Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Wenbo Li, Bao Wang, Tianzun Li et al.

Abstract Cranioplasty is associated with a substantial burden of postoperative complications. In this multicenter study, we developed a machine learning–based clinical decision-support tool to predict the risk of postoperative complications following cranioplasty. A set of nine features was selected for model development. Among the 15 algorithms evaluated, the random forest model demonstrated the best overall performance and was validated on data from both spatial and temporal external cohorts (AUROC = 0.949, internal cross-validation; 0.930, geographical validation; and 0.932, temporal validation). Subgroup analyses by age and sex demonstrated consistently high discriminative performance (lowest AUROC = 0.927) and good calibration (O/E ratio = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.97–1.40). Analysis of causal effects of modifiable intraoperative variables on postoperative complications, with diverse counterfactual explanations and causal inference methods, including double machine learning and the T-learner framework, revealed a protective effect of subcutaneous negative-pressure drainage (ATE = −0.241) and titanium mesh (ATE = −0.191). Finally, we present the model as an accessible web-based tool for individualized, real-time clinical decision-making ( http://www.cranioplastycomplicationprediction.top ). These findings provide a practical framework for postoperative risk stratification and support the optimization of intraoperative decision-making in cranioplasty.

Б.А. Дворичанський , Д.Е. Ситніков

Розвиток веб-застосунків вимагає гнучких та масштабованих архітектурних рішень, які забезпечу- ють незалежне розгортання компонентів та ефективне управління командами розробників. Мікрофрон- тенди (Micro Frontend Application, MFA) є перспективним архітектурним стилем, що дозволяє розділити монолітний фронтенд на незалежні модулі, кожен з яких розробляється, тестується та розгортається автономно. В роботі проведено аналіз підходів до розробки мікрофронтендів з акцентом на трьох основних методах інтеграції: Build-time, Frameworkless та Framework-based. Для визначення ефективності цих під- ходів виконано систематичне картографічне дослідження (Systematic Mapping Study, SMS), яке включає огляд архітектурних моделей, сценаріїв застосування та основних викликів впровадження MFA. Крім того, проведено емпіричний аналіз застосунку для управління товарними запасами, що дозволяє оцінити практи- чну застосовність мікрофронтенд-архітектури в умовах реального програмного середовища. Отримані результати показують, що мікрофронтенди покращують масштабованість, підвищують незалежність команд та сприяють швидшому оновленню функціоналу, проте потребують зваженого підходу до органі- зації міжкомпонентної взаємодії, управління залежностями та забезпечення продуктивності.

Youngsam Yoon, Il-Joo Cho

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between human augmentation and personal combat ability improvement that overcomes physical and mental limitations according to the convergence of advanced science and technology such as biotechnology, brain engineering, and mems-based technology. We will first explain the background of the emergence of human augmentation and derive the characteristics of human enhancement through conceptual analysis of the correlation of human augmentation and cognitive abilities, which hold importance for future warfare. Afterward, through the development of brain engineering, we will present areas where advanced science and technology can contribute to improving military combat capabilities, such as cognitive abilities, decision-making abilities, situation recognition abilities, and brain stimulation. Finally, we will review the MEMS-based neural interface systems for the enhancement of human augmentation and individual combat ability.

L. Anderko, Emma Pennea

As the science on the human health effects of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) emerges, there are growing concerns about the potential health impacts on children and reproductive health. PFAS exposure may affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children; lower a woman's chance of getting pregnant; increase cholesterol levels; affect the immune system; and induce vaccine-reduced immune protection in children. Without existing regulation or established standards for testing and treatment, prevention is key. PFAS exposure can occur through a wide range of consumer products and a contaminated drinking water supply. Military bases and surrounding communities have been especially impacted by PFAS in drinking water from the use of firefighting foam for decades.

Yan Wang, Ying Li, Yilin Gao et al.

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a direct correlation between fine particulate matter (FPM) exposure and the high risk of respiratory diseases. FPM can penetrate deep into the lung and deposit in the alveoli with breath, where it directly interacts with alveolar epithelial cell (APC). However, we know little about the effects nor mechanisms of FPM on APC. Here, using human APC A549 cells, we found that FPM resulted in blockade of autophagic flux, redox imbalance and oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, increased mitophagy and impaired mitochondrial respiration. Further we showed that activation of JNK signaling (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and excessive ROS (reactive oxygen species) release contribute to these adverse effects, with the former being upstream of the latter. More importantly, we found that scavenging ROS or inhibiting JNK activation could restore those effects as well as ameliorate FPM-induced inhibition of cell proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in A549 cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that FPM leads to toxicity in alveolar type II cells via JNK activation, and JNK-targeting or antioxidant strategies might be beneficial for prevention or treatment of FPM-related pulmonary diseases.

M. Chennaoui, T. Vanneau, A. Trignol et al.

OBJECTIVES Athletes and military personnel may experience sleep disturbances due to conditions of training and competitions or military missions/field operations. The risk of muscle injuries is greater for them when sleep duration decreases, and training load increases simultaneously, which can be exacerbated by fatigue. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that sleep extension improved performance, pain sensitivity and GH/IGF-I anabolic responses, which may be beneficial in accelerating recovery from muscle injuries. DESIGN & METHODS This narrative review describes the importance of sleep for the recovery/prevention of exercise-induced muscle injuries and provides perspectives on the transferability of currently available scientific evidence to the field. RESULTS The first part presents the role of sleep and its interaction with the circadian system for the regulation of hormonal and immune responses, and provides information on sleep in athletes and soldiers and its relationship to injury risk. The second part is an overview of muscle injuries in sport and presents the different phases of muscle regeneration and repair, i.e. degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, remodeling and maturation. Part three provides information on the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on muscle tissue and biological responses, and on the benefits of sleep interventions. Sleep extension could potentially help and/or prevent recovery from exercise-induced muscle-injuries through increasing local IGF-I and controlling local inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Although the science of sleep applied to sport is still an emerging field, the current scientific literature shows many potential physiological pathways between sleep and exercise-related muscle injuries. More direct studies are needed to establish clear guidelines for medical personnel and coaches.

HoanVu Nguyen, J. Chenoweth, V. Bebarta et al.

INTRODUCTION Hydrazines are highly toxic inorganic liquids that are used as propellants in military and aviation industries, such as the U.S. Air Force F-16 Emergency Power Unit and SpaceX SuperDraco Rockets. The most commonly used derivatives include hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine). Industrial workers in close contact with hydrazines during routine maintenance tasks can be exposed to levels well above the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health relative exposure limits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Technical Server, and Defense Technical Information Center, and data related to hydrazine exposures were searched from inception to April 2020. Publications or reports addressing hydrazine toxicity, pathophysiology, and treatment of hydrazine fuel exposure were selected. RESULTS Acute toxic exposures to hydrazine and its derivatives are rare. There are few case reports of acute toxic exposure in humans, and data are largely based on animal studies. The initial search identified 741 articles, manuscripts, and government reports. After screening for eligibility, 51 were included in this review. Eight articles reported acute exposures to hydrazine propellant in humans, and an additional 14 articles reported relevant animal data. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to small amounts of hydrazine and its derivatives can cause significant soft tissue injury, pulmonary injury, seizures, coma, and death. Neurologic presentations can vary based on exposure compound and dose. Decontamination is critical as treatment is mainly supportive. High-dose intravenous pyridoxine has been suggested as treatment for hydrazine-related neurologic toxicity, but this recommendation is based on limited human data. Despite recent research efforts to generate less toxic alternatives to hydrazine fuel, it will likely continue to have a role in military and aviation industries. Aerospace and military physicians should be aware of the toxicity associated with hydrazine exposure and be prepared to treat hydrazine toxicity in at-risk populations.

Kristy Martin, Emily E. McLeod, J. Périard et al.

Objective: In this review, we detail the impact of environmental stress on cognitive and military task performance and highlight any individual characteristics or interventions which may mitigate any negative effect. Background: Military personnel are often deployed in regions markedly different from their own, experiencing hot days, cold nights, and trips both above and below sea level. In spite of these stressors, high-level cognitive and operational performance must be maintained. Method: A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to September 2018. Eligibility criteria included a healthy human cohort, an outcome of cognition or military task performance and assessment of an environmental condition. Results: The search returned 113,850 records, of which 124 were included in the systematic review. Thirty-one studies examined the impact of heat stress on cognition; 20 of cold stress; 59 of altitude exposure; and 18 of being below sea level. Conclusion: The severity and duration of exposure to the environmental stressor affects the degree to which cognitive performance can be impaired, as does the complexity of the cognitive task and the skill or familiarity of the individual performing the task. Application: Strategies to improve cognitive performance in extreme environmental conditions should focus on reducing the magnitude of the physiological and perceptual disturbance caused by the stressor. Strategies may include acclimatization and habituation, being well skilled on the task, and reducing sensations of thermal stress with approaches such as head and neck cooling.

Ge Jin, Manghui Tu, Taehoon Kim et al.

Олександр ЛАЗОРЕНКО

У статті узагальнюється практичний досвід підготовки майбутніх бакалаврів безпеки державного кордону з використанням технологій дистанційного навчання. Актуальність дослідження полягає в необхідності оптимізувати та покращити методику проведення всіх видів занять у дистанційному форматі для набуття курсантами умінь і навичок, необхідних для виконання завдань на офіцерських посадах. Проведення практичних занять з військово-спеціальних дисциплін у порівнянні з дисциплінами загальнонаукового блоку має певну специфіку, оскільки вимагає присутності на занятті викладача як офіцера-практика, здатного спрямувати роботу курсантів на досягнення визначених програмних результатів навчання. Зазначені особливості вимагають широкого застосування інноваційних підходів до викладання військово-спеціальних дисциплін. Наведено характеристику програмного забезпечення, яке найбільш активно використовується для проведення занять з військово-спе-ціальних дисциплін в online режимі (Moodle, Zoom, Google Class time та Google Meet). На прикладі навчальної дисципліни “Прикордонна служба” та з використанням технічних можливостей інтерактивної панелі Newline TruTouch обґрунтовано методику проведення практичних занять з використанням технологій дистанційного навчання. Наведено особливості самостійної підготовки; вступної, основної та заключної частини практичного заняття в дистанційному форматі. Визначено що, для того, щоб продуктивно використовувати час, виділений для проведення занять у дистанційному режимі, викладачам необхідно постійно розробляти цікаві навчально-методичні матеріали, відеоролики, практичні завдання, різнорівневі тестові завдання тощо. Використання сучасних технологій дистанційного навчання під час підготовки майбутніх бакалаврів безпеки державного кордону створює реальні можливості підвищення якості їх навчання, забезпечення готовності випускників до виконання завдань з охорони та захисту державного кордону. В умовах прогнозованого продовження карантинних заходів саме технологічна трансформація освітнього середовища стане безперечним підґрунтям для досягнення курсантами програмних результатів навчання.

Yu-xiang Sun, Xin Wang, Chong Ji et al.

In this study, the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/ASTM1405-steel composite plate subjected to high velocity projectile was analyzed. Two kinds of modified polyurea material (AMMT-053 and AMMT-055) were selected and a ballistic impact testing system including speed measuring target system and high-speed camera was designed. This experiment was conducted with a rifle and 5.8 mm projectile to explore the effects by the polyurea coating thickness, the polyurea coating position and the glass-fiber cloth on the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/ASTM1405-steel composite plate. The result showed that the effects of polyurea coating position were different between two types of polyurea, and that the effects of glass-fiber position were disparate between two types of polyurea as well. For AMMT-053 polyurea material, it was better to be on front face than on rear face; whereas for AMMT-055 polyurea, it was better to be on rear surface although the difference was very subtle. Additionally, formulas had been given to describe the relationship between the effectiveness of polyurea and the thickness of polyurea coating. In general, AMMT-055 had better anti-penetration performance than AMMT-053. Furthermore, five typical damage modes including self-healing, crack, local bulge, spallation and local fragmentation were defined and the failure mechanism was analyzed with the results of SHPB test. Additionally, the bonding strength played an important role in the anti-penetration performance of polyurea/steel composite plate.

Carlos Alberto Moutinho Vaz

O artigo tem como objetivo principal identificar e compilar as informações referentes às ações executadas pelo Estado Brasileiro, em cumprimento aos compromissos assumidos quanto ao pilar do desempenho & responsabilização, da iniciativa Action for Peacekeeping (A4P). Para tanto, buscou-se incialmente apresentar a iniciativa A4P, contextualizando-a com o momento de seu lançamento. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise mais aprofundada do pilar do desempenho & responsabilização, de forma a identificar os compromissos assumidos pelas diversas partes. Na sequência, buscou-se identificar de forma pormenorizada as ações desencadeadas pelo Brasil, voltadas ao cumprimento das obrigações assumidas, a partir de dois aspectos integradores: a participação no Sistema de Prontidão de Capacidades da ONU e a capacitação de recursos humanos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de uma investigação exploratória qualitativa, executada por meio de pesquisas bibliográfica e documental, complementadas por entrevistas. Como resultado, a pesquisa indicou que o Brasil vem adotando medidas concretas, que não somente cumprem os compromissos assumidos, como também permitirão ao país o envio de militares e policiais de alta performance para operações de paz futuras.

Наталія Назаренко

У статті досліджено проблему формування навичок написання наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення англійською мовою у майбутніх офіцерів-прикордонників. Доведено, що навчання майбутніх офіцерів-прикордонників наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення англійською мовою слід проводити з урахуванням його жанрових особливостей. Представлено визначення науково проблемно-тематичного повідомлення як конкретного жанру академічного стилю з встановленням мовних особливостей, кількісних параметрів написання та стилю оформлення. Укладено перелік навичок та вмінь на формування яких спрямований процес навчання написання наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення. Навчання написання наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення здійснюється на основі спеціально розробленого комплексу вправ, який складається з двох груп: вправ для формування мовленнєвих навичок написання наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення (техніки письма, лексичних і граматичних навичок) і вправ для розвитку мовленнєвих умінь написання наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення. У комплексі вправ присутні три підходи до навчання письма: текстовий, процесуальний і соціальний. Найбільша питома вага належить процесуальному підходу, що зумовлено чітко вираженим процесуальним характером письма. Згідно з моделлю навчання писемного мовлення з використанням процесуального підходу ми виділили три етапи написання тексту НПТП: планування змісту, реалізація задуму, редагування написаного. Для оцінювання наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення була використана шкала, що містить такі критерії: зміст, організація, лексика, граматика, техніка письма, відповідність певному формату. Ефективність запропонованої методики навчання була перевірена та підтверджена експериментально. Експериментальна перевірка охопила чотири етапи: організацію експерименту, його реалізацію, констатацію отриманих даних, їх інтерпретацію. Зроблено висновок, що формування навичок написання наукового проблемно-тематичного повідомлення англійською мовою у майбутніх офіцерів-прикордонників відбувається ефективно за умови впровадження у процес навчання спеціально розробленого комплексу вправ.

A. Kott, A. Swami, B. West

On the battlefields of the future, multitudes of intelligent things will be communicating, acting, and collaborating with one another and with human warfighters. This will demand major advances in science and technology. With the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), it's clear that industry and military IoT applications need to operate at a very large scale. Here we learn about the Internet of Battle Things (IoBT) and the unique set of challenges the military faces while under threat from adversaries.

Bentley B. Allan

M. M. Chemers, Carlie Watson, S. May

Ovidiu Vasile UDRESCU

Although it appeared in Romania 50 years ago, archaeometallurgy is still treated as a new discipline, despite the fact that it was understood from the beginning that this science, by its methods and by the correct interpretation of the results obtained as a result of modern techniques of characterization of materials generally leads to the obtaining of data that are particularly important for understanding the past. The present study aims to investigate the evolution and the stage in which this field is in terms of modern techniques of characterization of the materials applied to the military equipment of the classical Geto-Dacian period.

Jiang-Long Chen, Jiang-Long Chen, Yuan-Li Chen et al.

Norepinephrine (NE) is often administered during the perioperative period of liver transplantation to address hemodynamic instability and to improve organ perfusion and oxygen supply. However, its role and safety profile have yet to be evaluated in pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We hypothesized that intraoperative NE infusion might affect pediatric LDLT outcomes. A retrospective study of 430 pediatric patients (median [interquartile range] age, 7 [6.10] months; 189 [43.9%] female) receiving LDLT between 2014 and 2016 at Renji Hospital was conducted. We evaluated patient survival among recipients who received intraoperative NE infusion (NE group, 85 recipients) and those that did not (non-NE group, 345 recipients). The number of children aged over 24 months and weighing more than 10 kg in NE group was more than that in non-NE group. And children in NE group had longer operative time, longer anhepatic phase time and more fluid infusion. After multivariate regression analysis and propensity score regression adjusting for confounding factors to determine the influence of intraoperative NE infusion on patient survival, the NE group had a 169% more probability of dying. Although there was no difference in mean arterial pressure changes relative to the baseline between the two groups, we did observe increased heart rates in NE group compared with those of the non-NE group at anhepatic phase (P=0.025), neohepatic phase (P=0.012) and operation end phase (P=0.017) of the operation. In conclusion, intraoperative NE infusion was associated with a poorer prognosis for pediatric LDLT recipients. Therefore, we recommend the application of NE during pediatric LDLT should be carefully re-considered.

Ryszard Kaminski

Nowadays, a characteristic phenomenon is the deepening of mutual integration between enterprises and their economic, social and environmental environment. It caused a change in thinking about the way enterprises communicate with external entities. The need has arisen for a new approach to the shape and range of the company’s reporting system. The answer covering this challenge is to extend the material scope of the company’s statements to non-financial information and the concept of mutual recognition of financial and non-financial information in one integrated report. These new trends in the system of reporting achievements by enterprises have been reflected in obligatory provisions and optional standards, both domestic and international. The purpose of this study is to discuss and evaluate those regulations. To attain that objective, the most critical challenges faced by the enterprise reporting system have been presented first. The findings confirmed that reporting of non-financial problems introduces to the reporting system a different perspective on the perception of the enterprise, which may be a source of additional benefits for both the enterprise itself and the addressees of the reports. Another conclusion that has been made in the course of deliberations is the statement that a useful concept of disclosing non-financial information is to integrate them with financial information in one coherent report. Furthermore, it has been shown that the principles of preparing the combined report and its thematic content meet the requirements set by the new EU and Polish legal regulations for the business reporting system