Hasil untuk "Political theory"

Martino Tognocchi

Lauren Benton’s new book, They Called It Peace, offers a comprehensive view of the various forms of violence that European empires deployed overseas from the early modern period to the 19th century. These forms of violence—ranging from household abuses and slavery to deliberate killings and mass exterminations—soon became routine mechanisms for maintaining colonial rule. As the author convincingly demonstrates through a solid theoretical framework and rich historical evidence, small wars were far from marginal, despite being represented as such by Europeans. Rather, they had global implications for legal, political, and cultural imaginaries, resonating to this day. This review aims to highlight the book’s important contributions to both the history of international law and global history.

Lihua LI, Xiaolan ZHOU, Zizheng ZHOU

Abstract This paper explores the evolution of entrepreneurial identities in two prominent family businesses—Moët et Chandon and the Rong family—highlighting their shift from Darwinian to Communitarian and Missionary types under distinct socio-political pressures. Moët et Chandon evolved within post-revolutionary France, aligning capitalist ambition with aristocratic branding, while the Rong family’s identity navigated national crisis in early 20th-century China, fusing industrial nationalism with Confucian values. To better explain these dynamics, the study extends Social Identity Theory by incorporating self-categorization theory, identity fluidity, and cultural additivity. The comparative approach shows that entrepreneurial identity is not merely a product of market forces but a socially constructed process reflecting broader narratives of modernity, morality, and development. The findings offer valuable insights for future research on how family businesses in different regions and industries navigate socio-political challenges, and the role of cultural and social values in identity formation.

Adelina BRAD

This paper analyses the relationship between the deterioration of the rule of law and the negative consequences on socio-economic development in the contemporary world. To scrutinize this correlation, quantitative-comparative analysis and secondary data review methods will be used. This aims to determine the extent to which the rule of law has a determining role or not in the development of states and societies. These results can serve as data for the basis of qualitative and sustainable public policies. The research aims to compare and contrast countries such as the United States of America, Singapore and Romania and determine the correlation between the deterioration of the rule of law, with a specific focus towards measurable elements such as the absence of corruption, and the consequences over economic development and prosperity. The country case studies have been identified purposefully to reflect different geographical areas, different historical pasts, and various levels of economic development. Despite the differences, the research aims to solely analyse the correlation between the rule of law and economic status.

Khaya Mchunu, Kiara Gounder

The Drum Magazine Project is a cross-institutional teaching and research project designed to explore a decolonial approach to teaching fashion theory and history. The project used the 1950s and 1960s archives of Drum magazine, found at Bailey's African History Archives (BAHA) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Fashion was considered by looking at South Africa's political, social, and cultural landscape during the 1950s and 1960s. Students wrote biographical essays based on individuals who, despite having been featured in Drum magazine, were not widely documented in South Africa. Essay writing was followed by developing magazine covers designed to capture themes related to these individuals. The text- and visual-based modes enabled students to deploy historical media archives using fashion and dress to communicate narratives of alternative fashion histories and imaginaries. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to analyse students' impressions of the magazine, the individuals they researched and the overall project. In some instances, students expressed the view that incorporating this part of South African history into fashion curricula can be uncomfortable but that addressing history in its fullness is necessary to achieve decolonial imperatives and shifts. For these reasons, this study contributes to the decolonial fashion discourse by showing how infusing context-specific examples in teaching and learning offers options for renewing, stretching, and decentering the teaching of fashion theory and history.      

Emilia Alaverdov

The paper aims to analyze the ongoing situation in the European Union member countries caused by modern migration flows. It shows the real impact of refugees and migrants on European demography. It describes the future scenarios of global demographic and social challenges, which lead to the socio-economic and political crisis, and the failure of European political elites. The study mainly is based on the following research methods: descriptive, statistical, and analysis. The basis of the source represents the books, scientific articles, empirical and press materials, documents published on official websites in the field of migration policy. The essence of the modern migration in Europe became very acute since the current migrants are mostly followers of Islam, which in all its aspects and completeness is currently one of the most urgent topics, and draws the special attention of political circles and international clubs. Muslims in Europe are, first, immigrants whose influx into the European continent has seriously changed its demographic picture and political situation. In this regard, it should be said that the growing number of Muslims in Europe is causing certain demographic challenges that significantly affect the European socio-cultural situation, and lead to the financial and political crisis.

Katja Mielke, Helena Cermeño

Looking at evolving urban governance and planning practices in the city of Lahore, Pakistan, the article aims to understand—from an Evolutionary Governance Theory perspective—to what extent these practices steer paths and modes of service provision and housing for low-income residents. With a focus on the endurance and transformations of urban governance practices and institutions, we first explore the influence of the changing development discourse and the impact it has had on the (re)configuration of urban governance and housing policies in Lahore. Second, drawing on extensive fieldwork and empirical data collected between 2012 and 2016, we highlight three vignettes depicting the development of different housing options for low-income residents in Lahore, i.e., a government-steered subsidised housing scheme, a privately developed ‘pro-poor’ settlement in the peri-urban fringe of the city, and residential colonies already—or in the process of being—regularised. By analysing the relationship between governance frameworks, the establishment of the three types of settlements and how residents manage to access housing and services there, we demonstrate how purposive deregulation in governance and policy generates a disconnect between urban normative frameworks (i.e., urban planning tools and pro-poor housing policies) and residents’ needs and everyday practices. We argue that this highly political process is not exclusively path-dependent but has also allowed the creation of liminal spaces based on agency and collective action strategies of low-income residents.

Dragana Cvorovic, Hrvoje Filipovic

One of the current issues of criminal law, in general, is the issue of execution of a criminal judgment sentenced by the international criminal court (ad hoc or permanent international criminal court). The issue is ongoing because international criminal courts do not have their institutions for the enforcement of criminal sanctions they impose, but are, in that regard, instructed to cooperate with states that express readiness to execute criminal sanctions - imprisonment sentences imposed by an international criminal court in their prison facilities. Among the numerous issues related to this issue, the paper analyzes only those related to the legal basis for standardization, conditions, and manner of execution of a prison sentence imposed by an international criminal court.

M Irfan Riyadi, Khairil Umami

: The transfer of government from Majapahit to Demak at the end of the 15th century, as well as a transition from the Hindu era to the Islamic era, also gave birth to social, political, cultural, and legal transformations. The pattern of the penetration of Islam into peaceful Javanese culture, or penetration pacifique, has shown integration in all fields. Integration creates a stable and equilibrium condition. The question that then arises is how Demak produces laws that are able to create such stable conditions. It is important to do this on the fiber Suryangalam legal text of the Demak era. The purpose of this study is to identify the Serat Suryo Alam manuscript, explore Islamic law legislation in the text, and explain how the Islamic kingdom of Demak carried out social engineering to realize a just and peaceful society. Then to answer the problem, philological and historical methods are used, while the analysis uses content analysis with Talcott Parson's integration theory. This study concludes that: 1) the Suryo Alam manuscript is a legal text that can be found in the digitization of British Library manuscripts, 2) this manuscript contains legal, material, and judicial sources at the same time, and 3) social engineering can be measured by the stages of adaptation of Hindu and Islamic law, with the Trirasa Goal of efforts, legal integration, and efforts to maintain the law in people's social lives or latency. This stage gave birth to an equilibrium society of tata titi tentrem gemahripah loh jinawi kartaraharja.

William L. McBride

The chorus of doubts concerning the continued viability of the Western liberal tradition itself, in both ideational and institutional aspects, has grown much louder over the past several years. Can this tradition be said to be in a time of twilight – that time that falls? It is this question that would be explored in this paper. While searching the confirmation of the position, indicated in the title of the paper, author turns to contemporary ideological sources of Western liberalism. Such concepts as capitalism, socialism, justice, democracy are considered in this context based on the works of two thinkers, John Rawls and Fred Dallmayr. By stressing ideal justice and ignoring concrete injustice, Rawls’ ideas seem strange even apart from the present crisis. The subsequent evolution of his thoughts is estimated by the author as the transition from daylight to twilight. It has manifested in Rawls’ refusal to apply his principles of justice to the international arena, his condescending attitude toward underdeveloped countries. The atmosphere of The Law of Peoples is still redolent of the assumption of American hegemony. The author wishes to extract from Dallmayr’s book for present purposes is above all his commitment to a version of socialism. But what neither Dallmayr nor Rawls and other liberal thinkers will gainsay is that central to the twilight zone in which we are wandering is the heavy hand of global capitalism. The next problem is that the modern liberal democratic theory has always professed to make the assumption of equality, but it has never fully embraced it. The most important conceptual element in accounting for this failure is the notion of majority rule. The author mentions three difficulties with the idea of majority rule: the problem of time and the problem of the identity of the human units who compose the majority, and the problem of information. He analyzes the recent political evolutions of both the United Kingdom and the United States, and France as well, which have certainly given Western liberalism a badname in many quarters.

Xingqun Xue, Xiaochen Ma, Mingnan Jiang et al.

The purpose of this study is to explore how to effectively prevent risks in the Marine Silk Road. This paper establishes a hierarchical theoretical framework by using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and explores an application system for intelligent prevention. The fuzzy set theory is also used to screen out the unnecessary attributes, and a decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is proposed to manage the complex interrelationships among the aspects and attributes. Finally, we suggest an applicable risk-prevention system for the Marine Silk Road. Our results: (1) the solution to international political and trade risks is the most critical for the risk prevention; (2) the solution to marine meteorological risks relies mainly on the improvement of ocean information sharing mechanism driven by big data which needs international cooperation in terms of information and technology; (3) the solution to marine energy and environmental risks also requires active international cooperation; (4) the application system should be built based on three levels, including the international level, the government level, and the company level. This theoretical hierarchical framework aims to guide the countries alongside the road to effectively prevent the risks on the Marine Silk Road, promote the sustainable development of the Marine Silk Road, and develop the transnational economies and cultures.

Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh

The massacre during the night of 3rd-4th June thirty years ago in Beijing represents a human tragedy so poignant, and the State’s attempt to obliterate all citizens’ memory of the whole event and the individual tragedies involved over the past thirty years has been so monstrous, that makes the struggle to maintain that memory so important, not only because of a measure of obligation of the world to those who died by the sword of a ruthless State in 1989, but also a duty to thwart the relentless attempt to force a mass amnesia not only on the Chinese citizens but all people in the world – as highlighted in the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China and the New School for Democracy’s 2019 Taipei Conference’s Declaration: by the Party regime that “exploits the strengths of speedy economic development and the powers of science and technology to tighten domestic control and expand its international influence”. Crucial issues investigated in this volume accompanying the Taipei conference include the significance and implications of China’s 1989 protests and crackdown, the development of State-civil societal relations in China post-Tiananmen, the global and regional implications of these 1989 events in terms of the development of State-civil societal relations and structure of political governance, as well as the Chinese Communist Party-State’s global outreach of authoritarianism as the continuing domestic repression in the PRC has today taken on a significance far beyond China’s national borders with impacts traversing continents across the globe. In addition, this postscript article further examines the legacy of 1989's tumultuous episode that is unprecedented in the history of the People’s Republic of China and scrutinises the prospects and challenges in the struggle of post-1989 Chinese dissent and nonviolent action (NVA), both exiled and domestic, in the context of State-civil societal relations. The Chinese Communist Party’s Party-State domination has so far continued to be stable, with the NVA movements being disadvantaged by both a low degree of internal solidarity and organisation as well as numerical weakness to effectively engage in concerted action, vis-à-vis the same factors on the side of the State. Without any impending national economic crisis, military defeat or internal power struggle severe enough to destroy the CCP’s ruling echelon from within and with no sign of the weakening of the State’s will and machinery to suppress those who dare to challenge the CCP’s self-justified legitimacy to rule without being elected to do so, the Party’s rule looks set to continue to stay strong and political democratisation of China seems destined to be long in coming. Ironically, the CCP’s present consensus-based collective leadership, while supposed to prevent the rise of another disastrously strong leader like Mao Zedong, will count against quick democratisation too. Against this backdrop, taking into consideration the divergence and convergence of the strategic and ideological approaches of the democracy movement and civil rights activism as well as the corresponding factors of instrumental activities, bargaining power and ideology on the part of the Party-State, the article analyses the conflict and reluctant symbiosis across the unfortunate State-society divide, assesses the tribulations and prospects of contemporary Chinese dissent and NVA, and ponders on the potential for political change. Hence, at the 30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen demonstrations and June Fourth crackdown in Beijing, this postscript also further adds to the understanding of the prospects and challenges in the struggle of post-1989 Chinese dissent and nonviolent action movements, both exiled and domestic, in the context of State-civil societal relations, which this writer hopes would prove to be useful as a humble appendix to an outstanding conference and its accompanying volume.

Saulius Pivoras

This article aims to identify and reconstruct a few main elements of political theory upon which the works of Simonas Daukantas, the founding father of the national Lithuanian written history, are based. Daukantas’s major works on Lithuanian history were researched while identifying and closely analyzing the passages where Daukantas specifically speaks about natural law and civilizational progress. Daukantas’s history works were considerably influenced by authors of Neostoic natural law theory, such as Hugo Grotius, Samuel Pufendorf, and Antoine-Yves Goguet. This influence shows in the adopted conceptions of natural needs, natural sociability, and a characterization of the emergence of private property rights in Lithuania with the help of conjectural history methods. Daukantas traces natural law elements in the oldest customs of the people and therefore gives most attention to reconstructing and describing the mores of the ancient Lithuanians. In describing historical evolution, he applied in his works the concepts of bright and dark periods as well as the distinctions of other separate stages of civilizational progress as discussed in Enlightenment historiography and conjectural history in particular.

Maria Kultaieva

The article proposes the analysis of the development of the philosophy of education in the Third Reich, including its theoretical origin with corresponding social, cultural and political contexts. The leading role of the political romantics is showed in this process with its educational implications. This research has a wide-spread empirical background including narrative interviews with the former participants of the educational processes which are described both on the factual and interpretative level. The semantics and linguistic preferences of national-socialism used in its philosophy of education show the pedagogical intentions grounded on the race theory. The “folk view of world” in the period of the national-social movement was later changed into the philosophy of political education and folk-political anthropology (E. Krieck), where the concept folk community with its leader (Führer) is a constitutive one and the functional education has become a priority before the intentional  strategies. The deformation of bourgeois human ideal through returning to the myth of origin and Nietzsche’s concept of the superman is remarkable in the new contrary ideals of “the Soldier” (A. Baeumler) and the “Worker”(E. Jünger) used in the educational practices of the national-socialism with the priority of the functional education.  The identification of the “soldier way of life” as the representation of Nordic race with the pedagogical reality had consequences in the curriculum philosophy of schools and universities, where the physical education and the race theory have displaced the traditional subjects studies and their research fields, especially after their synchronic switching on the totalitarian state, which must understand itself as the educational one created for the German race. The national-socialist political pedagogic has the features of the “total mobilization” for the total war as the free decision of young men ready to die for Hitler’s Germany. Emphasizing of the self-activities, self-control, self-aid and self-education in the national-pedagogical directives is connected with the utopian dream of automatically fulfillment of all educational plans with the intention to create a new human for the new society. The new schools organized  under national-socialism have showed the regress in comparison with educational institutions of the Weimar republic, where the educational system has showed more variety and flexibility as the chaotic improvisations of  the educational reformers of the Third Reich with their fiction of the educational philosophy, which was only the well-known  maid of the new political theology.

Ali Saqer

Professor Alex Callinicos is a renowned social theorist and scholar of international political economy. He conducts research on Marx and Marxism, European social and political theory, contemporary political philosophy, critical theory, historiography, and international political economy. His work provides invaluable insights on issues of race and racism, social justice, the Third Way, imperialism, austerity, and EU politics, among many other fascinating contemporary issues. Alex studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Balliol College, Oxford, and Philosophy of Science at the London School of Economics before writing a DPhil on Marx's Capital, also at Balliol. He was a Junior Research Fellow in Contemporary Social Thought at St Peter's College, Oxford from 1979 to 1981, after which he taught social and political theory at the Department of Politics at the University of York until 2005, when he moved to King's College London. Alex is currently the Professor of European Studies at King's and editor of International Socialism. Alex has been an active contributor to the development of the movement for another globalization, participating in the World Social Forum and an animator of the European Social Forum. Among his best known books are The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx (1983), Against Postmodernism (1990), Social Theory (1999), An Anti-Capitalist Manifesto (2003), The Resources of Critique (2006), Imperialism and Global Political Economy (2009). His most recent book is entitled Deciphering Capital: Marx’s Capital and its Destiny (2014).

Berta Guerrero Almagro

El año de 1928 se implanta en Venezuela una de las semillas del cambio. Acontecimientos literarios ¾la aparición de la revista válvula¾ y políticos ¾la Semana del Estudiante¾ colaboran en el despertar revolucionario. En esta etapa, Miguel Otero Silva ocupa un puesto de singular importancia por pertenecer al grupo introductor de la agitación artística en el país. Se estudian en este artículo las obras iniciales del escritor venezolano, Agua y cauce ¾primer poemario¾ y Fiebre ¾primera novela¾ con el objetivo de comprender cómo plasma en ellas el altruismo sereno ¾como un desgranarse¾ que tanto lo caracteriza.

R. G. Taylor, S. A. Lynham

The role of business leadership in defining, and enacting, societal values and providing consolidating influences relative to change processes is increasingly being recognised. This role is best defined as one of “stewardship”, embracing the securing of social, political and economic futures. For business leadership, the increased recognition of the ability for it to influence the trajectory of change, and indeed the expectation that it should do so, brings with it a need to revisit contemporary understandings of leadership and how that leadership is best engaged so as to facilitate desirable outcomes. This paper adopts a critical position relative to the conventional “leader, follower, situation” configurations of leadership thinking. Drawing on theory located within the knowledge domain of systems thinking and network theory, leadership is redefined at a conceptual level, hence to understand the processes by which it is enacted and experienced and how, therefore, it can be better practiced in the broader socio-political domain. Leadership is considered as an emergent phenomenon that creates definitional distinction between actors and process so as to provide new insights. The paper includes outcomes of a research study that was conducted amongst business leadership in South Africa. The study covered the period 1984-1994, a period of considerable large scale change in South Africa, during which time lessons about leadership were learned. These lessons validate the significant potential that business leadership has for monitoring and influence beyond the immediate concerns of business itself. The assumption of the role of “steward” typified much of what emerged from that engagement, but also gave opportunity for reflections about revised theoretical frameworks for leadership practice in the 21st Century. The case material arising from this research also provides demonstration of the appropriateness of the theoretical propositions that form the conceptual basis for the paper.

Carl F. Stychin

Citizenship plays a central role within the political, legal and academic discourse of the European Union. It has been instrumental in attempting to foster a European identity across national boundaries, and it is a useful heuristic device for analyzing wider issues of membership and belonging. Citizenship theory also has been developed using examples drawn from popular culture. This article seeks to build upon this approach and enrich our understanding of European citizenship by interrogating one important annual European cultural event: the Eurovision Song Contest. The Contest, like Europe itself, illuminates a central tension between identity and difference, which demands scepticism towards grand narratives of an inevitably exclusionary European identity and destiny.

José Manuel Robles

En las últimas décadas hemos asistido a un resurgir de los debates en torno a la posibilidad y a las capacidades de la democracia deliberativa. Al igual que ha sucedido con otras teorías políticas -como el republicanismo-, la deliberación fue considerada durante largo tiempo como una opción política que no encajaba con las características del Estado y del ciudadano moderno. Sin embargo, en los últimos 25 años autores de primera talla han tratado de recuperar esta forma de participación con la modificación de alguno de los elementos que forman parte de la definición clásica. Pese a ello, y en especial des-de el ala más liberal de la teoría política, no han sido pocos los que han planteado importantes críticas a esta versión contemporánea de la deliberación democrática. Este trabajo está pensado para señalar, en primer lugar, los principales debates teóricos en torno a la teoría de la democracia deliberativa; en segundo término, puntualizar los principales argumentos en contra de este tipo de práctica política y, por último, resumir las más importantes réplicas a esas críticas. Se trata en definitiva de realizar una revisión crítica del debate con el objetivo de mostrar la vigencia, posibilidad y ventajas de este tipo de prácticas.<br>In recent decades, we have witnessed a resurgence of the debates su-rrounding the possibility and the capabilities of deliberative demo-cracy. As has happened with other political theories like republica-nism, the deliberation was considered for a long time as a political choice that did not fit with the characteristics of the State and the modern citizen. However, in the past 25 years first ranking authors have tried to recover this form of participation by modifying anyone of the elements part of the classical definition. Nonetheless, and especially from the more liberal wing of political theory, not few that have raised major criticisms of this contemporary version of democratic deliberation. This article intends to, first, show the main theoretical discussions on the theory of deliberative democracy; secondly, point out the main arguments against this kind of political practice and, finally, summarize the major replies to those criticisms. The discussion ultimately carries out a critical review of the debate in order to show the effect, possibility and benefits of such practices.

Priscilla Gontijo Leite

This paper discusses the teaching of Ancient History in Brazil through the experience of Projeto Vocabulário Político da Antiguidade (Political Vocabulary of Antiquity Project). This project has been developed at the Federal University of Paraíba in João Pessoa, Brazil, since 2016, with a team consisting of professors and students from undergraduate History and Classics programs. The project’s main goal is to create didactical materials that facilitate the teaching of politics and Antiquity to students aged 11 to 17, based on the translation of Greek and Latin texts. This paper will present two educational games developed by this project to teach the theory of forms of government in an engaging and enjoyable way. The positive results of the project highlight the importance of modernizing the teaching of forms of government regbased on the works of authors such as Herodotus, Aristotle, Polybius and Cicero. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the study of Antiquity can effectively contribute to the political awareness of young citizens.

Luiz Repa

This paper intends to reconstruct in general lines the introduction of the category of right into the framework of the communicative action theory. The proposal is to show this introduction can be thought in exposition terms as a conceptual process that goes from the abstract to the more concrete element, in order to solve the specific problem of social integration. This includes also the political dimension and therefore the proper evolution of Habermas’ thought about the right from Theory of the communicative action to Between Facts and Norms.