Hasil untuk "Norway"

Anne Mangen, B. Walgermo, K. Brønnick

Piero Poli, Josipa Majstorović, T. Dylan Mikesell

Broadband seismometers, though designed to record ground motion generated by earthquakes, are also sensitive to a wide range of other processes occurring at the interface between the solid Earth, oceans, and atmosphere, often considered noise. In the sub-seismic band (1–24 hours), they can detect tidal signals but are limited by self-noise for weaker Earth and atmospheric processes. By applying a coherence-based network stacking technique to large seismic arrays, we identify weak, periodic gravity signals at these frequencies. Using three years of collocated vertical seismic and pressure data from USArray, we demonstrate the atmospheric origin of these oscillations. Coherence and transfer function analysis reveal strong links between pressure and seismic acceleration at atmospheric tide periods. The transfer function shows frequency dependence consistent with superconducting gravimeter observations, and its consistently negative phase indicates that pressure increases correspond to decreases in gravitational acceleration. This confirms Newtonian attraction from atmospheric mass changes as the dominant mechanism. Our results show that network stacks of broadband seismometers can detect atmospheric gravity variations as small as 10–100 nanogals, demonstrating their value for gravimetry and for observing atmospheric dynamics. This approach also provides a framework to estimate atmospheric noise in the sub-seismic range, improving the detection of solid Earth signals once such contamination is removed.

Jale Moradi, Ellen Berggreen, Eva Gerdts et al.

Abstract Periodontitis and smoking are major contributors to oral and systemic health deterioration in aging adults. This study investigated the combined effects of smoking status and periodontitis severity on the subgingival microbiome in 1107 individuals aged 69–72 using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Smoking was linked to reduced microbial diversity, enrichment of periodontal pathogens, and depletion of health-associated commensals, while increasing periodontitis severity was associated with broader dysbiotic shifts, including enrichment of canonical pathogens. The presence of overlapping taxa suggests shared dysbiotic pathways that may accelerate disease progression in older adults. Notably, the combination of smoking and severe periodontitis was characterized by enrichment of key pathogens, such as Tannerella forsythia , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Actinomyces israelii , and Mogibacterium timidum . Although former smokers showed fewer opportunistic pathogens than current smokers, their microbiomes remained altered compared to never smokers, suggesting persistent differences potentially related to past smoking. Functional profiling revealed largely additive effects of smoking and periodontitis, with enrichment of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, proteolysis, and sulfur metabolism, alongside depletion of commensal biosynthetic functions. Overall, the findings highlight the persistent and additive impacts of smoking and periodontitis on the subgingival microbiome, underscoring the importance of addressing both exposures jointly in long-term oral health strategies for older adults.

Sigurður Benediktsson, Erlingur Johannsson, Erlingur Johannsson et al.

The organisation and development strategies of youth soccer differ between Norway and Iceland. Whether this affect physical capacity is unknown. Thus, the first aim of the present study is to compare physical capacity between players from Iceland and Norway. Secondary aim is to assess associations between biological maturity and physical capacity in the Icelandic players since an association previously has been shown among the Norwegians. There were 48 U14 players from Iceland included and 103 players from Norway. Bone age (BA), measured with left-wrist x-ray, was used as an indicator of biological maturity. To measure physical capacity, 40 metre (m) linear sprint, standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (IR1-test) and a maximal oxygen uptake test (VO2max) were used. Training load was assessed by questionnaire. The results showed that the Norwegian players ran faster (5.90 ± 0.38 vs. 6.37 ± 0.44 s, p < .001), had better intermittent endurance capacity (1,235 ± 461 vs. 960 ± 423 m, p < .001) and higher VO2max, (60.3 ± 6.5 vs. 54.8 ± 5.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, p < .001) than the Icelandic players. The players from Norway reported a higher number of weekly organised soccer training hours than the Icelandic. We also found significant correlations between BA and performance on 40 m linear sprint (r = −.566, p < .001), SLJ (r = .380, p = .008) and CMJ (r = .354, p = .014) among the Icelandic players. Moreover, no correlations were found between BA and VO2max or intermittent endurance capacity. In conclusion, the Norwegian players ran faster and had better VO2max and intermittent endurance capacity than the Icelandic players. Biological maturity level was associated with speed and jumping performance in U14 soccer players in Iceland, but not with VO2max or intermittent endurance capacity. Findings indicate that more research is needed to investigate the influence of different organisation and structure of youth soccer between the two countries on physical capacity.

D. Booge, D. Booge, J. F. Tjiputra et al.

<p>Oceanic bromoform (CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span>) is an important precursor of atmospheric bromine. Although highly relevant for the future halogen burden and ozone layer in the stratosphere, global CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> production in the ocean and its emissions are still poorly constrained in observations and are mostly neglected in climate models. Here, we newly implement marine CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> in the second version of the state-of-the-art Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) with fully coupled interactions of ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. Our results are validated using oceanic and atmospheric observations from the HalOcAt (Halocarbons in the Ocean and Atmosphere) database. The simulated mean oceanic concentrations (6.61 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 3.43 pmol L<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹)</span> are in good agreement with observations from open-ocean regions (5.02 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 4.50 pmol L<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹)</span>, while the mean atmospheric mixing ratios (0.76 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.39 ppt) are lower than observed but within the range of uncertainty (1.45 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 1.11 ppt). The NorESM2 ocean emissions of CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> (214 Gg yr<span class="inline-formula">⁻¹)</span> are within the range of or higher than previously published estimates from bottom-up approaches but lower than estimates from top-down approaches. Annual mean fluxes are mostly positive (sea-to-air fluxes); driven by oceanic concentrations, sea surface temperature, and wind speed; and dependent on season and location. During winter, model results imply that some oceanic regions in high latitudes act as sinks of atmospheric CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> due to their elevated atmospheric mixing ratios. We further demonstrate that key drivers for oceanic and atmospheric CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> variability are spatially heterogeneous. In the tropical West Pacific, which is a hot spot for oceanic bromine delivery to the stratosphere, wind speed is the main driver for CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> fluxes on an annual basis. In the North Atlantic, as well as in the Southern Ocean region, atmospheric and oceanic CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> variabilities interact during most of the seasons except for the winter months, when sea surface temperature is the main driver. Our study provides an improved process-based understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of CHBr<span class="inline-formula">₃</span> and more reliable natural emission estimates, especially on seasonal and spatial scales, compared to previously published model estimates.</p>

Tamer F. Megahed, Eid Abdelbaki Gouda, Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour et al.

In this study, a novel magnetic gear design is introduced. Unlike conventional magnetic gears that can only achieve a single gear ratio using permanent magnetic poles, the proposed design incorporates electromagnetic coils that can adapt to various control strategies, resulting in a multiple gear ratio for the same machine design. We selected a gear system with five gear ratios to validate the new design. The performance of the proposed design was compared with that of the conventional magnetic gear. While permanent magnet poles offer high torque transmission with a small volume, they cannot provide different gear ratios for the same configuration. Therefore, this work suggests using a single-gear machine based on a fixed number of electromagnetic coils to achieve different gear ratios. This research outlines the design steps, simulation process, and detailed analysis. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design strategy, which can be potentially applied to wind turbines, transportation, and other scenarios with comparable success.

Dennis D. Langer, Milica Orlandić, Sivert Bakken et al.

Hyperspectral imaging is a powerful remote sensing technology, but its use in space is limited by the large volume of data it produces, which leads to a downlink bottleneck. Therefore, most payloads to date have been oriented towards demonstrating the scientific usefulness of hyperspectral data sporadically over diverse areas rather than detailed monitoring of spatio-spectral dynamics. The key to overcoming the data bandwidth limitation is to process the data on-board the satellite prior to downlink. In this article, the design, implementation, and in-flight demonstration of the on-board processing pipeline of the HYPSO-1 cube-satellite are presented. The pipeline provides not only flexible image processing but also reliability and resilience, characterized by robust booting and updating procedures. The processing time and compression rate of the simplest pipeline, which includes capturing, binning, and compressing the image, are analyzed in detail. Based on these analyses, the implications of the pipeline performance on HYPSO-1’s mission are discussed.

E. Salganik, E. Salganik, B. A. Lange et al.

<p>Sea-ice ridges constitute a large fraction of the total Arctic sea-ice area (up to 40 %–50 %); nevertheless, they are the least studied part of the ice pack. Here we investigate sea-ice melt rates using rare, repeated underwater multibeam sonar surveys that cover a period of 1 month during the advanced stage of sea-ice melt. Bottom melt increases with ice draft for first- and second-year level ice and a first-year ice ridge, with an average of 0.46, 0.55, and 0.95 m of total snow and ice melt in the observation period, respectively. On average, the studied ridge had a 4.6 m keel bottom draft, was 42 m wide, and had 4 % macroporosity. While bottom melt rates of ridge keel were 3.8 times higher than first-year level ice, surface melt rates were almost identical but responsible for 40 % of ridge draft decrease. Average cross-sectional keel melt ranged from 0.2 to 2.6 m, with a maximum point ice loss of 6 m, showcasing its large spatial variability. We attribute 57 % of the ridge total (surface and bottom) melt variability to keel draft (36 %), slope (32 %), and width (27 %), with higher melt for ridges with a larger draft, a steeper slope, and a smaller width. The melt rate of the ridge keel flanks was proportional to the draft, with increased keel melt within 10 m of its bottom corners and the melt rates between these corners comparable to the melt rates of level ice.</p>

Michael M. Müller, Leena Hamberg, Martti Varama

Unequivocal evidence on the antagonistic effects of endophytic fungi associated with woody plants against insect herbivores has been documented in only a few cases so far. Experimental evidence of the significance of needle endophytes to coniferous trees has remained scant because it is difficult to obtain trees with needles free of endophytes that could be used as comparable controls for trees infected with endophytes. Previously we reported a new methodology to get Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) saplings without needle endophytes and to inoculate them with a needle endophyte Lophodermium piceae (Fuckel) Höhn. Here we describe the first trial where spruce saplings with and without needle endophytes were provided as substrate for insect larvae. We transferred larvae of two sawfly species, Neodiprion sertifer Geoffroy and Gilpina pallida Klug, to the seedlings. Even though the main host of these sawfly species is not Norway spruce, but Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), they are also known to occasionally feed on spruce. In this experiment the larvae did not develop to pupae with the provided spruce substrate but consumed measurable amounts of needles. No significant difference was found between the extent of needles consumed by either of the two sawfly species in inoculated and uninoculated saplings.

Lene V. Halvorsen, Ola U. Bergland, Camilla L. Søraas et al.

Background Measurement of serum concentrations of drugs is a novelty found useful in detecting poor drug adherence in patients taking ≥2 antihypertensive agents. Regarding patients with treatment‐resistant hypertension, we previously based our assessment on directly observed therapy. The present study aimed to investigate whether serum drug measurements in patients with resistant hypertension offer additional information regarding drug adherence, beyond that of initial assessment with directly observed therapy. Methods and Results Nineteen patients assumed to have true treatment‐resistant hypertension and adherence to antihypertensive drugs based on directly observed therapy were investigated repeatedly through 7 years. Serum concentrations of antihypertensive drugs were measured by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry from blood samples taken at baseline, 6‐month, 3‐year, and 7‐year visits. Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, self‐reported adherence and beliefs about medicine were performed as supplement investigations. Seven patients (37%) were redefined as nonadherent based on their serum concentrations during follow‐up. All patients reported high adherence to medications. Nonadherent patients expressed lower necessity and higher concerns regarding intake of antihypertensive medication (P=0.003). Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms affecting metabolism of antihypertensive drugs were found in 16 patients (84%), 21% were poor metabolizers, and none were ultra‐rapid metabolizers. Six of 7 patients redefined as nonadherent had cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, however, not explaining the low serum drug concentrations measured in these patients. Conclusions Our data suggest that repeated measurements of serum concentrations of antihypertensive drugs revealed nonadherence in one‐third of patients previously evaluated as adherent and treatment resistant by directly observed therapy, thereby improving the accuracy of adherence evaluation. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; unique identifier: NCT01673516.

Hermundur Sigmundsson, Benjamin H. Dybendal, Simone Grassini

The aim of the current paper was to present important factors for keeping the basic structures of a person’s brain function, i.e., the grey and white matter, intact. Several lines of evidence have shown that motion, relation, and passion are central factors for preserving the neural system in the grey and white matter during ageing. An active lifestyle has shown to contribute to the development of the central nervous system and to contrast brain ageing. Interpersonal relationships, and interactions, have shown to contribute to complex biological factors that benefit the cognitive resilience to decline. Furthermore, the current scientific literature suggests that passion, strong interest, could be the driving factor motivating individuals to learn new things, thus influencing the development and maintenance of the neural functional network over time. The present theoretical perspective paper aims to convey several key messages: (1) brain development is critically affected by lifestyle; (2) physical training allows one to develop and maintain brain structures during ageing, and may be one of the keys for good quality of life as an older person; (3) diverse stimuli are a key factor in maintaining brain structures; (4) motion, relation, and passion are key elements for contrasting the loss of the grey and white matter of the brain.

Wenche Schrøder Bjorbækmo, Wenche Schrøder Bjorbækmo, Anne Marit Mengshoel

In this article, we examine the interactions between physiotherapists and patients in actual situations, focusing on how touch is expressed, what it may mean and how physiotherapists know (or do not know) when and how to touch. The empirical material is obtained from two Norwegian research projects. In both of them, the first author observed physiotherapeutic practice and conducted interviews with patients (children and adults) and physiotherapists. A phenomenological research approach was applied, and analysis of the empirical data was guided by the concept of bridling, implying adopting a questioning attitude and being open to that which presents itself and exploring its possibilities. Three processed excerpts from the empirical data are presented to illustrate how, in different ways, physiotherapists' expert knowledge about how to relate to and interact with individual patients is put into play and expressed in real physiotherapy encounters. Each excerpt is presented individually, followed by analysis. Our findings reveal aspects of the epistemology of physiotherapeutic practice to be intercorporal and illuminated by the concept and phenomenon of letting the other be.

Helga Ask, Espen M. Eilertsen, Line C. Gjerde et al.

AbstractBackgroundChildren of parents with high levels of neuroticism tend to have high neuroticism themselves as well as increased risk of experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. It is not yet clear how much of this link is attributable to a potential effect of parent on child (e.g., via a socializing effect) versus to shared genetic risk. We aimed to determine whether there is an intergenerational association after accounting for genetic transmission and assortative mating.MethodsWe used data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study including 11,088 sibling pairs in the parental generation, their partners (N = 22,176) and their offspring (N = 26,091). Exposures were maternal and paternal neuroticism (self‐reported), and the outcomes were neuroticism, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of anxiety in 8‐year‐old children (mother‐reported).ResultsAfter accounting for assortative mating in parents (phenotypic r = 0.26) and genetic transmission (explaining 0%–18% of the mother‐offspring correlations), potential maternal effects explained 80% (95% CI = 47–95) of the association with offspring neuroticism (mother‐child r = 0.31), 78% (95% CI = 66–89) of the association with offspring depressive symptoms (r = 0.31), and 98% (95% CI = 45–112) of the association with offspring anxiety symptoms (r = 0.16). Intergenerational transmission of genetic variants associated with paternal neuroticism accounted for ∼40% (CI = 22%–58%) of the father‐offspring correlations with neuroticism and symptoms of depression (r = 0.13 and 0.13, respectively) but none with offspring symptoms of anxiety (r = 0.05). The remaining father‐offspring correlations were explained by maternal influences through assortative mating.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with direct effects between maternal and offspring neuroticism and between maternal neuroticism and offspring symptoms of anxiety and depression. Further understanding of these intergenerational processes will require an adequate model of how these constructs (neuroticism, anxiety and depression) relate to each other within generations.

Lukas Höller

The great number of actors in port city regions, such as port authorities, municipalities, national governments, private companies, societal groups, and flora and fauna, need to develop shared visions. Collaborative approaches that focus on combined values can help achieve long-term resilience and enable a sustainable and just coexistence of port and city actors within the same territory. However, the sheer focus on economic profit generated by port activities overshadows and ignores equally essential cultural, societal, and environmental values and needs. The lack of pluralities in planning and decision-making processes creates challenges for the cohabitation of the many actors and their interests within port-city regions. On the one hand, contemporary spaces in port cities cannot be classified and defined by traditional dichotomies anymore. On the other hand, the perception of spatial and institutional boundaries between port and city leads to a positivistic-driven definition of a rigid and inflexible, line-like interface physically and mentally separating the port from the urban activities and stakeholders, neglecting the inseparable character of many parts of our society. By investigating and re-imagining the future port-development plans within the historic mining town of Kirkenes, located around 400 km above the Arctic Circle in Northern Norway, the aim of this article is to explore and combine the concepts of negative and positive porosity and liminality and arrive at a renewed perception of the port cityscape, which can function as dynamic thresholds inbetween the multiple dualities and realities of various port and city actors. The article bridges the theoretical/conceptual sphere of urban porosity and the practical approaches of liminal design. By using Design Fiction as a tool for creating new, innovative, and pluralistic port city narratives, the article contributes to contemporary research that aims for imaginary, value-based, and history-informed approaches to designing future-proof, resilient, just, and sustainable port cities.

Ian Peter Grohse

Sammendrag Et sentralt spørsmål i forskning om norsk lensvesen er når og hvorvidt stedlige lensforvaltere, fogder, ble omvandlet fra lensherretjenere til kongelige embetsmenn. Selv om det har vært noe debatt om akkurat når prosessen ble sluttført, er historikere stort sett enige om at den begynte først etter reformasjonen og skjøt fart mot slutten av 1500-tallet. Spørsmålet er likeså relevant for studiet av forvaltningen av Færøyene, et norsk kongelig skattland og len, på 1500-tallet. Mens noen mener at fogden var lensherrens private tjener, hevder andre at han var kongens direkte underordnede ombudsmann. Denne artikkelen drøfter disse ulike oppfatningene. Fokuset ligger på det tidlige 1500-tallet, da lensforhold på Færøyene var i forandring. Det hevdes at kongen gjorde tydelige inngrep i færøysk forvaltning, og at fogder var «kongelige majestets fogder» tidligere enn deres motparter i Norge.

Lidia Borghi, Julia Menichetti, Elena Vegni et al.

Emilia Sturm Aldrin, Monica Eklund, Heike Peter

This article explores how a heterogenous group of first year university students perceive writing in general, academic writing in specific, as well as their own writing proficiency. A questionnaire (n 93) was created basing on theories on academic literacy and writing psychology. The results show varying attitudes among the students which highlight questions of the dimensions of writing, identity and group affiliations. Gender was of little importance, whereas age and self-stated writing skills correlated to some extent with the results. The small scale of the study does not permit far-reaching conclusions, but the results indicate attitudes that could have importance for the development of academic literacy. The study can be used as a start of departure for interventions that facilitate for groups with different backgrounds to participate in higher education.

Sayedeh Sara Sayedi, Benjamin W Abbott, Brett F Thornton et al.

The continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas contain large stocks of organic matter (OM) and methane (CH _4 ), representing a potential ecosystem feedback to climate change not included in international climate agreements. We performed a structured expert assessment with 25 permafrost researchers to combine quantitative estimates of the stocks and sensitivity of organic carbon in the subsea permafrost domain (i.e. unglaciated portions of the continental shelves exposed during the last glacial period). Experts estimated that the subsea permafrost domain contains ∼560 gigatons carbon (GtC; 170–740, 90% confidence interval) in OM and 45 GtC (10–110) in CH _4 . Current fluxes of CH _4 and carbon dioxide (CO _2 ) to the water column were estimated at 18 (2–34) and 38 (13–110) megatons C yr ^−1 , respectively. Under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) RCP8.5, the subsea permafrost domain could release 43 Gt CO _2 -equivalent (CO _2 e) by 2100 (14–110) and 190 Gt CO _2 e by 2300 (45–590), with ∼30% fewer emissions under RCP2.6. The range of uncertainty demonstrates a serious knowledge gap but provides initial estimates of the magnitude and timing of the subsea permafrost climate feedback.

Melanie Magin, Birgit Stark

Media performance is constitutive for functioning democracies. But what is the situation regarding media performance in the age of digitalisation? And how can media performance continue to be assured under the current difficult economic conditions for the news industry? In this essay, we give a short overview of how media performance research has developed from the introduction of private broadcasting to the spread of the Internet and social media. In the course of this development, the initial focus of media performance research on media content has broadened to include media quality from the user perspective. We show how the contributions to this thematic issue relate with existing lines of media performance research, but also add new facets to them. Finally, we point to the directions in which research on media performance should evolve in order to keep pace with current developments in the media market.

Giorgio Audrito, Ferruccio Damiani, Volker Stolz et al.

Runtime verification is a computing analysis paradigm based on observing a system at runtime (to check its expected behaviour) by means of monitors generated from formal specifications. Distributed runtime verification is runtime verification in connection with distributed systems: it comprises both monitoring of distributed systems and using distributed systems for monitoring. Aggregate computing is a programming paradigm based on a reference computing machine that is the aggregate collection of devices that cooperatively carry out a computational process: the details of behaviour, position and number of devices are largely abstracted away, to be replaced with a space-filling computational environment. In this position paper we argue, by means of simple examples, that aggregate computing is particularly well suited for implementing distributed monitors. Our aim is to foster further research on how to generate aggregate computing monitors from suitable formal specifications.