Hasil untuk "Men"

In a briefing paper published online in December 2007 by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 90% of those 65 or older are said to receive Social Security benefits—for older women, Social Security averages half of their income. About a third of women receive pension income as compared with nearly half of all men who do. And those women who do receive pension income typically receive little more than half what a man receives. Fifty-seven percent of older women are currently not married; they are widowed, divorced, or never married. Of women who are not married, 55% are white, 74% are African American, 60% are Hispanic, and 52% are Asian American. Among the same age group, 13% of women and 22% of men work for pay, with men earning more than women by a 2–1 margin. The total number of such workers amounts to more than six million. (Access at http://www.iwpr.org/pdf/BPD480.pdf).

W. Blot, S. Devesa, R. Kneller et al.

A. Bell, M. Weinberg

Neil Pearce, Ben Caplin, Marvin Gonzalez-Quiroz et al.

Objectives Chronic heat stress and recurrent dehydration from strenuous labour in hot environments are recognised drivers of acute kidney injury among agricultural workers in Mesoamerica and may contribute to Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Aetiology (CKDu). This study explored how members of a long-term community-based cohort in northwest Nicaragua perceive, experience and adapt to extreme heat, within the broader context of environmental and labour changes.Design This qualitative study used focus group discussions with participants from a community-based cohort followed for over a decade and community members. Transcripts were analysed thematically using an interpretative approach, with trustworthiness ensured through peer debriefing, audit trails, triangulation and achievement of thematic saturation.Settings Rural agricultural communities in northwest Nicaragua participating in a long-term community-based cohort.Participants Participants were purposively sampled from a prospective community-based cohort and community members were invited to participate. Men and women across different age groups were invited. In total, 91 adults aged ≥18 years participated in 11 face-to-face focus groups, each comprising 8–11 men or women.Outcomes Themes describing experiences of heat stress, occupational risk and adaptive responses among agricultural workers.Results Participants described worsening heat linked to deforestation, unsafe and inadequate water access and unrealistic production targets that prioritised output over health. In response, workers reported adaptive practices including self-paced labour, hydration routines and peer monitoring. Community solidarity and mutual aid emerged as key sources of resilience despite structural constraints.Conclusion Heat stress amplifies occupational hazards and exacerbates health inequities among marginalised agricultural workers. Integrating climate adaptation and equity into labour protections—ensuring access to clean water, adequate shade and fair workloads—can strengthen resilience in agricultural communities facing rising heat-related health risks.

E. Rimm, J. Chan, M. Stampfer et al.

B. Bass, B. Avolio, L. Atwater

E. Prescott, Merete Hippe, P. Schnohr et al.

Abstract Objective: To compare risk of myocardial infarction associated with smoking in men and women, taking into consideration differences in smoking behaviour and a number of potential confounding variables. Design: Prospective cohort study with follow up of myocardial infarction. Setting: Pooled data from three population studies conducted in Copenhagen. Subjects: 11 472 women and 13 191 men followed for a mean of 12.3 years. Main outcome measures: First admission to hospital or death caused by myocardial infarction. Results: 1251 men and 512 women had a myocardial infarction during follow up. Compared with non-smokers, female current smokers had a relative risk of myocardial infarction of 2.24 (range 1.85-2.71) and male smokers 1.43 (1.26-1.62); ratio 1.57 (1.25-1.97). Relative risk of myocardial infarction increased with tobacco consumption in both men and women and was higher in inhalers than in non-inhalers. The risks associated with smoking, measured by both current and accumulated tobacco exposure, were consistently higher in women than in men and did not depend on age. This sex difference was not affected by adjustment for arterial blood pressure, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, triglyceride concentrations, diabetes, body mass index, height, alcohol intake, physical activity, and level of education. Conclusion: Women may be more sensitive than men to some of the harmful effects of smoking. Interactions between components of smoke and hormonal factors that may be involved in development of ischaemic heart disease should be examined further.

E. Metter, R. Conwit, J. Tobin et al.

L. Mulligan, C. Eng, C. Healey et al.

Ali Zeytoon-Nejad

Purpose: This paper explores gender differences in two distinct forms of risk aversion -- Payoff Risk Aversion (PaRA) and Price Risk Aversion (PrRA) -- in order to provide a more nuanced understanding of how men and women respond to different types of economic uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs a laboratory experiment using Multiple-Choice-List (MCL) risk-elicitation tasks based on both Direct Utility Function (DUF) and Indirect Utility Function (IUF) frameworks. These tasks present stochastic payoffs and stochastic prices, respectively. The analysis uses statistical hypothesis testing to compare gender-specific responses across three experimental designs. Findings: The key results of the study indicate that women typically exhibit higher degrees of PaRA than men, which is a consistent finding with the mainstream literature. However, remarkably, the results from all the three indirect MCL designs show that women typically exhibit lower degrees of PrRA than men, and this result is robust across different MCL designs. The paper also introduces an 'irrationality gap' as the difference between PaRA and PrRA and explores the size of the irrationality gap within either gender group, finding it larger and statistically significant for men, while smaller and statistically insignificant for women. Originality/value: This study is the first to distinguish between PaRA and PrRA in a gender comparison, using experimentally validated methods. It provides new behavioral insights into the nature of gender-specific risk preferences and introduces the irrationality gap as a novel concept with implications for understanding financial decision-making and the design of gender-sensitive economic policies.

Yi Mo, Fangfang Liang, Hui Wei et al.

Abstract Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health issue, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Chronic HBV infection is associated with various systemic health complications, including liver disease with its impact on reproductive health in male fertility. Methods This study investigated the impact of HBV on sperm quality in a cohort of 1566 male infertile patients undergoing assisted reproductive treatment from 2021 to 2024. Patients aged 23 to 40 years (mean age 34.2 ± 3.62 years) were categorized into HBV-positive (783 cases) and HBV-negative (783 cases) groups based on serological tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (Hbs Ag). Results HBV-positive and HBV-negative groups exhibited significantly lower progressive motility (41.3% vs. 43.0%; P = 0.006), sperm concentration (53.6 vs. 59.8 × 106/mL; P = 0.009), and normal morphology (4.5% vs. 5.0%; P < 0.001), with reduced viability (P = 0.027). No differences were observed in semen volume (P = 0.807) or DNA fragmentation index (P = 0.970). Conclusion HBV infection is associated with impaired sperm motility, concentration, and morphology in infertile men.

S. Zhong, Dan S. Sharp, John S. Grove et al.

N. Gonzalez-Cadavid, W. Taylor, K. Yarasheski et al.

Mingrong She, Jan Bachmann, Fariba Karimi et al.

We examine gender differences in collaboration networks and academic career progression in physics. We use the likelihood and time to become a principal investigator (PI) and the length of an author's career to measure career progression. Utilising logistic regression and accelerated failure time models, we examine whether the effect of collaboration behaviour varies by gender. We find that, controlling for the number of publications, the relationship between collaborative behaviour and career progression is almost the same for men and women. Specifically, we find that those who eventually reach principal investigator (PI) status, tend to have published with more unique collaborators. In contrast, publishing repeatedly with the same highly interconnected collaborators and/or larger number of co-authors per publication is characteristic of shorter career lengths and not attaining PI status. We observe that women tend to collaborate in more tightly connected and larger groups than men. Finally, we observe that women are less likely to attain the status of PI throughout their careers and have a lower survival probability compared to men, which calls for policies to close this crucial gap.

Duncan Thomas, Duncan Thomas, J. Strauss

Ghazal Kalhor, Hannah Gardner, Ingmar Weber et al.

Online professional social networking platforms provide opportunities to expand networks strategically for job opportunities and career advancement. A large body of research shows that women's offline networks are less advantageous than men's. How online platforms such as LinkedIn may reflect or reproduce gendered networking behaviours, or how online social connectivity may affect outcomes differentially by gender is not well understood. This paper analyses aggregate, anonymised data from almost 10 million LinkedIn users in the UK and US information technology (IT) sector collected from the site's advertising platform to explore how being connected to Big Tech companies ('social connectivity') varies by gender, and how gender, age, seniority and social connectivity shape the propensity to report job promotions or relocations. Consistent with previous studies, we find there are fewer women compared to men on LinkedIn in IT. Furthermore, female users are less likely to be connected to Big Tech companies than men. However, when we further analyse recent promotion or relocation reports, we find women are more likely than men to have reported a recent promotion at work, suggesting high-achieving women may be self-selecting onto LinkedIn. Even among this positively selected group, though, we find men are more likely to report a recent relocation. Social connectivity emerges as a significant predictor of promotion and relocation reports, with an interaction effect between gender and social connectivity indicating the payoffs to social connectivity for promotion and relocation reports are larger for women. This suggests that online networking has the potential for larger impacts for women, who experience greater disadvantage in traditional networking contexts, and calls for further research to understand differential impacts of online networking for socially disadvantaged groups.

Maor Weinberger, Maayan Zhitomirsky-Geffet, Dan Bouhnik

Introduction. In this exploratory study, we proposed an experimental framework to investigate and model male/female differences in attitudes towards online privacy and anonymity among Israeli students. Our aim was to comparatively model men and women's online privacy attitudes, and to assess the online privacy gender gap. Method. Various factors related to the user's online privacy and anonymity were considered, such as awareness of anonymous threats made online, concern for protecting personal information on the Internet, online privacy self-efficacy, online privacy literacy and users' tendency to engage in privacy paradox behaviour, i.e., personal data disclosure despite the awareness of anonymity and privacy threats. Analysis. A user study was carried out among 169 Israeli academic students through a quantitative method using closed-ended questionnaires. The subjects' responses were analysed using standard statistical measures. We then proposed a summarized comparative model for the two sexes' online privacy behaviour. Results. We found that a digital gap still exists between men and women regarding technological knowledge and skills used to protect their identity and personal information on the Web. Interestingly, users' tendency to engage in privacy paradox behaviour was not higher among men despite their higher level of technological online privacy literacy compared to women. Conclusions. Women's relatively high online privacy self-efficacy level and their low awareness of technological threat do not match their relatively low technological online privacy literacy level. This leads to a lower ability to protect their identity and personal information as compared to men. We conclude that further steps should be taken to eliminate the inter-gender technological gap in online privacy and anonymity awareness and literacy.

Robin Klein, Erin D. Snyder, Jennifer Koch et al.

Abstract Introduction Evidence suggests gender disparities in medical education assessment, including differences in ratings of competency and narrative comments provided in resident performance assessments. This study explores how gender manifests within the content of qualitative assessments (i.e., narrative comments or performance feedback) of resident performance. Methods Qualitative content analysis was used to explore gender-based differences in narrative comments included in faculty assessments of resident performance during inpatient medicine rotations at six Internal Medicine residency programs, 2016–2017. A blinded, multi-analyst approach was employed to identify themes across comments. Patterns in themes with resident gender and post-graduate year (PGY) were explored, focusing on PGY2 and PGY3 when residents are serving in the team leader role. Results Data included 3,383 evaluations with narrative comments of 385 men (55.2%) and 313 women residents (44.8%). There were thematic differences in narrative comments received by men and women residents and how these themes manifested within comments changed with training time. Compared to men, comments about women had a persistent relationship-orientation and emphasized confidence over training including as interns and in PGY2 and PGY3, when serving as team leader. The relationship-orientation was characterized not only by the residents’ communal attributes but also their interpersonal and communication skills, including efforts supporting others and establishing the tone for the team. Comments about women residents often highlighted confidence, including recommendations around behaviors that convey confidence in decision-making and team leadership. Discussion There were gender-based thematic differences in qualitative assessments. Comments about women resident team leaders highlight relationship building skills and urge confidence and actions that convey confidence as team leader. Persistent attention to communal skills suggests gendered expectations for women resident team leaders and a lost opportunity for well-rounded feedback to the disadvantage of women residents. These findings may inform interventions to promote equitable assessment, such as providing feedback across the competencies.

Claudia Camedda, Gloria Bici, Camilla Elena Magi et al.

Chronic kidney disease affects many people around the world, leading those affected to replacement therapy such as hemodialysis. People who undergo hemodialysis generally undertake 2–3 treatments per week, lasting about 3–4 h each; patients spend many hours per week in contact with nurses, building a therapeutic relationship. The purpose of this work is to assess the quality of nurses’ perceived caring attitudes and behaviors and to determine their perceptions regarding the importance of the therapeutic relationship with the assisted patients. A self-reported questionnaire composed of three sections was administered to nurses; the first section included sociodemographic questions, the second the Caring Nurse–Patient Interaction Scale (CNPI-23), and the third part of the questionnaire was composed of open-ended questions investigating patients’ expectations according to nurses, the relevance of the therapeutic relationship on their work, and its effect on themselves and/or their own job satisfaction. Statistically significant correlations and trends have been observed between nurses’ sociodemographic data and the CNPI-23 items. In the clinical care area, nurses who have a post-basic degree or more years of experience feel more competent than those in other categories; in the relational care area, women tend to feel more competent than men. No correlations were found between the humanistic and comfort care areas. According to the results, the post-basic training of dialysis nurses and the adoption of organizational strategies that encourage nurse retention should be enhanced. This study was not registered.

Tomasz Stołtny, Michał Dobrakowski, Aleksander Augustyn et al.

Abstract Purpose Current epidemiological data forecast an almost 40% increase in the number of hip arthroplasty performed in the population of patients with osteoarthritis in 2060, compared to year 2018. On the basis of 10 years of observation, the failure rate after a metal-on-metal hip replacement is between 56.7 and 88.9%, depending on the used implant. Methods Seventy-six men operated using metaphyseal hip prostheses, with modular metal heads: the J&J DePuy ASR and Biomet Recap-Magnum systems, after a period of about 5–7 years after the procedure, were assessed twice (an interval of 6 months) in terms of the parameters of oxidative stress and the concentration of chromium, cobalt and ions nickel, as well as their impact on the current clinical status and quality of life. Results The mean values of the Co and Cr ion concentrations increased in a statistically significant manner at the individual stages of the study (13.20 Co and 18.16 Cr) for J&J DePuy ASR. Using the WOMAC-hip, HHS and SF-12 rating scales, the functional status of operated patients in both study groups did not change in a statistically significant manner during subsequent visits. There was a statistically significant increase in perceived pain in patients operated bilaterally with the J&J DePuy ASR system. The severity of pain could be related to the increase in the concentration of Co and Cr ions; however, it concerned a small group of bilaterally operated patients (n = 3 + n = 4). Conclusions Metal-on-metal configuration in hip arthroplasty significantly influences with the increase in the concentration of chromium and cobalt ions in a double assessment. A statistically significant increase in the concentration of the tested Co and Cr ions in the blood correlates with an increase in the intensity of pain, especially in patients undergoing bilateral surgery. The limitation of this study is the relatively small number of bilaterally operated patients. Elevated levels of Co and Cr ions in the blood of patients operated on with the J&J DePuy ASR system increased steadily during both follow-up visits.