinite. The square of short-term at-the-money implied volatility is suggested as the proxy for the unobservable stochastic variance. When the implied volatility is not available, a simple trick is provided to fill in the missing correlations. Numerical study shows that the estimates are reasonably accurate, when using more than 1,000 data points. In addition, the algorithm is robust to misspecified interest rate model parameters and the short-sampling-period assumption. G2++ and Heston are used for illustration but the method can be extended to other affine term structure, local volatility and jump diffusion models, with or without stochastic interest rate.