Hasil untuk "Medieval history"

Christina Abel

Tre studiosi discutono il volume collettivo Carlo IV nell’Italia del Trecento. Il “savio signore” e la riformulazione del potere imperiale, curato da Daniela Rando ed Eva Schlotheuber e pubblicato nel 2022. Ognuno di loro affronta il tema dal punto di vista del proprio progetto di ricerca in corso.

Gerardo Fabián Rodríguez, Lidia Raquel Miranda

En el Archivo del Real Monasterio de Guadalupe (Extremadura) se conservan nueve códices de milagros atribuidos a Santa María de Guadalupe, conocidos como Los Milagros de Guadalupe, que contienen cerca de mil novecientos relatos que abarcan el dilatado lapso entre principios del siglo XV y casi mediados del siglo XVIII. Los relatos de devotos peregrinos, que ponen de relieve su piedad y votos a Santa María de Guadalupe, son recogidos por los monjes jerónimos, anónimos copistas encargados de expurgar de dichas vivencias toda connotación herética. El artículo analiza algunos relatos de esa colección referidos al tránsito entre la vida, la muerte y la resurrección, tema tradicional desde el cristianismo de los orígenes en el que la representación del cuerpo, los sentidos y las emociones constituye la base de un planteamiento espiritual que contribuye a acentuar el sentido devocional en la práctica religiosa. En ese marco, el trabajo registra los indicios textuales –en los planos retórico, literario y teológico– que revelan los intentos de los redactores de la colección por ceñir el sensorium devocional a la ortodoxia cristiana, es decir por orientarlo hacia el hagiosensorium. En relación con la representación de enfermos, muertos y resucitados, se presta especial atención a los contextos milagrosos en que dichos personajes aparecen y a la secuencia promesa realizada-gracia recibida-promesa cumplida, modelo de intercambio de dones y agradecimientos que, en términos generales, se reconoce en todas las fuentes examinadas.

Safari Safari

Historiography of Islam has often reflected the efforts to construct history distorted by political elements of power and the subjective interests of historians, hindering the presentation of the true historical facts. One of the pressing issues is how the use of the Arabic language in historical texts influences the understanding of Islamic historiography. This research aims to detail and analyze the characteristics of Islamic historiography during the medieval period, especially in the context of the Mamluk Dynasty, with a focus on the role of the Arabic language. The research methodology involves a literature review, examining various previous studies on Islamic historiography. The results of data analysis reveal characteristics of encyclopedic scholarship, the pivotal role of the Arabic language as the primary means of communication in constructing historical narratives, and the presence of creativity and originality in historical writings. Thus, this research makes a significant contribution to the development of theoretical frameworks for understanding the history of medieval Islam during the Mamluk period. This study is essential for delving into Islamic historiography of the past, especially in the context of the use of the Arabic language, to gain a deeper understanding of how Islamic history was recorded and conveyed during the Mamluk Dynasty. With this understanding, we can grasp the political, cultural, and social nuances that shaped the Islamic historical narrative during this period, while highlighting the crucial role of the Arabic language in this process.

Filipe Alves Moreira

This work systematizes the known data on the manuscript tradition of the Summary of the chronicles of the Portuguese Kings by Cristóvão Rodrigues Acenheiro, including the identification of the manuscripts used by the only existing edition (Academia das Ciências, 1824). It is argued that the base text of this edition was a 16th century copy belonging to the monastery of Alcobaça which, after being used by the Academia das Ciências, belonged to the Countess of Azambuja and it is currently in the Arquivo Distrital de Braga.

Lauren Greenspan

Based on string theory's framework, the gauge/gravity duality, also known as holography, has the ability to solve practical problems in low energy physical systems like metals and fluids. Holographic applications open a path for conversation and collaboration between the theory-driven, high energy culture of string theory and fields like nuclear and condensed matter physics, which in contrast place great emphasis on the empirical evidence that experiment provides. This paper takes a look at holography's history, from its roots in string theory to its present-day applications that are challenging the cultural identity of the field. I will focus on two of these applications: holographic QCD and holographic superconductivity, highlighting some of the (often incompatible) historical influences, motives, and epistemic values at play, as well as the subcultural shifts that help the collaborations work. The extent to which holographic research -- arguably string theory's most successful and prolific area -- must change its subcultural identity in order to function in fields outside of string theory reflects its changing nature and the field's uncertain future. Does string theory lose its identity in the low-energy applications that holography provides? Does holography still belong under string theory's umbrella, or is it destined to form new subcultures with each of its fields of application? I find that the answers to these questions are dynamic, interconnected, and highly dependent on string theory's relationship with its field of application. In some cases, holography can maintain the goals and values it inherited from string theory. In others, it instead adopts the goals and values of the field in which it is applied. These examples highlight a need for the STS community to expand its treatment of string theory beyond its relationship with empiricism and role as a theory of quantum gravity.

Elizabeth Lambourn

Potable, or “sweet,” water was the foundation stone of maritime provisioning and, by implication, route planning on all but the shortest voyages in the premodern world. Without it, maritime trade and all other forms of seaborne exchange and circulation were effectively impossible. Yet water sources and technologies of transportation have been comparatively neglected in Indian Ocean history and archaeology. This paper rereads data from the ninth-century section of the Akhbār al-Ṣīn wa-l-Hind (Accounts of China and India) alongside recent evidence from two contemporary shipwrecks to examine the spacing of watering stops and the technologies of water transportation employed on long-distance sailings between the Gulf and Chinese ports. Working from the 2021 publication of the volumetric capacity of a group of so-called torpedo jars excavated in Thailand, this article proposes some preliminary quantitative estimates of the volume of freshwater, and thus the number of water jars, required on board vessels at the time. In so doing it raises important questions about the portability and handling of torpedo jars as well as the varied uses and reuses of such transport jars. Weaving passages from the Akhbār with information on ceramic remains from the Phanom Surin and Belitung wrecks, this article aims to start a conversation about the very real physical and physiological parameters that underlay Indian Ocean connectivity and the water transportation technologies that underpinned them. 

Santiago Francisco Barreiro

El presente artículo analiza la relación entre poesía y economía en la Saga de Egill, hijo de Grímr el calvo, extenso texto de prosímetro producido en Islandia en la primera mitad del siglo XIII. El estudio discute el papel de la versificación como actividad económica, así como la información relativa a las actividades de producción, consumo e intercambio referidas en los distintos poemas insertos en la saga. Además, considera la relación entre la información sobre el aspecto material de la vida expuesto en la prosa de la saga y su contraparte en verso. El análisis indica que son generalmente congruentes, dando a la audiencia en este aspecto una impresión general de uniformidad narrativa e ideológica.

Trepavlov V.V.

Research objectives: The author makes an attempt to determine the correctness of the emphasis in the Russian name of the Khanate Taht Eli – Bol’shaya (Great) or Bol’shaya (Greater) Horde; to check the connection of this name with the Mongolian and Turkic designations of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Khanate. Research materials: Russian, Lithuanian, and Crimean diplomatic correspondence from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries; Russian medieval chronicles and other works; works of European authors of the sixteenth century; Turkic, Mongolian, and Persian histo­rical works from the thirteenth to eighteenth centuries; Golden Horde yarlyqs; monuments of Tatar and Kazakh folklore, historiography of the problem under study. Results and novelty of the research: The author concludes that the designation “Great Horde” (Bol’shaya) existed in Russian speech of the fifteenth century. This conclusion has to be justified, since, firstly, it seemed obvious and therefore had never been argued in historiography. Secondly, it must be discussed due to the recently proposed variant pronunciation ‘Bol’shaya’ (Greater Horde). The analyzed Russian name of Takht eli was a translation of one of the versions of the official name of the Jochi Ulus and at the same time, it repeated the distorted name of the Mongol Empire. The possible origins of the Russian name of the Jochi Ulus, the ‘Golden Horde’, are also to be found within the imperial history of the Mongols.

Kristof Petrovay

The first determination of the surface temperature of stars other than the Sun is due to the Hungarian astrophysicist Béla Harkányi. Prompted by the recent unprecedented increase in the availability of stellar temperature estimates from Gaia, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of Harkányi's birth, this article presents the life and work of this neglected, yet remarkable figure in the context of the history of stellar astrophysics.

Kuan Wang, Yao-Yuan Mao, Andrew R. Zentner et al.

The concentration parameter is a key characteristic of a dark matter halo that conveniently connects the halo's present-day structure with its assembly history. Using 'Dark Sky', a suite of cosmological $N$-body simulations, we investigate how halo concentration evolves with time and emerges from the mass assembly history. We also explore the origin of the scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. We show that the evolution of halo concentration has two primary modes: (1) smooth increase due to pseudo-evolution; and (2) intense responses to physical merger events. Merger events induce lasting and substantial changes in halo structures, and we observe a universal response in the concentration parameter. We argue that merger events are a major contributor to the uncertainty in halo concentration at fixed halo mass and formation time. In fact, even haloes that are typically classified as having quiescent formation histories experience multiple minor mergers. These minor mergers drive small deviations from pseudo-evolution, which cause fluctuations in the concentration parameters and result in effectively irreducible scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. Hence, caution should be taken when using present-day halo concentration parameter as a proxy for the halo assembly history, especially if the recent merger history is unknown.

Fulvio Delle Donne

Costanza d’Altavilla ha goduto di grande fortuna nell’immaginario letterario. Dante la rese una delle protagoniste del canto III del Paradiso, veicolando alcune fantasiose dicerie: in particolare, diffuse la notizia che fu suora. Rimase a lungo nubile e generò il suo unico figlio, il futuro imperatore Federico II, quando era già quarantenne, anche se alcune fonti le accrebbero gli anni fino a 55 e oltre. È possibile che proprio da queste radici sia scaturita la voce della monacazione di Costanza, resa immortale dai versi danteschi, dai suoi commentatori più antichi e da Boccaccio. In questo articolo si indagano le vie di diffusione di tali racconti, compreso quello, assolutamente fantastico, che Costanza partorì sulla pubblica piazza: tali racconti si svilupparono soprattutto in Italia centro-settentrionale, nell’epoca dello scontro che oppose il papato e i Comuni a Federico II e a suo figlio Manfredi, e si differenziano notevolmente rispetto a quelli diffusi in Italia meridionale.

Krzysztof J. Cios

Introduction to deep neural networks and their history.

Tom Hess, Sivan Sabato

We define a new selection problem, \emph{Selecting with History}, which extends the secretary problem to a setting with historical information. We propose a strategy for this problem and calculate its success probability in the limit of a large sequence.

Lorenzo Ornaghi

Large periods of history are usually characterized by equally important moments of change in scientific knowledge and, in particular, in the understanding of political power. We still need to study in depth whether the former provokes (almost of out necessity) the latter, or whether they are “great” because they are favored by the innovation of the paradigms of knowledge. The passage from medieval universalism to the particularism of the modern age represents an extremely interesting analogy when compared to the transformations that are now underway. The example of John of Salisbury’s Policratus, the starting point of this article, is illuminating in our comprehension of the relevance of the interweaving between the persistence of the ancient forms of recognition of power and the search for new forms. The existence of glocal realities is already a fact. Even if it is relatively easy to recognize these realities (a business, a university, a humanitarian association, not a few of the same “parts” which constitute the traditional organization of the State), it is more difficult to define the specific characteristics of the power at their disposal. Moving from the widening gap between “actual” power and “potential” power, the article examines the motives for which the classical definitions of power are always becoming more insufficient in understanding the role now emerging from glocal realities. And, in particular, by looking at how the “command-obedience” relationship is changing also as a consequence of communication networks and information technology, the article analyzes that specific “contamination” within global elements and local elements, which seems to be the main base of glocal political power.

A. Lefèvere

M. Carme Gombau Domingo

En l’àmbit de la premsa tortosina en català del primer terç del segle xx es donen dues actituds lingüístiques: la fabriana i la tortosinista. La primera, partidària del model de llengua de l’IEC, era minoritària als anys vint però es generalitza a partir dels anys trenta (La Veu de Tortosa, La Veu Comarcal, Ara, Acció, Vida Tortosina i Lluita); mentre que el tortosinisme, que es correspon amb una ideologia cada cop més localista i que eleva el «parlar tortosí» a la categoria de llengua, queda reduït durant la II República a tres revistes bilingües: La Zuda, Germanor i La Santa Cinta. There were two linguistic actitudes in the tortosine press of the first third in the 20th century: the fabriana amb the tortosinista. The fabriana, in favour of the IEC linguistic model, was in minority during the 20’s, but it became widespread from the 30’s (La Veu de Tortosa, La Veu Comarcal, Ara, Acció, Vida Tortosina i Lluita). The second, the tortosinista, had a local ideology and compared the tortosinisme talk as a complet language, but it was reduced during the ii Republic to three magazines: La Zuda, Germanor i La Santa Cinta.

Irene Bueno

Presentando la storia dei Mongoli in prospettiva armena, la Flor des estoires de la terre d’Orient di Het‘um da Korykos (1307) portò in Occidente informazioni prima sconosciute sulla storia, la geografia e l’etnografia dell’Asia, acquisendo rapidamente un’enorme popolarità. Questo saggio analizza la prima circolazione dell’opera, avvenuta in quello spazio culturalmente vivace e dinamico che fu la corte dei papi di Avignone. Sotto l’impulso di autori veneziani legati alla curia, come Marino Sanudo e Paolino da Venezia, la Flor conobbe significativi slittamenti interpretativi, prestandosi ad attraversare contesti di ricezione e generi testuali ed aprendosi a nuovi modi di usare il resoconto storico.

Anton Daitche

The history force is one of the hydrodynamic forces which act on a particle moving through a fluid. It is an integral over the full time history of the particle's motion and significantly complicates the equations of motion (accordingly it is often neglected). We present here a study of the influence of this force on particles moving in a turbulent flow, for a wide range of particle parameters. It is shown that the magnitude of history force can be significant and that it can have a considerable effect on the particles' slip velocity, acceleration, preferential concentration and collision rate. We also investigate the parameter dependence of the strength of these effects.

Danor Aharon, Alessandra Mastrobuono Battisti, Hagai B. Perets

The tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole (MBH) is thought to produce a transient luminous event. Such tidal disruption events (TDEs) may play an important role in the detection and characterization of MBHs and probe the properties and dynamics of their nuclear stellar clusters (NSCs) hosts. Previous studies estimated the recent rates of TDEs in the local universe. However, the long-term evolution of the rates throughout the history of the universe has been hardly explored. Here we consider the TDE history, using evolutionary models for the evolution of galactic nuclei. We use a 1D Fokker-Planck approach to explore the evolution of MBH-hosting NSCs, and obtain the disruption rates of stars during their evolution. We complement these with an analysis of TDEs history based on N-body simulation data, and find them to be comparable. We consider NSCs that are built-up from close-in star-formation (SF) or from SF/clusters-dispersal far-out, a few pc from the MBH. We also explore cases where primordial NSCs exist and later evolve through additional star-formation/cluster-dispersal processes. We study the dependence of the TDE history on the type of galaxy, as well as the dependence on the MBH mass. These provide several scenarios, with a continuous increase of the TDE rates over time for cases of far-out SF and a more complex behavior for the close-in SF cases. Finally, we integrate the TDE histories of the various scenarios to provide a total TDE history of the universe, which can be potentially probed with future large surveys (e.g. LSST).