Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

Richard de Grijs

In the nineteenth century, the Dutch established time signals in their Atlantic colonies to synchronise maritime navigation with European standards. In Paramaribo (Suriname), a sophisticated sequence of apparatus -- including time balls, noon guns, discs and flags -- operated from 1851 until World War I. Naval officers aboard guard ships used sextants equipped with artificial horizons to determine local noon, thus integrating the colony into the global Greenwich-based cartographic system. This infrastructure was not merely technical; it became a civic ritual, with the daily noon gun structuring urban life and becoming a point of political negotiation between naval commanders and the colonial governor. In contrast, the Dutch Caribbean islands employed simpler, pragmatic systems. Curaçao used a daily time flag, a cost-effective solution suited to its climate and harbour scale, while smaller islands like Aruba and St. Eustatius relied on occasional noon guns. This diversity reflected a decentralised colonial administration that adapted technologies to local conditions and budgets. The history of these time signals reveals a process of hybrid adaptation, not simply replication of European models. They were shaped by environmental challenges, fiscal constraints and local politics, functioning simultaneously as navigational aids and civic landmarks. Their eventual decline, owing to budgetary pressures and new technologies like wireless telegraphy, underscores the fragile and negotiated nature of colonial scientific infrastructures.

Banafsheh Karimian, Alexis Guichemerre, Soufiane Belharbi et al.

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Longitudinal mammography risk prediction models improve multi-year breast cancer risk prediction based on prior screening exams. However, in real-world clinical practice, longitudinal histories are often incomplete, irregular, or unavailable due to missed screenings, first-time examinations, heterogeneous acquisition schedules, or archival constraints. The absence of prior exams degrades the performance of longitudinal risk models and limits their practical applicability. While substantial longitudinal history is available during training, prior exams are commonly absent at test time. In this paper, we address missing history at inference time and propose a longitudinal risk prediction method that uses mammography history as privileged information during training and distills its prognostic value into a student model that only requires the current exam at inference time. The key idea is a privileged multi-teacher distillation scheme with horizon-specific teachers: each teacher is trained on the full longitudinal history to specialize in one prediction horizon, while the student receives only a reconstructed history derived from the current exam. This allows the student to inherit horizon-dependent longitudinal risk cues without requiring prior screening exams at deployment. Our new Privileged History Distillation (PHD) method is validated on a large longitudinal mammography dataset with multi-year cancer outcomes, CSAW-CC, comparing full-history and no-history baselines to their distilled counterparts. Using time-dependent AUC across horizons, our privileged history distillation method markedly improves the performance of long-horizon prediction over no-history models and is comparable to that of full-history models, while using only the current exam at inference time.

Yu Shi, Hao Li, Bram Adams et al.

Automated program repair (APR) has recently shifted toward large language models and agent-based systems, yet most systems rely on local snapshot context, overlooking repository history. Prior work shows that repository history helps repair single-line bugs, since the last commit touching the buggy line is often the bug-introducing one. In this paper, we investigate whether repository history can also improve agentic APR systems at scale, especially for complex multi-hunk bugs. We present HAFixAgent, a History-Aware Bug-Fixing Agent that injects blame-derived repository heuristics into its repair loop. A preliminary study on 854 Defects4J (Java) and 501 BugsInPy (Python) bugs motivates our design, showing that bug-relevant history is widely available across both benchmarks. Using the same LLM (DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp) for all experiments, including replicated baselines, we show: (1) Effectiveness: HAFixAgent outperforms RepairAgent (+56.6\%) and BIRCH-feedback (+47.1\%) on Defects4J. Historical context further improves repair by +4.4\% on Defects4J and +38.6\% on BugsInPy, especially on single-file multi-hunk (SFMH) bugs. (2) Robustness: under noisy fault localization (+1/+3/+5 line shifts), history provides increasing resilience, maintaining 40 to 56\% success on SFMH bugs where the non-history baseline collapses to 0\%. (3) Efficiency: history does not significantly increase agent steps or token costs on either benchmark.

Arthur D. Adams, Yifan Zhou, Gabriel-Dominique Marleau et al.

We present JWST NIRSpec/PRISM integral field unit time-resolved observations of 2M1207 A and b (TWA 27), an ∼10 Myr binary system consisting of an ∼2500 K substellar primary hosting an ∼1300 K companion. Our data provide 20 time-resolved spectra over an observation spanning 12.56 hr. We provide an empirical characterization for the spectra of both objects across time. For 2M1207 A, nonlinear trend models are statistically favored within the ranges 0.6–2.3 μ m and 3.8–5.3 μ m. However, most of the periods constrained from sinusoidal models exceed the observing window, setting a lower limit of 12.56 hr. We find the data at H α and beyond 4.35 μ m show a moderate time correlation, as well as a pair of light curves at 0.73–0.80 μ m and 3.36–3.38 μ m. For 2M1207 b, light curves integrated across 0.86–1.77 μ m and 3.29–4.34 μ m support linear trend models. Following the interpretation of Z. Zhang et al., we model the 2M1207 b data with two 1D atmospheric components, both with silicate and iron condensates. The model of time variability due to changes in the cloud filling factor shows broad consistency with the variability amplitudes derived from our data. Our amplitudes, however, disagree with the models at ≈0.86–1 μ m. While an additional model component such as rainout chemistry may be considered here, our analysis is limited by low signal-to-noise ratio. Our results demonstrate the capability of JWST to simultaneously monitor the spectral variability of a planetary-mass companion and host at low contrast.

Óscar Freán Hernández

Chad Hill, Marco Madella, Nicki J. Whitehouse et al.

Anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) models, commonly used for climate modeling, tend to utilize relatively simplistic models of human interaction with the environment. They have historically relied on unsophisticated assumptions about the temporal and spatial variability of the area needed to support one person: per capita land use (PCLU). To help refine ALCC models, we used a range of data sources to build a new database that attempts to bring together PCLU data with significant time depth and a global perspective. This new database can provide new nuance for our understanding of the variability in land use among and between time periods and regions, data that will have wide applicability for continued research into past human land use and present land-use change, and can hopefully help improve existing ALCC models. An example is provided, showing the potential impact of new PCLU data on land-use mapping in the Middle East at 6000 BP.

Miguel Rodríguez

Sylvia Wenmackers

Problems with uniform probabilities on an infinite support show up in contemporary cosmology. This paper focuses on the context of inflation theory, where it complicates the assignment of a probability measure over pocket universes. The measure problem in cosmology, whereby it seems impossible to pick out a uniquely well-motivated measure, is associated with a paradox that occurs in standard probability theory and crucially involves uniformity on an infinite sample space. This problem has been discussed by physicists, albeit without reference to earlier work on this topic. The aim of this article is both to introduce philosophers of probability to these recent discussions in cosmology and to familiarize physicists and philosophers working on cosmology with relevant foundational work by Kolmogorov, de Finetti, Jaynes, and other probabilists. As such, the main goal is not to solve the measure problem, but to clarify the exact origin of some of the current obstacles. The analysis of the assumptions going into the paradox indicates that there exist multiple ways of dealing consistently with uniform probabilities on infinite sample spaces. Taking a pluralist stance towards the mathematical methods used in cosmology shows there is some room for progress with assigning probabilities in cosmological theories.

Ezequiel Saferstein

¿Qué sucede cuando una editorial de prestigio autodenominada “independiente”, con un público definido, se propone publicar un “best seller político” y ampliar su mercado de lectores? ¿Hay oposición entre las modalidades de producción de los grandes grupos y el resto de las editoriales? ¿Qué tensiones aparecen, teniendo en cuenta la historia de la editorial, la estructura de la empresa, su catálogo y sus agentes? Este trabajo se pregunta por el rol del editor de libros en el debate público y se focaliza en un caso: la editorial Siglo Veintiuno de Argentina y una de sus colecciones más recientes, Singular, que desde 2012 publica libros de coyuntura política escritos por autores del ámbito académico, periodístico y político. Valiéndonos de entrevistas a agentes de la editorial, así como de un análisis de su catálogo, exploramos cómo es el proceso que atraviesa una editorial de prestigio en su búsqueda de ampliar lectores, intervenir y competir en el campo editorial y el intelectual, en condiciones económicas y políticas particulares.

Yanwei Fu, Feng Li, Paula boned Fustel et al.

Background: The worldwide surge in coronavirus cases has led to the COVID-19 testing demand surge. Rapid, accurate, and cost-effective COVID-19 screening tests working at a population level are in imperative demand globally. Methods: Based on the eye symptoms of COVID-19, we developed and tested a COVID-19 rapid prescreening model using the eye-region images captured in China and Spain with cellphone cameras. The convolutional neural networks (CNNs)-based model was trained on these eye images to complete binary classification task of identifying the COVID-19 cases. The performance was measured using area under receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1. The application programming interface was open access. Findings: The multicenter study included 2436 pictures corresponding to 657 subjects (155 COVID-19 infection, 23.6%) in development dataset (train and validation) and 2138 pictures corresponding to 478 subjects (64 COVID-19 infections, 13.4%) in test dataset. The image-level performance of COVID-19 prescreening model in the China-Spain multicenter study achieved an AUC of 0.913 (95% CI, 0.898-0.927), with a sensitivity of 0.695 (95% CI, 0.643-0.748), a specificity of 0.904 (95% CI, 0.891 -0.919), an accuracy of 0.875(0.861-0.889), and a F1 of 0.611(0.568-0.655). Interpretation: The CNN-based model for COVID-19 rapid prescreening has reliable specificity and sensitivity. This system provides a low-cost, fully self-performed, non-invasive, real-time feedback solution for continuous surveillance and large-scale rapid prescreening for COVID-19. Funding: This project is supported by Aimomics (Shanghai) Intelligent

Eric-Jan Wagenmakers, Alexander Ly

The Jeffreys-Lindley paradox exposes a rift between Bayesian and frequentist hypothesis testing that strikes at the heart of statistical inference. Contrary to what most current literature suggests, the paradox was central to the Bayesian testing methodology developed by Sir Harold Jeffreys in the late 1930s. Jeffreys showed that the evidence against a point-null hypothesis $\mathcal{H}_0$ scales with $\sqrt{n}$ and repeatedly argued that it would therefore be mistaken to set a threshold for rejecting $\mathcal{H}_0$ at a constant multiple of the standard error. Here we summarize Jeffreys's early work on the paradox and clarify his reasons for including the $\sqrt{n}$ term. The prior distribution is seen to play a crucial role; by implicitly correcting for selection, small parameter values are identified as relatively surprising under $\mathcal{H}_1$. We highlight the general nature of the paradox by presenting both a fully frequentist and a fully Bayesian version. We also demonstrate that the paradox does not depend on assigning prior mass to a point hypothesis, as is commonly believed.

Pilar Muñoz-Cobo Sanz

Se describen los fondos navarros de la Sección de Clero del Archivo Histórico Nacional comprendidos entre los años 1483 y 1512, coincidentes con el reinado de Catalina I y Juan III.

Günther Of, Raphael Watschinger

We consider a fast, data-sparse directional method to realize matrix-vector products related to point evaluations of the Helmholtz kernel. The method is based on a hierarchical partitioning of the point sets and the matrix. The considered directional multi-level approximation of the Helmholtz kernel can be applied even on high-frequency levels efficiently. We provide a detailed analysis of the almost linear asymptotic complexity of the presented method. Our numerical experiments are in good agreement with the provided theory.

Robert S Thorne

I use a very simple deterministic model for the spread of Covid-19 in a large population. Using this to compare the relative decay of the number of deaths per day between different regions in Italy, Spain and England, each applying in principle the same social distancing procedures across the whole country, I obtain an estimate of the total fraction of the population which had already become infected by April 10th. In the most heavily affected regions, Lombardy, Madrid and London, this fraction is higher than expected, i.e. $\approx 0.3$. This result can then be converted to a determination of the infection fatality rate $ifr$, which appears to be $ifr \approx 0.0025-0.005$, and even smaller in London, somewhat lower than usually assumed. Alternatively, the result can also be interpreted as an effectively larger fraction of the population than simple counting would suggest if there is a variation in susceptibility to infection with a variance of up to a value of about 2. The implications are very similar for either interpretation or for a combination of effects.

Jeroen van Dongen

Albert Einstein's practice in physics and his philosophical positions gradually reoriented themselves from more empiricist towards rationalist viewpoints. This change accompanied his turn towards unified field theory and different presentations of himself, eventually leading to his highly programmatic Autobiographical Notes in 1949. Einstein enlisted his own history and professional stature to mold an ideal of a theoretical physicist who represented particular epistemic virtues and moral qualities. These in turn reflected the theoretical ideas of his strongly mathematical unification program and professed Spinozist beliefs.

Cagigal Montalbán, Ekain

Los procesos para el avecindamiento de extranjeros en el Señorío de Bizkaia implicaban la presentación y defensa de la hidalguía del solicitante. Estos pleitos involucraban la declaración exhaustiva de la ascendencia y origen del foráneo, así como de su ratificación por parte de testigos. Por ello, tales instrumentos administrativos representan una fuente documental de alto valor histórico para la caracterización socio-demográfica de los grupos de inmigrantes en Bizkaia durante la Edad Moderna. En este caso, se aborda un análisis como el mencionado para el grupo de exiliados católicos irlandeses que durante los siglos XVII y XVIII debieron abandonar su isla huyendo de la conquista y represión inglesa protestante. Así, este estudio complementa y amplía otros previos dirigidos a la confección de un censo de irlandeses en el Señorío de Bizkaia en tal período, y constata la relevancia que este colectivo tuvo en la sociedad vizcaína.

Nina J. Schleicher, Shuofei Dong, Shuofei Dong et al.

The stable isotope compositions of Cu and Zn in major geochemical reservoirs are increasingly studied with the aim to develop these isotope systems as tools to investigate the global biogeochemical cycles of these trace metals. The objectives of the present study were (i) to expand the range of Cu, Zn, and Pb isotope compositions of mineral dust by analyzing samples from major mineral dust sources in Asia and Africa (Chinese Loess Plateau, Chinese deserts, Thar desert, Sahel region) and (ii) to assess the potential impact of human activities on the isotope composition of aerosols by synthesizing published Cu and Zn isotope compositions in aerosols and natural and anthropogenic sources. For the newly analyzed mineral dust areas in Asia and Africa, δ65CuNIST−976 values range from −0.54 to +0.52‰, δ66ZnJMC−Lyon values from −0.07 to +0.57‰, and 206Pb/204Pb values from 18.522 to 19.696. We find a significant geographic control with samples from the Thar Desert having the heaviest isotopic compositions (δ65CuNIST−976 = +0.48 ± 0.06‰, δ66ZnJMC−Lyon = +0.49 ± 0.11‰) and samples from the Sahel and the Badain Jaran desert having the lightest Zn isotope composition (δ66ZnJMC−Lyon = +0.19 ± 0.15‰ and +0.07 ± 0.07‰, respectively). We find important variations in the isotope signatures between particle size fractions with heavier isotopic compositions in the smallest and largest particle size fractions and lighter isotopic compositions in the mid particle size fractions. Associations with the mineralogical composition are less clear. Newly analyzed aerosol samples for Beijing and Xi'an show δ65CuNIST−976 values of +0.29 ± 0.19‰ and +0.16 ± 0.04‰, δ66ZnJMC−Lyon values of −0.36 ± 0.04‰ and +0.02 ± 0.06‰, and 206Pb/204Pb values of 18.129 ± 0.003 and 18.031 ± 0.003, respectively. Based on a synthesis of published and novel data, we suggest improved ranges and mean values for the isotopic composition of mineral dust from selected locations in Asia and Africa and of anthropogenic sources such as non-exhaust traffic emissions, combustion, electroplating and galvanization. This should serve as a valuable reference for future studies using these isotope systems. This paper demonstrates univocally that human activity introduces a wide range of Zn isotope compositions into the atmospheric environment and, thus, impacts the biogeochemical cycle of Zn.

Federico Navarrete Linares

This article presents an interpretation of the visual and written histories of the conquest of New Spain produced by authors and painters from Tlaxcala during the 16th century as highly formalized elaborations of the cultural memory of these events being constructed by the elites of that Indigenous city at that time. By reconstructing the ritual and performative aspects of these discourses, it seeks to recover the complexity of Indigenous historical genres, and of the social memories they underpinned. It also argues that the Tlaxcalan memory of the conquest was highly successful and spread to numerous Indigenous communities over New Spain, lasting until the end of the Colonial period and beyond, until it was undermined by the Nationalist history of the conquest produced by the elites of independent Mexico.

Néstor Vigil Montes

La diplomática notarial medieval portuguesa es una disciplina que, a pesar de que solamente se ha desarrollado en las últimas tres décadas, cuenta con un buen número de investigaciones. Sin embargo, el único trabajo de síntesis disponible es la tesis de Bernardo de Sá Nogueira sobre la génesis e implantación del notariado público portugués entre 1212 y 1279. Por ello consideramos de enorme interés elaborar un estudio global sobre el fenómeno del documento notarial en el reino de Portugal en su período medieval, circunscrito a los tres siglos que distan entre su aparición en 1212 y la compilación de las Ordenações Manuelinas en 1512; un estudio en el que aparezcan organizadas todas las cuestiones interesantes para la diplomática notarial (la institución notarial, la génesis y la estructura del documento notarial), atendiendo a su evolución temporal y a las particularidades de las escribanías portuguesas con respecto a otros ámbitos políticos coetáneos.

Julián Clemente Ramos

Las fiestas de toros tienen gran importancia y arraigo social en Medellín. Estos festejos, con un número limitado de ejemplares en cada caso, se suceden a lo largo de todo el año. Medellín recibe entre 10 y 12 toros de sus rentas, número insuficiente. Por ello, se consolidó la costumbre de recabar reses en las dehesas de la jurisdicción, en las que predomina el ganado vacuno. La lidia se realiza con un claro predominio de la modalidad popular, teniendo un escaso desarrollo el toreo caballeresco. Sólo se sacrifican algunos ejemplares, frecuentemente los mejores.