In their study, the author considers the influence of the Russian oil industry on the development of the VolgaCaspian transport corridor in the last third of the 19th - early 20th century. Within their text, they illustrate that in the postreform period, due to the emergence of a free labor market, an opportunity arose for the development of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial initiative. Based on a set of legislative documents and archival materials, some of which are introduced into scientific use for the first time, the author characterizes the main directions of the state policy in the oil industry in the period under study. They reveal in their text the interdependence between oil production volumes and the rapid development of the ports of the VolgaCaspian transport corridor, and the influence of scientific and technological progress on the successful development of the oil industry. In addition, the logistics infrastructure of the region is assessed as well as the changes in the territorial and transport structure of the VolgaCaspian transit route in the last third of the 19th - early 20th century. Within the framework of the theory of organizational and economic mechanisms, the author comes to the conclusion that the modernization processes in the oil industry in the last third of the 19th - early 20th century contributed to a positive transformation and complication of the infrastructure of the VolgaCaspian region. This transformation was expressed in the rapid development of new types of transport and the creation of new transport routes, a change in the range of goods in traditional cargo turnover, and an increase in the economic profitability of both transport and freight traffic. In addition, the expansion of markets for goods and the beginning of the merging of oil production and trade and transport capital and their participation in the development of strategically important sectors of the economy showed the benefit of this transition.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
We apply Nancy Cartwright's distinction between theories and basic models to explore the history of rival approaches to modeling a notion of chance for an ideal uniform physical process known as a fair spinner. This process admits both Archimedean and non-Archimedean models. Advocates of Archimedean models maintain that the fair spinner should satisfy hypotheses such as invariance with respect to rotations by an arbitrary real angle, and assume that the optimal mathematical tool in this context is the Lebesgue measure. Others argue that invariance with respect to all real rotations does not constitute an essential feature of the underlying physical process, and could be relaxed in favor of regularity. We show that, working in ZFC, no subset of the commonly assumed hypotheses determines a unique model, suggesting that physically based intuitions alone are insufficient to pin down a unique mathematical model. We provide a rebuttal of recent criticisms of non-Archimedean models by Parker and Pruss.
The article utilizes Visigothic monastic rules (Regula Isidori, Regula Fructuosi, Regula Communis) to explore the multifaceted nature of paupertas. It argues against reducing paupertas to a single interpretation, as is often done in existing research literature with few exceptions. Initially, the article provides a general overview of the instructions related to renouncing and redistributing property upon entering the monastery, along with the corresponding norms of conduct within the monastic community. These norms strictly prohibit any display of possessiveness. Furthermore, the article highlights the reasoning employed by Visigothic monastic rules to justify the importance of voluntary poverty. The most explicit connection is made between renouncing property and the communal lifestyle of the monks, as well as their cultivation of humility. Voluntary poverty is seen as an indispensable prerequisite for the monastic community, as it fosters Love for God and neighbor, while simultaneously preventing the destructive forces of greed and envy. Similarly, humility is considered essential for the sustenance of the monastic community. The link between voluntary poverty and humility manifests in two distinct aspects. Firstly, as numerous studies indicate, poverty was feared in the Greco-Roman world, including the Christian era, due to the loss of social standing associated with it. The pauperes were often stigmatized and marginalized, sometimes equated with slaves. Likewise, examples from Visigothic hagiography suggest that monks may have faced similar treatment. Consequently, voluntary poverty, at least potentially, led to social alienation and humiliation, thereby aiding the monk's detachment from worldly concerns and facilitating the attainment of humility. Secondly, the concept of paupertas not only denoted one's marginalized status in society but also signified complete humility before God. By embracing the role of the pauper, the monk acknowledged their inherent human nature and fragility. This self-perception allowed the monk to shed previous social identities, ensuring equality and harmony within the monastic community. Consequently, voluntary poverty emerges as a pivotal metaphor for the monk's way of life and a crucial tool in shaping their monastic identity.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Высокая степень изученности многих проблем, связанных с польским Январским восстанием 1863–1864 гг., сочетается в современной историографии с наличием дискуссионных аспектов темы, связанных с самоидентификацией повстанческой верхушки на литовско-белорусских землях. Особый интерес в этом плане вызывают особенности личности и мировоззрения Константина Калиновского (1838–1864), объявленного советской историографической традицией «белорусским революционным демократом». Монография российского историка А. Р. Дюкова, основанная на неизвестных ранее исследователям документах из архивов России, Польши и Литвы, представляет обновленную доказательную базу, позволяющую точнее оценить самосознание лидера и идеолога повстанцев и его связь с польской исторической, культурной и религиозной почвой. Автор анализирует и принципиально важную проблему, которую по идеологическим причинам избегали советские историки, – связь левого крыла повстанцев с польской аристократией, в том числе с князьями Чарторыйскими и влиятельной семьей Огинских. Помощь Калиновскому и связанным с ним повстанцам со стороны магнатской фамилии Огинских, владевшей информацией о личной жизни Александра II, тщательно утаивалась в Петербурге, в том числе и самим российским императором.
Рецензия поступила в редакцию 11.07.2024.
Цитирование
Борисёнок Ю. А. Польское Январское восстание 1863–1864 гг. на литовско-белорусских землях: самосознание повстанческих верхов в свете новых архивных поисков // Славянский альманах. 2024. No 3–4. С. 482–499. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2024.3-4.25
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
The Bohr and von Neumann views on the measurement process in quantum mechanics have been interpreted for a long time in somewhat controversial terms, often leading to misconceptions. On the basis of some textual analysis, I would like to show that, contrary to a widespread opinion, their views should be taken less inconsistent, and much closer to each other, than usually thought. As a consequence, I claim that Bohr and von Neumann are conceptually on the same side on the issue of the universality of quantum mechanics: hopefully, this might contribute to a more accurate history of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.
Science diplomacy has played an important role in Chinese history, including in the history of science and technology (S&T) development. While we may consider science diplomacy as simply a part of China's Reform and Opening-up policy, the fact is that even in the Kuomintang period (1925–1949) or the Maoist period (1949–1976) it was a key element of Chinese foreign relations. The targets and nature of science diplomacy were shaped by the prevailing politics and economic issues of the times. For example, the Cold War limited the breadth and depth of S&T cooperation between China and the West. Nonetheless, the People's Republic of China pursued cooperation with the Soviet Union and newly independent countries in a very steadfast manner and continues to engage with Russia and developing countries today. This article analyses the nature of science diplomacy as an element of both China's S&T development and its foreign relations. The interactions and practices at the intersection of science and foreign policy in China are manifold. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview, this article also highlights evolving trends, especially in terms of the deepening of China's linkages across the international S&T system. Finally, the article examines the recent impact of the apparent rise of techno-nationalism and how this has affected the nature of China's international S&T activities regarding Beijing's use of science diplomacy.
David Audretsch, Paul P. Momtaz, Hanna Motuzenko
et al.
This synthetic control study quantifies the economic costs of the Russo-Ukrainian war in terms of foregone entrepreneurial activity in both countries since the invasion of Crimea in 2014. Relative to its synthetic counterfactual, Ukraine's number of self-employed dropped by 675,000, corresponding to a relative loss of 20%. The number of Ukrainian SMEs temporarily dropped by 71,000 (14%) and recovered within five years of the conflict. In contrast, Russia had lost more than 1.4 million SMEs (42%) five years into the conflict. The disappearance of Russian SMEs is driven by both fewer new businesses created and more existing business closures.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the security challenges and prospects facing the states of Central Asia after the collapse of the USSR. Three stages of formation and development of regional security systems of the countries of the Central Asian region are presented. The authors characterize the steps taken by the independent states of Central Asia to maintain security in the face of new challenges and trends. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked a major transformation in the political, economic, social and cultural fields in all the former Soviet republics. For many decades, the Central Asian region as part of the USSR was the ideological and political enemy of the West in the framework of the Cold War. Despite the previous historical experience of confrontation between the USSR and NATO, the geopolitical importance of the Central Asian region has always remained high. Significant changes were required in the creation and approaches to the issues of the security system. New relations with the border states of the Central Asian region that have received independent status, as well as foreign policy partners in the person of China, Western players (US and EU) and the Russian Federation, have created a platform for both geopolitical challenges and prospects for creating regional security. However, this process is not unambiguous and for more than thirty years of sovereignty of the countries of the region has been going on within three historical periods. This article not only traces and characterizes these three stages, but also assesses the current state of security systems in the region, offering pragmatic solutions and recommendations for improvement.
The present research featured linguistic units of the primary and secondary nomination, as well as expressive interjections, which describe the emotion of disgust and its physiological characteristics. The purpose of the research was to analyze the linguistic representations of disgust and to describe the physiological characteristics that reflect the fundamental status of the emotion. The study focused on the German lexeme Ekel, linguistic metaphors, metaphors with somatic components, and expressive interjections. The authors analyzed linguistic representations of the emotion of disgust, outlined its somatic components, described its physiological characteristics, defined the actual linguistic nomination of disgust, classified linguistic metaphors and metaphors with the somatic components according to linguistic hierarchy, and analyzed the somatic components that reflect the physiological characteristics of disgust. The emotion of disgust appeared to be based on such physical sensations as choking, nausea, and vomiting. The expressive interjections proved to reflect the intensity of the emotion. Disgust is represented at three levels: non-verbal – by facial expressions and gestures; physiological – nausea, asthma attacks, gag reflex; verbally – the base lexeme-representative der Ekel, the metaphor-word die Grenze, the metaphorword with the somatic component Brechmittel, the metaphor-phrase Ekel schüren, the metaphor-sentence with the somatic component Das Ekelhafte würgt mich, and the expressive interjections Bäh!, Ih!, Igitt!, Pfui!
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
Economic unions are international agreements oriented to increase economic efficiency and establishing political and cultural ties between the member countries. Becoming a member of an existing union usually requires the approval of both the candidate and members, while leaving it may require only the unilateral will of the exiting country. There are many examples of accession of states to previously consolidated economic unions, and a recent example of leaving is the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Motivated by the Brexit process, in this paper we propose an agent-based model to study the determinant factors driving withdrawals from an economic union. We show that both Union and local taxes promote the exits, whereas customs fees out of the Union boost cohesion. Furthermore, heterogeneity in both business conditions and wealth distribution promotes withdrawals, while countries' size diversity does not have a significant effect on them. We also deep into the individual causes that lead to dissatisfaction and, ultimately, to exits. We found that, for low Union taxes, the wealth inequality within the country is the leading cause of anti-Union opinion spreading. Conversely, for high Union taxes, the country's performance turns out to be the main driving force, resulting in a risk of wealthier countries leaving the Union. These findings will be helpful for the design of economic policies and effective informative campaigns.
We reconsider the classical equality 0.999. .. = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is: finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures that enlight this problematic equality, allowing it to be considered in Q rather than in R. We comment early history of such structures, that involves English teachers and accountants of the first part of the xviii th century, who appear to be the firsts to assert the equality 0.999. .. = 1. Their level of understanding show links with Dubinsky et al.'s apos theory in mathematics education. Eventually, we rebuilt the field Q from circular words, and provide an original proof of the fact that an algebraic integer is either an integer or an irrational number.
This article is based on a wide range of sources, including documents of the Russian State Military Archive. It tells about a little-known national white counterrevolution formation created by Ataman G.M. Semyonov in early 1919 and recruited from the Jewish population of Transbaikalia. The uniqueness of this separate Jewish company lies in the fact that it was the only regular armed formation consisting of Jews and participating in combat action on the side of the White movement. In this way, at the very beginning of 1919, a detachment that included a Jewish company fought against the Red partisans and internationalists in the Yakut taiga on the Magyar rift. In addition, the Jewish divisions carried out garrison service in different settlements of the Semyonovskii kingdom. During the summer of 1919, underground Bolshevik cells began to form, which in the spring of 1920 led to a revolt in the white Jewish units. An insurrection in the village of Aleksandrovka was suppressed by Semyononvs forces. On 23 April 1920 a separate Jewish company in full strength successfully went over to the side of the Reds in the village of Nerchensky Zavod. In response, the Red command decided to create the 4th Rifle Partisan Regiment from among the Jewish partisans who had gone over to the Bolshevik side. Thereafter, this regiment was transformed into the 15th Infantry Regiment of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic. In the fall of 1920, it took part in heavy battles for Borzya and Dauria. All this is disclosed in more detail in this article. The Jewish national divisions were only one of the ethno-confessional units of the troops of ataman G.M. Semenov, next to Chinese, Serbian, Buryat, Mongolian, Caucasian and Tatar formations. Their activities in 1919 were mostly garrison work in nature, but they also had to fight against the partisans in extremely difficult conditions. The transition of these ethnic groups to the Reds was not surprising, at a time when the White movement in Transbaikalia was already in agony. The article also pays attention to the position of Jews in Transbaikalia during the Civil War and the attitude of Ataman G.M. Semenov to the Jewish matter.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
О профессионалах, привлекавшихся к дипломатической службе на восточном направлении в Московском государстве до XVII в., нам известно очень мало. В разных аспектах данная проблематика поднималась только в отдельных работах. Главная причина этого кроется в плохой сохранности документов. На общем фоне ситуация с семьей служилых татар Баймаковых-Резановых уникальна. Источники позволяют проследить непрерывную службу представителей рода более чем за столетие. Это стало возможным благодаря взаимному дополнению сведений писцовых и посольских книг, немногочисленным сохранившимся документам Посольского приказа, а также устойчивому бытованию родового прозвища. Посольская служба являлась длительное время семейным делом. Ее секреты передавались от отца к сыну, от старшего брата к младшему. Несколько поколений семьи Баймаковых-Резановых непосредственно участвовали в организации дипломатических контактов Московского государства с мусульманскими странами в качестве станичников и толмачей. Их неоднократно ставили во главе дипломатических миссий. За свою службу они получали высокое материальное вознаграждение. Сделанные благодаря изучению истории семьи наблюдения позволяют взглянуть на организацию дипломатической службы в широкой исторической перспективе. Первоначально технической организацией контактов со странами Востока занимались великокняжеские татары, служившие непосредственно самому великому князю. Их селили и наделяли землей в непосредственной близости от Москвы. Постепенно из них стали выделяться узкоспециализированные категории служащих: переводчики (бакшеи), толмачи, станичники, новокрещены. Данная структура оказалась в значительной мере разрушена событиями Смутного времени. В первую очередь это касалось круга лиц, из которых набирались служащие. Он значительно расширился и во многом стал сиюмоментным. Постепенно здесь начали преобладать служилые татары из Мещеры. Классическая модель состава вспомогательных служащих Посольского приказа, состоящая из переводчиков и толмачей, сложилась только к середине XVII в. При этом степень наследственности для подобной службы серьезно сократилась.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The research featured the repressions of the 1930s, or the Great Purge. The article focuses on the case of the town of Leninsk-Kuznetskiy. The study was based on materials obtained from the press of that time (newspapers "Leninskiy Shakhter" and "Sovetskaia Sibir"), the State archive of the Kemerovo region, and scientific publications. The author highlighted the so-called Children’s Case and the trial of NKVD officers. Both events occurred in 1939 and marked the end of the Great Terror of 1937–1938. The repressions that took place in Leninsk-Kuznetskiy proved more severe than in the rest of Kuzbass. The author proposes several reasons for that fact. First of all, the town failed to meet the goals of industrial development during the first five-year plans, and the plans for coal mining industry were impossible. Second, the town owed its rapid increase in population to the categories that later would be called "enemies of the people". Third, the local NKVD desperately wanted to become the best in the West Siberia. The fact that the purges received abundant media coverage disproves the popular opinion that average public did not know about the repressions. The author developed an approach to newspapers as a historical source on the history of the Great Purge. If one factors in the specifics of this source, archival newspapers can be a reliable source about the Great Terror and the mechanisms of public opinion formation. However, newspapers alone cannot restore the full picture of local repressions, which requires a wide range of sources.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
"Rigor" is an often sought after but ill-defined concept in education. This work reviews several models of rigor from current literature before proposing a tool which is used to analyze science education throughout history. The 20\textsuperscript{th} century science education in the United States was subject to changing sociopolitical motivations about the use of science both in general and for students. These factors as well as developments in theory of learning and broad education reforms had changing affects on the level of rigor in science education. This work analyzes the theoretical level of rigor of science education in the US based on two main motivating factors for science education; science as a social endeavor and science as a discipline, throughout the 20\textsuperscript{th} century.