L. Thomas van Binsbergen, Marten C. Steketee, Milen G. Kebede
et al.
Compliance with the GDPR privacy regulation places a significant burden on organisations regarding the handling of personal data. The perceived efforts and risks of complying with the GDPR further increase when data processing activities span across organisational boundaries, as is the case in both small-scale data sharing settings and in large-scale international data spaces. This paper addresses these concerns by proposing a case-generic method for automated normative reasoning that establishes legal arguments for the lawfulness of data processing activities. The arguments are established on the basis of case-specific legal qualifications made by privacy experts, bringing the human in the loop. The obtained expert system promotes transparency and accountability, remains adaptable to extended or altered interpretations of the GDPR, and integrates into novel or existing distributed data processing systems. This result is achieved by defining a formal ontology and semantics for automated normative reasoning based on an analysis of the purpose-limitation principle of the GDPR. The ontology and semantics are implemented in eFLINT, a domain-specific language for specifying and reasoning with norms. The XACML architecture standard, applicable to both access and usage control, is extended, demonstrating how GDPR-based normative reasoning can integrate into (existing, distributed) systems for data processing. The resulting system is designed and critically assessed in reference to requirements extracted from the GPDR.
We extend the isolated horizon formalism to include rotating black holes arising in five dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) theory of gravity, and derive the laws of black hole mechanics. This result allows us to show that the first law of black hole mechanics is modified, due to the Gauss-Bonnet term, so as to include corrections to (i) the area of horizon cross-sections and, to (ii) the expression of horizon angular momentum. Once these modifications are included, the Hamiltonian generates an evolution on the space of solutions of the EGB theory admitting isolated horizon as an internal boundary, the consequence of which is the first law of black hole mechanics. These boundary conditions may help in the search for exact solutions describing rotating black holes in this theory.
Artificial intelligence is reshaping science, society, and power. Yet many debates over its likely impact remain fixated on extremes: utopian visions of universal benefit and dystopian fears of existential doom, or an arms race between the U.S. and China, or the Global North and Global South. What's missing is a serious conversation about distribution - who gains, who loses, and who decides. The global AI landscape is increasingly defined not just by geopolitical divides, but by the deepening imbalance between public governance and private control. As governments struggle to keep up, power is consolidating in the hands of a few tech firms whose influence now rivals that of states. If the twentieth century saw the rise of international institutions, the twenty-first may be witnessing their eclipse - replaced not by a new world order, but by a digital oligarchy. This essay explores what that shift means for international law, global equity, and the future of democratic oversight in an age of silicon sovereignty.
João Vicente Nunes Leal, Rodrigo Valente Giublin Teixeira
O artigo tematiza a responsabilidade civil do transportador e a cláusula de incolumidade no contexto do Direito Civil brasileiro, perspectivando o dano moral causado ao passageiro do transporte terrestre vítima de bala perdida em área urbana sabidamente perigosa à luz dos precedentes do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). Nesta ordem de ideias, pretende-se apontar quais os parâmetros legais adotados pelo STJ para afastar a excludente de responsabilidade do transportador, por ato ilícito de terceiro, na hipótese de dano causado a passageiro, vítima de bala perdida, em área sabidamente perigosa. O objetivo geral é, após analisar os precedentes do STJ sobre a responsabilidade civil do transportador, por ato ilícito de terceiro, identificar os fundamentos utilizados para condenar as empresas transportadoras por dano causado a passageiro vítima de bala perdida em área sabidamente perigosa. Nesse sentido, os objetivos específicos serão elencar os aspectos conceituais, estruturais e características do Contrato de Transporte de Passageiros e da Cláusula de Incolumidade inseridos no ordenamento brasileiro; em seguida examinar os pressupostos e requisitos legais da responsabilidade civil no contrato de transporte coletivo urbano de passageiros, no ordenamento jurídico nacional, identificando os fundamentos adotados pelo STJ para a fixação da responsabilidade civil do transportador por dano causado ao passageiro e mais adiante confrontar os pressupostos fáticos com os legais, a partir de julgados paradigmáticos do STJ, para identificar os elementos indispensáveis para fixar a responsabilidade civil do transportador por dano moral causado ao passageiro decorrente de bala perdida em área urbana sabidamente perigosa.
Many liberal egalitarians argue that workers today are subjected to the authority of their bosses and that justice demands that the employment relationship be reformed. But why? What is unjust is not subjection to authority as such but subjection without adequate justification. In this article, I argue that the justificatory demand raised by subjection to workplace authority has not been well understood, primarily because the nature of the subjection itself has been misunderstood. According to the standard view, workplace subjection consists in the fact that managers issue orders backed by sanctions. I challenge this view by reconstructing the libertarian-economic theory of the firm, which construes managerial authority simply as a division of labor. I propose an alternative account, according to which workplace subjection consists in living under a society-wide arrangement that compels most workers to work under a boss. My argument reorients theorizing about justice at work from a narrow focus on corporate governance towards a broader theory of a just social system, incorporating the role of the state, class, the power of investors, and the social purpose of labor.
Hugo Alberto Tavarez Alvarado, Karla Villarreal Sotelo, Fabiola Peña-Cárdenas
La seguridad de los ciudadanos siempre ha sido de importancia mayúscula para el buen funcionamiento de una sociedad, si el Estado es incapaz de proporcionar seguridad a sus gobernados estaría fallando a su principio fundador. El estado ha implementado a lapolicía como medio para salvaguardar a la ciudadanía, pero está documentadala transgresión de derechos humanos por parte de policías. ¿Qué causa que los elementos policiales falten a su labor primordial, de proteger y garantizar los derechos de la ciudadanía, y en cambio transgredan los derechos fundamentales de cada ser humano? El objetivo del presente estudio es responder a la pregunta anterior mediante la exploración de la investigación académica realizada en distintos estudios, generando una síntesis que coadyuve al entendimiento del porqué de las violaciones a los derechos humanos por parte de policías. La conclusión alcanzada refiere la complejidad y multifactorialidad presente en los procesos de interacción ciudadano-policíaque terminan en la violación de derechos humanos, logrando identificar factores de riesgo de carácter biológico, ambiental, estructural, culturales, entre otros.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Los desafíos a los que nos somete el discurso de los derechos humanos en la actualidad son múltiples y complejos: desde la mejora de los sistemas de protección y garantía de éstos a nivel legislativo hasta la relevancia del poder judicial como impulsor. Sin embargo, los retos no concluyen en lo expuesto, sino que se requiere abordar con urgencia la revisión crítica de las libertades individuales en interacción con los derechos sociales, sexuales y medioambientales. Este objetivo obliga en este artículo a plantearse la crítica al Estado nación y la teorización de un nuevo modelo de Estado, en el que la subjetividad y la ciudadanía queden fuertemente reconocidas y protegidas. Asimismo, entendemos que potenciar una ciudadanía adulta exige conformar, ante todo, una ciudadanía responsable de las consecuencias de sus actos y decisiones, sin olvidar la responsabiliad política que por la (in)justicia se tiene tanto a nivel individual como colectivo.
Our project aims at helping and supporting stakeholders in refugee status adjudications, such as lawyers, judges, governing bodies, and claimants, in order to make better decisions through data-driven intelligence and increase the understanding and transparency of the refugee application process for all involved parties. This PhD project has two primary objectives: (1) to retrieve past cases, and (2) to analyze legal decision-making processes on a dataset of Canadian cases. In this paper, we present the current state of our work, which includes a completed experiment on part (1) and ongoing efforts related to part (2). We believe that NLP-based solutions are well-suited to address these challenges, and we investigate the feasibility of automating all steps involved. In addition, we introduce a novel benchmark for future NLP research in refugee law. Our methodology aims to be inclusive to all end-users and stakeholders, with expected benefits including reduced time-to-decision, fairer and more transparent outcomes, and improved decision quality.
Júlio César Costa Ferro, Laura Cunha Gonçalves Simões Augusto
O presente ensaio visa discutir o interesse de agir no incidente de desconsideração da personalidade jurídica previsto no Código de Processo Civil e a sua relação com a insolvência da sociedade. Para tanto, será analisada a decisão tomada pela Quarta Turma do Superior Tribunal de Justiça no REsp nº 1.729.554/SP que versou sobre matéria. Serão abordadas também as opiniões doutrinárias sobre o tema e os contrapontos ao entendimento do Superior Tribunal de Justiça para que seja possível uma avaliação da decisão em comento.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Power-law distributions are essential in computational and statistical investigations of extreme events and complex systems. The usual technique to generate power-law distributed data is to first infer the scale exponent $α$ using the observed data of interest and then sample from the associated distribution. This approach has important limitations because it relies on a fixed $α$ (e.g., it has limited applicability in testing the {\it family} of power-law distributions) and on the hypothesis of independent observations (e.g., it ignores temporal correlations and other constraints typically present in complex systems data). Here we propose a constrained surrogate method that overcomes these limitations by choosing uniformly at random from a set of sequences exactly as likely to be observed under a discrete power-law as the original sequence (i.e., regardless of $α$) and by showing how additional constraints can be imposed in the sequence (e.g., the Markov transition probability between states). This non-parametric approach involves redistributing observed prime factors to randomize values in accordance with a power-law model but without restricting ourselves to independent observations or to a particular $α$. We test our results in simulated and real data, ranging from the intensity of earthquakes to the number of fatalities in disasters.
Sayantani Bhattacharyya, Parthajit Biswas, Anirban Dinda
et al.
We consider diffeomorphism invariant theories of gravity with arbitrary higher derivative terms in the Lagrangian as corrections to the leading two derivative theory of Einstein's general relativity. We construct a proof of the zeroth law of black hole thermodynamics in such theories. We assume that a stationary black hole solution in an arbitrary higher derivative theory can be obtained by starting with the corresponding stationary solution in general relativity and correcting it order by order in a perturbative expansion in the coupling constants of the higher derivative Lagrangian. We prove that surface gravity remains constant on its horizon when computed for such stationary black holes, which is the zeroth law. We argue that the constancy of surface gravity on the horizon is related to specific components of the equations of motion in such theories. We further use a specific boost symmetry of the near horizon space-time of the stationary black hole to constrain the off-shell structure of the equations of motion. Our proof for the zeroth law is valid up to arbitrary order in the expansion in the higher derivative couplings.
This expansive volume is a celebration of Professor Matthew Kramer. The contributions focus on Kramer’s work on legal philosophy, metaethics, normative ethics, and political philosophy. The volume is divided into six parts, each focusing on a different aspect of Kramer’s work. The first part, Rights and Right-holding, contains five essays addressing Kramer’s work on rights and right-holding, including the Hohfeldian analysis and the interest theory of right-holding. The four essays in the second part, General Jurisprudence, focus on Kramer’s work in general jurisprudence, from the compatibility of legal positivism with universal legal error, to his robust defense of inclusive legal positivism, concluding with reflections on his writings on the rule of law. The third part, General Matters of Ethics, contains two essays addressing Kramer’s metaethical work on moral realism as a moral doctrine. The fourth and fifth parts, Freedom and Liberalism, have four essays falling within political philosophy, probing Kramer’s work on negative freedom and political liberalism, respectively. The sixth part, Applied Ethics, contains two essays on Kramer’s work on capital punishment and freedom of expression. The collection is rounded off by reflections on, and replies to, the contributions by Kramer himself.
Professional identity formation of law students ideally encompasses both development of the necessary attributes of lawyers as well as a robust philosophy to inform the character of their engagement with the justice system throughout their career. Susan Brooks’ Wholehearted Lawyering teaching principles and practices provide a sound basis for developing the complex core personal, interpersonal, and relational skills necessary for law students and lawyers to maximise constructive interactions within the legal system. Vulnerability Theory and Therapeutic Jurisprudence too, provide sound principles to guide students’ and lawyers’ purposeful engagement with the legal system, particularly to facilitate greater access to justice through resilience-building and therapeutic contributions and impacts. This article proposes an Inside/Out pedagogy that develops students’ awareness of these necessary personal and interpersonal attributes (the Inside) and that provides a framework for purposive engagement grounded in improving access to justice (the Out). This pedagogy systematically embeds both Brooks’ Wholehearted Lawyering scholarship to develop students’ core professional attributes, and principles drawn from Vulnerability Theory and Therapeutic Jurisprudence to stimulate students to crystallise their own purpose as lawyers. The article then examines the development and application of this pedagogy in an Australian legal clinic established in 2020 at Western Sydney University in New South Wales, Australia.
From the perspective of legal theory, there are two types of cases for judges to decide: “easy cases” and “hard cases”. This line of thought relates to cases that are decided by humans. The last few years have seen rapid progress in the development of artificial intelligence, and an increasing number of ideas have been put forward that envisage the transfer of algorithmic task execution to the world of law. Legal theory and jurisprudence are interdependent, and a solution needs to be found to the question of how much algorithms can reduce the burden on the judiciary in the application of the law. This problem is not alien to legal theory, since the idea of law as an axiomatic system and the idea of judgment machines was already present in Leibniz’s philosophy.
A century ago the pragmatists called for reconstruction in philosophy. Philosophy at the time was occupied with conceptual analysis, abstractions, a priori analysis, and the pursuit of necessary, universal truths. Pragmatists argued that philosophy instead should center on the pressing problems of the day, which requires theorists to pay attention to social complexity, variation, change, power, consequences, and other concrete aspects of social life. The parallels between philosophy then and jurisprudence today are striking, as I show, calling for a pragmatism-informed theory of law within contemporary jurisprudence. In the wake of H.L.A. Hart’s mid-century turn to conceptual analysis, “during the course of the twentieth century, the boundaries of jurisprudential inquiry were progressively narrowed.”1 Jurisprudence today is dominated by legal philosophers engaged in conceptual analysis built on intuitions, seeking to identify essential features and timeless truths about law. In the pursuit of these objectives, they detach law from its social and historical moorings, they ignore variation and change, they drastically reduce law to a singular phenomenon—like a coercive planning system for difficult moral problems2—and they deny that coercive force is a universal feature of law, among other ways in which they depart from the reality of law; a few prominent jurisprudents even proffer arguments that invoke aliens or societies of angels.
O artigo pretende contribuir para o esclarecimento dos fundamentos dogmáticos e doutrinários do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas no Brasil e na Alemanha, tomando como ponto de partida o exame de aspectos fundamentais da ordem jurídica de cada um desses países. O artigo também pretende contribuir para o exame da prática do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas, tomando como exemplo duas decisões significativas: no Brasil, a Reclamação no 4.374/PE, que tinha como pano de fundo o benefício de prestação continuada previsto na Lei Orgânica de Assistência Social; e, na Alemanha, o caso Hartz IV, que versava sobre as prestações regulares da assistência fundamental para quem procura emprego. Ao final, apresentam-se algumas conclusões obtidas por meio da comparação de direito.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Sayantani Bhattacharyya, Prateksh Dhivakar, Anirban Dinda
et al.
We construct a proof of the second law of thermodynamics in an arbitrary diffeomorphism invariant theory of gravity working within the approximation of linearized dynamical fluctuations around stationary black holes. We achieve this by establishing the existence of an entropy current defined on the horizon of the dynamically perturbed black hole in such theories. By construction, this entropy current has non-negative divergence, suggestive of a mechanism for the dynamical black hole to approach a final equilibrium configuration via entropy production as well as the spatial flow of it on the null horizon. This enables us to argue for the second law in its strongest possible form, which has a manifest locality at each space-time point. We explicitly check that the form of the entropy current that we construct in this paper exactly matches with previously reported expressions computed considering specific four derivative theories of higher curvature gravity. Using the same set up we also provide an alternative proof of the physical process version of the first law applicable to arbitrary higher derivative theories of gravity.