The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) has been widely used, particularly in psychology, to infer longitudinal relations among variables. At the same time, controlling for between-person heterogeneity and capturing within-person relations as processes of within-person change are regarded as key components to causal inference based on longitudinal data. Since Hamaker, Kuiper, and Grasman (2015) criticized the CLPM for its limitations in inferring within-person relations, the random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), which incorporates stable trait factors representing stable individual differences, has rapidly spread, especially in psychology. At the same time, although many statistical models are available for inferring within-person relations, the distinctions among them have not been clearly delineated, and discussions over the interpretation and selection of statistical models remain active. In this paper, I position the RI-CLPM as one useful method for inferring within-person relations, explain its practical issues, and organize its mathematical and conceptual relationships with other statistical models, as well as potential problems that may arise in their application. In particular, I point out that a distinctive feature of the stable trait factors in the RI-CLPM, in representing between-person heterogeneity, is the assumption that they are uncorrelated with within-person variability, and that this point serves as an important link to the mathematical relationship with the dynamic panel model, another promising alternative.
Artemis Deligianni, Zachary Horne, Leonidas A. A. Doumas
Detecting misogynistic hate speech is a difficult algorithmic task. The task is made more difficult when decision criteria for what constitutes misogynistic speech are ungrounded in established literatures in psychology and philosophy, both of which have described in great detail the forms explicit and subtle misogynistic attitudes can take. In particular, the literature on algorithmic detection of misogynistic speech often rely on guidelines that are insufficiently robust or inappropriately justified -- they often fail to include various misogynistic phenomena or misrepresent their importance when they do. As a result, current misogyny detection coding schemes and datasets fail to capture the ways women experience misogyny online. This is of pressing importance: misogyny is on the rise both online and offline. Thus, the scientific community needs to have a systematic, theory informed coding scheme of misogyny detection and a corresponding dataset to train and test models of misogyny detection. To this end, we developed (1) a misogyny annotation guideline scheme informed by theoretical and empirical psychological research, (2) annotated a new dataset achieving substantial inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.68) and (3) present a case study using Large Language Models (LLMs) to compare our coding scheme to a self-described "expert" misogyny annotation scheme in the literature. Our findings indicate that our guideline scheme surpasses the other coding scheme in the classification of misogynistic texts across 3 datasets. Additionally, we find that LLMs struggle to replicate our human annotator labels, attributable in large part to how LLMs reflect mainstream views of misogyny. We discuss implications for the use of LLMs for the purposes of misogyny detection.
Zahraa Al Sahili, Maryam Fetanat, Maimuna Nowaz
et al.
Text-to-image (T2I) systems lack simple, reproducible ways to evaluate how well images match prompts and how models treat social attributes. Common proxies -- face classifiers and contrastive similarity -- reward surface cues, lack calibrated abstention, and miss attributes only weakly visible (for example, religion, culture, disability). We present FairJudge, a lightweight protocol that treats instruction-following multimodal LLMs as fair judges. It scores alignment with an explanation-oriented rubric mapped to [-1, 1]; constrains judgments to a closed label set; requires evidence grounded in the visible content; and mandates abstention when cues are insufficient. Unlike CLIP-only pipelines, FairJudge yields accountable, evidence-aware decisions; unlike mitigation that alters generators, it targets evaluation fairness. We evaluate gender, race, and age on FairFace, PaTA, and FairCoT; extend to religion, culture, and disability; and assess profession correctness and alignment on IdenProf, FairCoT-Professions, and our new DIVERSIFY-Professions. We also release DIVERSIFY, a 469-image corpus of diverse, non-iconic scenes. Across datasets, judge models outperform contrastive and face-centric baselines on demographic prediction and improve mean alignment while maintaining high profession accuracy, enabling more reliable, reproducible fairness audits.
Zhuoxuan Ju, Jingni Wu, Abhishek Purushothama
et al.
This paper presents DeDisCo, Georgetown University's entry in the DISRPT 2025 shared task on discourse relation classification. We test two approaches, using an mt5-based encoder and a decoder based approach using the openly available Qwen model. We also experiment on training with augmented dataset for low-resource languages using matched data translated automatically from English, as well as using some additional linguistic features inspired by entries in previous editions of the Shared Task. Our system achieves a macro-accuracy score of 71.28, and we provide some interpretation and error analysis for our results.
Religious tourism is acknowledged as a fast-growing sector within the tourism business, and hospitality services’ role in supporting this growth is important. This study used a quantitative research design to explore the specific function that hospitality services have in promoting religious tourism. Literature study and the distribution of structured research questionnaires to Redemption Resort visitors during monthly programs were the methods adopted for the collection of data. The results show that hospitality services promote religious tourism by providing a safe and comfortable stay, planning religious activities and ceremonies, and providing regional and traditional foods. The study also discusses issues like maintaining cultural authenticity and handling religious diversity that hospitality services must deal with in this situation. The study concludes that hospitality services are crucial to the growth of religious tourism and have the potential to influence the sector’s overall expansion significantly.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
Aini Maznina A Manaf, Tengku Siti Aisha Tengku Mohd Azzman Shariffadeen
As communication technology continues to evolve, this has also revolutionized how religious messages are presented on social media, particularly for celebrity Muslim preachers. They can easily connect with their followers and create da’wah messages using various social media tools, such as reels, stories, and live streams. In Malaysia, some preachers have become instant celebrities, with millions of followers who are willing to like, reshare and repost their messages. What factors though contribute to the persuasiveness of religious messages posted on social media by celebrity Muslim preachers? Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) examines the persuasiveness of messages based on how they are processed by the recipient. Accordingly, hypotheses were tested based on ELM. This quantitative study employed a cross-sectional survey design with 423 university students in Malaysia. The research instrument was constructed using Google Form and distributed online among the survey respondents. They must follow at least one celebrity Muslim preacher on social media to participate in the study. Mediation and moderated mediation models (model 4 and 7) were tested using the PROCESS macro. Overall, this study provided some support for ELM; argument quality predicted both belief in da’wah messages and sharing intent. Belief mediated the relationship between argument quality and sharing intent. However, personal involvement did not moderate the relationship between argument quality and sharing intent, through belief. Implications of these findings on ELM and the persuasiveness of religious messages on social media will be deliberated.
Communication. Mass media, Religions. Mythology. Rationalism
Large language models (LLMs) are supposed to acquire unconscious human knowledge and feelings, such as social common sense and biases, by training models from large amounts of text. However, it is not clear how much the sentiments of specific social groups can be captured in various LLMs. In this study, we focus on social groups defined in terms of nationality, religion, and race/ethnicity, and validate the extent to which sentiments between social groups can be captured in and extracted from LLMs. Specifically, we input questions regarding sentiments from one group to another into LLMs, apply sentiment analysis to the responses, and compare the results with social surveys. The validation results using five representative LLMs showed higher correlations with relatively small p-values for nationalities and religions, whose number of data points were relatively large. This result indicates that the LLM responses including the inter-group sentiments align well with actual social survey results.
Memory behavior modeling is a core issue in cognitive psychology and education. Classical psychological theories typically use memory equations to describe memory behavior, which exhibits insufficient accuracy and controversy, while data-driven memory modeling methods often require large amounts of training data and lack interpretability. Knowledge-informed neural network models have shown excellent performance in fields like physics, but there have been few attempts in the domain of behavior modeling. This paper proposed a psychology theory informed neural networks for memory behavior modeling named PsyINN, where it constructs a framework that combines neural network with differentiating sparse regression, achieving joint optimization. Specifically, to address the controversies and ambiguity of descriptors in memory equations, a descriptor evolution method based on differentiating operators is proposed to achieve precise characterization of descriptors and the evolution of memory theoretical equations. Additionally, a buffering mechanism for the sparse regression and a multi-module alternating iterative optimization method are proposed, effectively mitigating gradient instability and local optima issues. On four large-scale real-world memory behavior datasets, the proposed method surpasses the state-of-the-art methods in prediction accuracy. Ablation study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed refinements, and application experiments showcase its potential in inspiring psychological research.
We study the problem of characterizing linear preserver subgroups of algebraic varieties, with a particular emphasis on secant varieties and other varieties of tensors. We introduce a number of techniques built on different geometric properties of the varieties of interest. Our main result is a simple characterization of the linear preservers of secant varieties of Segre varieties in many cases, including $σ_r((\mathbb{P}^{n-1})^{\times k})$ for all $r \leq n^{\lfloor k/2 \rfloor}$. We also characterize the linear preservers of several other sets of tensors, including subspace varieties, the variety of slice rank one tensors, symmetric tensors of bounded Waring rank, the variety of biseparable tensors, and hyperdeterminantal surfaces. Computational techniques and applications in quantum information theory are discussed. We provide geometric proofs for several previously known results on linear preservers.
اعیان ثابته در مباحث هستیشناسی عرفانی، کلید فهم بسیاری از مباحث قضا و قدر، جبر و اختیار، علم پیشین خدا و امثال آن است. صدرالمتألهین در حلّ برخی مسائل فلسفی خود اعیان ثابته را به کار گرفته است. پذیرش نظریه اعیان ثابته به عنوان الگوهای از پیش تعیینشده تغییرناپذیر موجودات در عالم علم الهی، ناسازگاری عمیقی با نظریه مختار بودن و فاعل حقیقی دانستن انسان در نظام صدرایی را متبادر به ذهن میسازد. در نوشتار حاضر، پس از بررسی و تحلیل ویژگیهای اعیان ثابته بهویژه روابط حاکم میان این حقایق کلی و جزئی با افراد عینی و خارجی آنها، این نتیجه به دست میآید که در نگرش عرفانی ملاصدرا، اگرچه تمامی اعمال و افعال هر فرد در هر شرایطی تحت هدایت و ربوبیت اسمی و تابع مقتضیات عین ثابت اوست اما با توجه به حاکمیت فرمول «اندیشه تا عمل» بر افعال انسانی هرگز نافی مختارانه عمل کردن و فاعل حقیقی بودن انسان نیست بلکه ویژگیهای نهادینه شده در عین ثابته افراد عبارت خواهد بود از بروز آثار و احکام حرکتهای موّاج گوناگون و مختلفی که هر فرد با انتخاب خودش بالإجبار، تحت ربوبیت و هدایت تکوینی و ذاتی اسمی از اسماء الله قرار میگیرد و مقتضیات لوازم آن اسم را برحسب استعداد و قابلیتی که در سیر استکمالی و حرکت صعودی، در خود، فراهم نموده است به منصه ظهور میرساند.
Despite rapidly-expanding academic and policy interest in the links between natural resource wealth and development failures (commonly referred to as the resource curse) little attention has been devoted to the psychology behind the phenomenon. Rent-seeking and excessive reliance on mineral revenues can be attributed largely to social psychology. Mineral booms (whether due to the discovery of mineral reserves or to the drastic rise in commodity prices) start as positive income shocks that can subsequently evolve into influential and expectation-changing public and media narratives; these lead consecutively to unrealistic demands that favor immediate consumption of accrued mineral revenues and to the postponement of productive investment. To our knowledge, this paper is the first empirical analysis that tests hypotheses regarding the psychological underpinnings of resource mismanagement in mineral-rich states. Our study relies on an extensive personal survey (of 1977 respondents) carried out in Almaty, Kazakhstan, between May and August 2018. We find empirical support for a positive link between exposure to news and inflated expectations regarding mineral availability, as well as evidence that the latter can generate preferences for excessive consumption, and hence, rent-seeking.
Computational complexity has often been ignored in philosophy of mind, in philosophical artificial intelligence studies. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First and foremost, to show the importance of complexity rather than computability in philosophical and AI problems. Second, to rephrase the notion of computability in terms of solvability, i.e. treating computability as non-sufficient for establishing intelligence. The Church-Turing thesis is therefore revisited and rephrased in order to capture the ontological background of spatial and temporal complexity. Third, to emphasize ontological differences between different time complexities, which seem to provide a solid base towards better understanding of artificial intelligence in general.
To facilitate effective human-robot interaction (HRI), trust-aware HRI has been proposed, wherein the robotic agent explicitly considers the human's trust during its planning and decision making. The success of trust-aware HRI depends on the specification of a trust dynamics model and a trust-behavior model. In this study, we proposed one novel trust-behavior model, namely the reverse psychology model, and compared it against the commonly used disuse model. We examined how the two models affect the robot's optimal policy and the human-robot team performance. Results indicate that the robot will deliberately "manipulate" the human's trust under the reverse psychology model. To correct this "manipulative" behavior, we proposed a trust-seeking reward function that facilitates trust establishment without significantly sacrificing the team performance.
The most discussed of ``live'' metaphors in physical sciences is that of the Schrödinger cat. Introduced in the early, but mature days of the new quantum theory, in 1935, the parable of the cat has provoked and enlivened debates on the meaning of the quantum theory, on the ontology of the quantum wavefunction, on the puzzle of the collapse of the wavefunction, on the meaning of quantum measurement, and on the boundary between the quantum world and the classical world. In this article, I will discuss these issues of the quantum theory focussing on various aspects of the metaphor of the Schrödinger cat.
سيحاول البحث التطرق إلى جانب مهمّ من جوانب التربية لم يتطرق إليه التربويون المسلمون كثيراً، ألا وهو التربية الفكرية؛ إذ اهتمَّ أولئك التربويون بالتربية الروحية الأخلاقية التي ظلّت هي المهيمنة على المفهوم العام للتربية في الوجدان الإسلامي بصفة عامة، ولدى المربين والمرشدين والدعاة بصفة خاصّة. ولذلك فإنه آن الأوان لأن يُولى هذا الجانب التربوي الأهمية اللائقة به، ومما يؤكّد ذلك أنّ هذا الجانب التربوي له انعكاس مباشر على كلِّ أوجه التصرّف الإنساني النظري والعملي، ومما يؤكّده كذلك أننا نرى في واقعنا الراهن انحرافات كبرى في فهم الدين خاصّة، وفي مَلَكة الفهم عامّة، وهو ما ظهر أثره في ضعف العطاء العلمي في العلوم بصفة عامّة، وفي العلوم الشرعية بصفة خاصّة، كما ظهر أثره في السلوك متمثلاً في ظواهر التطرّف والغلوّ والإرهاب، وكلّ ذلك يحدث ضرراً كبيراً للأمّة، وإذا بُحث سببه وُجد أنه يعود بالدرجة الأولى إلى ضعفٍ في التربية الفكرية.
Education, Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
The time when everyone is struggling in the cruel hands of COVID19, we present the holistic view on the effects of this pandemic in certain aspects of life. A lot of literature exists in COVID-19, but most of them talk about the social and psychological side of the COVID problems. COVID-19 has affected our day-to-day life and its effects are extensive. Most of the literature presents the adverse effect of the pandemic, but there are very few state-of-the-art approaches that discuss its beneficial effects. We see the multiple faces of the pandemic in this paper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that presents the pros and cons of the pandemic. We present a survey that surrounds over effects on education, environment, and religion. The positive side of COVID-19 raises an alarm for us to wake up and work in that direction.
ABSTRACT
This research is intended to reveal students who are from outside the city of Padang. This research uses qualitative with descriptive method through collecting data with interviews, observation, and documentation. After the data is obtained then it is done by using the steps as follows, Data Reduction, Data Presentation, and Conclusion Drawings. The informants of this study were one person from outside the city of Padang and one person from the city of Padang. The results of this study are: 1) on indicators that discuss personal difficulties that are difficult to understand, 2) on indicators of social communication prepared about difficult time in socializing. Suggestions in this study are expected for migrants to be able to socialize well and are expected to be able to speak the new language, so that communication can continue.
Keywords: Self-Adjustment, Outside the City of Padang
Psychology, Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
A possible way out of the conundrum of quantum gravity is the proposal that general relativity (GR) is not a fundamental theory but emerges from an underlying microscopic description. Despite recent interest in the emergent gravity program within the physics as well as the philosophy community, an assessment of the theoretical evidence for this idea is lacking at the moment. We intend to fill this gap in the literature by discussing the main arguments in favour of the hypothesis that the metric field and its dynamics are emergent. First, we distinguish between microstructure inspired from GR, such as through quantization or discretization, and microstructure that is not directly motivated from GR, such as strings, quantum bits or condensed matter fields. The emergent gravity approach can then be defined as the view that the metric field and its dynamics are derivable from the latter type of microstructure. Subsequently, we assess in how far the following properties of (semi-classical) GR are suggestive of underlying microstructure: (1) the metric's universal coupling to matter fields, (2) perturbative non-renormalizability, (3) black hole thermodynamics, and (4) the holographic principle. In the conclusion we formalize the general structure of the plausibility arguments put forward.