Hasil untuk "Human settlements. Communities"

George Wittemyer, P. Elsen, William T. Bean et al.

S. Hobbie, N. Grimm

Managing and adapting to climate change in urban areas will become increasingly important as urban populations grow, especially because unique features of cities amplify climate change impacts. High impervious cover exacerbates impacts of climate warming through urban heat island effects and of heavy rainfall by magnifying runoff and flooding. Concentration of human settlements along rivers and coastal zones increases exposure of people and infrastructure to climate change hazards, often disproportionately affecting those who are least prepared. Nature-based strategies (NBS), which use living organisms, soils and sediments, and/or landscape features to reduce climate change hazards, hold promise as being more flexible, multi-functional and adaptable to an uncertain and non-stationary climate future than traditional approaches. Nevertheless, future research should address the effectiveness of NBS for reducing climate change impacts and whether they can be implemented at scales appropriate to climate change hazards and impacts. Further, there is a need for accurate and comprehensive cost–benefit analyses that consider disservices and co-benefits, relative to grey alternatives, and how costs and benefits are distributed across different communities. NBS are most likely to be effective and fair when they match the scale of the challenge, are implemented with input from diverse voices and are appropriate to specific social, cultural, ecological and technological contexts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.

Karam M. Al-Obaidi, Hossein Omrany

Abdur Rahman Jami, Abid Haleem

Arsene Balasha

Introduction Wetlands are among the most critical and produc­tive ecosystems, providing a wide range of ecosys­tem services that support ecological stability and the livelihoods of many communities (Chuma et al., 2024; Johnes et al., 2020). Recent research by Chuma et al. (2024) has developed a typology of wetlands in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), differentiating between peatlands, swamps, inland valleys, and marshes. In this viewpoint, I focus on marshes—fragile ecosystems character­ized by water-saturated soils and dominated by herbaceous plants such as grasses and reeds—which are cleared and drained annually to establish crop fields in eastern DRC. Marshlands contain rich alluvial soils with high organic matter and nutrient content, enriched by runoff from nearby hills, making them lands of economic and agro­nomic interest for rural communities (Johnes et al., 2020; Verhoeven & Setter, 2010). But what drives the use of marshland areas in South Kivu Province, DRC, despite their status as fragile ecosystems intended to be preserved? . . .

Back Matter

sub\urban Redaktion

Ein aktueller Blick auf die globale politische Landschaft ergibt ein beunruhigendes Bild: Autokratische Tendenzen, Nationalismus, Faschismus und rechter Populismus sind auf dem Vormarsch. In dieser Situation ist es wichtiger denn je, dass wir als kritische Stadtforschende unsere Stimme erheben und uns den regressiven Tendenzen entgegenstellen. Zu analysieren sind die Ursachen und Mechanismen des Rechtsrucks und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Städte und ihre Bewohner_innen. Dabei ist es wichtig, dass wir uns nicht von den Anfeindungen einschüchtern lassen, sondern unsere Forschungsergebnisse weiterhin öffentlichkeitswirksam kommunizieren. Zudem wird es wichtig sein, sich mit anderen kritischen Wissenschaftler_innen und Aktivist_innen zu vernetzen und uns gemeinsam zugunsten derjenigen einzusetzen, die durch Kapitalismus, durch Rassismus, durch Gender- und Sexualitätsregime, durch Ableismus sowie durch andere hegemoniale Strukturen marginalisiert werden. Als Zeitschrift für kritische Stadtforschung bieten und verteidigen wir einen Raum für Debatten, Analysen und Interventionen, die Ausdruck einer solchen politischen Praxis sind.

M. Afif Khoiruddin, Agus Suman, Ferry Prasetyia et al.

Despite growing attention to child poverty in developing countries, limited empirical evidence exists on how household labor informality contributes to multidimensional child poverty in Indonesia. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between employment status and child deprivation using nationally representative data from the 2022 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). Multidimensional child poverty is measured through seven deprivation indicators following the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis framework. Using binary and multinomial logit regressions, we estimate the effects of formal, informal, and self-employment (in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors) on children’s poverty status across national, rural, and urban contexts. Our findings reveal that informal employment is consistently associated with higher risks of multidimensional child poverty, particularly in rural areas. In contrast, formal employment and non-agricultural self-employment reduce poverty risks. Socio-demographic characteristics such as parental education, number of children, and single-parent status also play a critical role in shaping child deprivation. Access to social protection significantly mitigates poverty risks. The results highlight two critical policy insights: the need to facilitate transitions from informal to formal employment especially in rural areas, and the importance of integrating inclusive social protection programs that target vulnerable households to break intergenerational cycles of poverty.

Collins Muhame, A. Ncube, Y. Bahta

Governments cannot effectively manage and handle disasters, particularly at the local community level, without actively engaging vulnerable people. The key to achieving sustainability in disaster recovery is community participation and information dissemination. The informal settlements’ lack of access to information and public engagement hampered their ability to recovery, thus prompting this study. Therefore, many cities and intervention partnerships faced information and participation gaps in disaster risk reduction (DRR). The study’s rationale was to determine the participation and communication of Khayalitjha household heads, regarding DRR information dissemination for sustainable human settlement, using a cross-sectional household survey of 295 household heads from Khayalitjha in situ informal settlement in the Free State provinces of South Africa. The security of dwelling unit tenure concept was an indirect indicator used to measure social resilience. The key findings revealed that community volunteers, ward committee members and most of the respondents, were responsible for initiating the DRR and disaster preparedness planning process. This indicated that local government needs to strengthen the human resource capacity building for DRR management information dissemination at a local level. The church, school, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram were the preferred modes of communication for early warnings of disaster information. Contribution Despite advocating for a multidisciplinary stakeholder approach, urban DRR studies tend to ignore communities in high disaster-risk areas. Employing social resilience, it aims to extend the DRR information dissemination strategy to in situ informal settlements beyond the communication and public participation advocacy strategies of local municipal urban cities.

Dwi Wahyuningtyas, Nuriyatul Hamidah, Wahyu Kyestiati Sumarno et al.

Trenggalek has more than 30 tourist villages that have been intensively built since 2020, including Desa Wisata Jajar Gumregah. This village was chosen as one of the 300 best tourism villages in Anugerah Desa Wisata (ADWI) 2023. This year, one of the tourist villages proposed by the Trenggalek government was Desa Wisata Jajar Gumregah. This tourist village has much potential for development, including cultural tourism. Cultural tourism in this tourist village can be developed into storynomics tourism. To develop storynomics tourism in Desa Wisata Jajar Gumregah, the community service team from UPN “Veteran” Jawa Timur then initiated and held a program called “Storytelling for Tour Guide” in Desa Wisata Jajar Gumregah, Trenggalek. The program was successfully held on the 25th – 26th of June 2023 at Pendopo Desa Wisata Jajar Gumregah, attended by around 35 participants. They came from diverse backgrounds, from senior high school to undergraduate level. The success was proven by the participation and involvement of the participants in the discussion sessions and the publications made. In the future, the improvement of the storytelling skills of tour guides can boost the tourism sector in the area.

Ítalo Dantas de Araújo Maia, Alexandre Augusto Bezerra da Cunha Castro, Edja Bezerra Faria Trigueiro et al.

O estudo apresentado neste artigo está inserido no campo investigativo da Análise Sintática do Espaço, em particular quanto ao emprego de simulação de mudanças na configuração urbana por meio da investigação de possíveis impactos socioespaciais da construção de uma nova ponte em Natal. O problema de pesquisa centra-se em identificar ganhos e perdas de acessibilidade após realizadas as intervenções e em questionar quem seria o público mais favorecido com tais mudanças. Para tanto, foram modeladas representações (mapas de segmentos) da malha viária da área urbana contínua de Natal, simulando-se um cenário transformado pela introdução da ponte. Valores de acessibilidade origem-destino (NAIN) e de atravessamento (NACH), referentes às situações de antes e depois, foram comparados a dados censitários relativos a padrões de distribuição de renda em Natal. Os resultados apontam para a redistribuição de vetores de alta integração da periferia para o centro geométrico (bairro Potengi) da Região Administrativa Norte de Natal, e para o aumento da acessibilidade em áreas antigas de ocupação (Cidade Alta e Alecrim), potencialmente estendendo-se ao sítio definido como o centro histórico de Natal (Cidade Alta/Ribeira). O atual centro topológico da cidade, na região Leste/Sul, mais rica economicamente, é fortalecido. Como exposto em estudos anteriores, alguns referidos neste artigo, os efeitos de ganho de acessibilidade em centros antigos têm suscitado transformações às vezes radicais do cenário construído, raramente condizentes com a noção de preservação de bens culturais.

Paola Nardone, Iacopo Odoardi, Assia Liberatore et al.

Promoting education is a priority for most of the world’s governments, but, in some cases, beneficial access to school curricula and student achievement is influenced by the socioeconomic background. We investigate the influence of many aspects of the Italian socioeconomic background on school achievement, specifically on mathematical capabilities, at two school levels (primary and secondary) by using regional data over the period 2013-2019. Italy is a country with a solid scholastic tradition that, especially in the past, had a strong imprint mainly of humanistic and social culture. Investments are currently being made in human capital (HC), particularly in the scientific, mathematical and computer fields; however, the results vary according to region. The results show that in the central-northern regions, a virtuous circle of HC enrichment can be triggered, while in the southern regions, economic support is necessary. In addition, we observe that a sort of family safety net (a form of social capital) could play a positive role in sustaining the students’ learning efforts in the southern area. It seems that the different support for school education that underlies the Italian “NorthSouth problem” is one of the causes of the gap in the local levels of HC development.

Oana Teodora Moldovan, Oana Teodora Moldovan, Oana Teodora Moldovan et al.

Over the last thousands of years, human impact led to significant changes in the landscape, with impacts on the environment and the functioning of the ecosystems. We assumed that even small human settlements developed around water bodies might have a substantial impact that surpasses the natural cycles of climate change in an area, especially linked to forest cutting. We have chosen a temporary lake in the Romanian Carpathians as temporary lakes are overlooked in paleoclimatic studies, although they have potential as hotspots for paleoenvironmental research studies. Zăton Lake has exposed riverbank sediments dated with radioactive lead and optical stimulated luminescence techniques, analyzed for sediments and paleomagnetism, and sampled for fossil Oribatida mites. The results show that for the last 2,200 years, natural cycles of warm and cold periods changed the oribatid communities around the lake, with warmer cycles of rich fauna alternating with poor fauna during colder periods. However, in the last few centuries, the increased human occupation in the area replaced the ecologically diverse fauna with eurytopic taxa, more similar to the colder periods of the environmental evolution around the lake. Even if the human occupation around the lake was negligible, probably a few hundred to ∼2,500 people as in the present, the impact on the area is drastic, with ecologically nonspecific species becoming dominant. In conclusion, even small and temporary water bodies can contain unique and valuable information on past histories of climate change and human impacts. At regional scales, the combined effects of climate change and long-term human impacts in local areas can have deleterious effects on invertebrate species and communities.

Mark Lipson, M. Spriggs, F. Valentin et al.

The archipelago of Vanuatu has been at the crossroads of human population movements in the Pacific for the past three millennia. To help address several open questions regarding the history of these movements, we generated genome-wide data for 11 ancient individuals from the island of Efate dating from its earliest settlement to the recent past, including five associated with the Chief Roi Mata's Domain World Heritage Area, and analyzed them in conjunction with 34 published ancient individuals from Vanuatu and elsewhere in Oceania, as well as present-day populations. Our results outline three distinct periods of population transformations. First, the four earliest individuals, from the Lapita-period site of Teouma, are concordant with eight previously described Lapita-associated individuals from Vanuatu and Tonga in having almost all of their ancestry from a "First Remote Oceanian" source related to East and Southeast Asians. Second, both the Papuan ancestry predominating in Vanuatu for the past 2,500 years and the smaller component of Papuan ancestry found in Polynesians can be modeled as deriving from a single source most likely originating in New Britain, suggesting that the movement of people carrying this ancestry to Remote Oceania closely followed that of the First Remote Oceanians in time and space. Third, the Chief Roi Mata's Domain individuals descend from a mixture of Vanuatu- and Polynesian-derived ancestry and are related to Polynesian-influenced communities today in central, but not southern, Vanuatu, demonstrating Polynesian genetic input in multiple groups with independent histories.

Natalino Perovano Filho, Emilia Afonso Nhalevilo, Geilsa Santos Costa Baptista et al.

Apresentação dos artigos que compõe o Dossiê "Etnociências e Autossustentabilidade de Povos Tradicionais".

Charlotte Damm, Marianne Skandfer, E. Jørgensen et al.

Abstract Most parts of the Circumpolar Arctic have only discontinuous evidence for long-term human settlement. In contrast, Northern Norway has an unbroken archaeological record that extends back to the early Holocene. Numerous high-resolution archaeological and palaeoenvironmental records have been generated by commercial excavations and surveys, offering archaeologists unique opportunities to investigate long-term human ecodynamics in an Arctic coastal setting. To date, however, deeper analysis of the new datasets has yet to be undertaken. This paper aims to present a new synthesis of early and mid Holocene archaeological and paleoenvironmental sequences for Western Finnmark (11500-2000 cal BP). This enables us to identify three major phases of culture change that broadly correlate with climatic and environmental shifts. We then present emerging results from our multi-scalar analysis of the processes driving these transformations. At supra-regional and regional scales, our palaeodemographic modelling indicates major population events centered around 6000 cal BP and 4000 cal BP. At intra-regional scales, we are identifying spatial clustering of prehistoric settlements into local socio-economic communities. At the scale of local settlements, our analysis of house-pit chronologies is clarifying the degree of simultaneous occupation and re-use. We also draw on recent research into rock art and ritual landscapes in an effort to reconstruct the relationship between settlement clusters and general interaction patterns. Integration of these diverse lines of evidence is generating a vivid picture of thriving Arctic coastal communities, with indications that the timing and pace of cultural responses to climatic and environmental changes were more complex than previously thought.

Nataniel Lima, S. J. Napiwoski, M. A. Oliveira

The conflict between humans and wildlife in Brazil has both diversified and increased rapidly since 2005. These increases have been driven by the expansion of human economic activity and its associated infrastructure. The present article aims to describe and quantify the poaching of Brazilian wildlife and its link with livestockkeeping in the rural settlement project Joana D’Arc. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of ranchers settled at the Joana D’Arc II and III, in Porto Velho municipality. The study revealed 20 instances of poaching and found that six species were poached. In 37.5% (n = 3) of the cases, poaching was performed with the help of dogs. In 25% (n � 2) of the cases, the settlement’s owners offered their employees bonuses if they engaged in poaching. In 25% (n = 2) of the cases, people from outside the Joana D’Arc rural settlement were paid for poaching. In the remaining 12.5% (n = 1) of the cases the study found no details about the poaching event. The study found that the poachers were motivated to act preventing the predation of their livestock (n = 6, 30%), to reduce attacks on livestock (n = 5, 25%), owing to a personal aversion to wildlife (n = 4, 20%), the motivation of the poacher was not informed by the interviewed (n = 3, 15%), and to prevent attacks upon domestic animals and livestock in general (n = 2, 10%). However, this study showed that poaching was not entirely motivated by wildlife attacks. For instance, because it is difficult to confirm which predator is responsible for a given attack or is likely to attack in the future, people in these settlements are highly sensitive to the presence of wildlife – a condition that greatly increases the potential for the conflict between humans and wildlife. The study also found that wildlife hunting is common because predation can have a substantial economic impact on rural communities driven by agriculture. In short, the study found that the poaching of wild animals is not, in this context, directed to a single species of animal, and is a demonstrably multifaceted problem.

N. Roberts, J. Woodbridge, A. Bevan et al.

Endah Saptutyningsih, Dyah Titis Kusuma Wardani

The Community Partnership Program aimed to provide direct benefits to people's lives in the social and economic fields and to improve the quality of resources through the empowerment of the women of the PKK and Karang Taruna groups in Dukuh IV Cerme, Panjatan, Kulon Progo Regency by utilizing natural ingredients in around his residence. This activity was expected to solve the problems in the partner villages, namely the source of income for the community is only dominated by the agricultural sector, the natural potential of the village that has not been used properly, lack of skills in managing the potential of the village, the majority of the residents of Dukuh VI Cerme are housewives who have minimal income. The Community Partnership Program consists of two activities, namely the training in making ecoprints by utilizing natural materials in the neighborhood around Dukuh VI Cerme, Panjatan and making audio-visual videos on how to make ecoprints. The Partnership Program activity is expected to be carried out continuously so that it can be an additional livelihood for the local community because the selling value of the ecoprint product is still quite high on the market.   Keywords: Ecoprint; Income; Natural Ingredient; Kulonprogo