Hasil untuk "History of Great Britain"

Peng Jiang, Kasi Viswanath, Akhil Nagariya et al.

The Great Outdoors (GO) dataset is a multi-modal annotated data resource aimed at advancing ground robotics research in unstructured environments. This dataset provides the most comprehensive set of data modalities and annotations compared to existing off-road datasets. In total, the GO dataset includes six unique sensor types with high-quality semantic annotations and GPS traces to support tasks such as semantic segmentation, object detection, and SLAM. The diverse environmental conditions represented in the dataset present significant real-world challenges that provide opportunities to develop more robust solutions to support the continued advancement of field robotics, autonomous exploration, and perception systems in natural environments. The dataset can be downloaded at: https://www.unmannedlab.org/the-great-outdoors-dataset/

Huiliang Zhang, Di Wu, Arnaud Zinflou et al.

Multivariate Time Series (MTS) forecasting has a wide range of applications in both industry and academia. Recent advances in Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network (STGNN) have achieved great progress in modelling spatial-temporal correlations. Limited by computational complexity, most STGNNs for MTS forecasting focus primarily on short-term and local spatial-temporal dependencies. Although some recent methods attempt to incorporate univariate history into modeling, they still overlook crucial long-term spatial-temporal similarities and correlations across MTS, which are essential for accurate forecasting. To fill this gap, we propose a framework called the Long-term Multivariate History Representation (LMHR) Enhanced STGNN for MTS forecasting. Specifically, a Long-term History Encoder (LHEncoder) is adopted to effectively encode the long-term history into segment-level contextual representations and reduce point-level noise. A non-parametric Hierarchical Representation Retriever (HRetriever) is designed to include the spatial information in the long-term spatial-temporal dependency modelling and pick out the most valuable representations with no additional training. A Transformer-based Aggregator (TAggregator) selectively fuses the sparsely retrieved contextual representations based on the ranking positional embedding efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that LMHR outperforms typical STGNNs by 10.72% on the average prediction horizons and state-of-the-art methods by 4.12% on several real-world datasets. Additionally, it consistently improves prediction accuracy by 9.8% on the top 10% of rapidly changing patterns across the datasets.

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

Kate Morris

Department stores, in the second half of the nineteenth century, can be characterised as spaces with multiple functional identities. Retailers aimed to maximise potential sales through a combination of innovative display, modernised architecture, and the curation of customers’ movement, which promoted increased sales opportunities by assistants. In large stores, where sales figures were the only indicator of success, assistants were under pressure to ‘never allow a lady to leave without a sale’. Women, however, were inclined to view department stores as leisure spaces, respectable enough to be visited without an escort. This duality of function, with department store interiors existing simultaneously as sales floor and leisure space, appears to have resulted in tension between sales staff and customers. Drawing on the extensive literature focused on spatial archaeologies of eighteenth-century retail interiors, this article considers the department store as an extension of earlier shopping practice, drawing links between the private pseudo-domestic parlours of the Georgian shop and the refreshment rooms of the department store. It is shown that the creation of subdivided interiors allowed for the separation of retail and leisure space, allowing for the easing of tension between staff and customer, and demonstrating a continuation of the retail owner as peer and host for the customer.

Martin Lopez-Corredoira

Since the beginning of the 20th century, a continuous evolution and perfection of what we today call the standard cosmological model has been produced, although some authors like to distinguish separate periods within this evolution. A possible historical division of the development of cosmology into six periods is: (1) the initial period (1917-1927); (2) the period of development (1927-1945); (3) the period of consolidation (1945-1965); (4) the period of acceptance (1965-1980); (5) the period of enlargement (1980-1998); and (6) the period of high-precision experimental cosmology (1998-now). The last period started with a epistemological optimism that has declined with time, and the expression "crisis in cosmology" is now stubbornly reverberating in the media. The initial expectation of removing the pending minor problems arising from the increased accuracy of measurements has backfired: the higher the precision with which the standard model tries to fit the data, the greater the number of tensions that arise, the problems proliferating rather than diminishing.

P. Hall

We're just passing one of the great milestones in human history – but hardly anyone is noticing. It isn't anything outwardly dramatic, like a revolution or a war. But it is fundamental, in the sense that the Industrial Revolution in Britain was fundamental. Future historians, doubtless, will call it the Urban Revolution. For the first time in history, a majority of the world's six billion people are living in cities. Between 2000 and 2025, on the best estimates we have from the United Nations, the world's urban population will double, to reach five billion; city-dwellers will rise from 47 percent to over 61 percent of the world's population. But that's not all. Most of this explosive growth will occur in the cities of the developing world. There will be a doubling of the urban population, in the coming quarter century, in Latin America and the Caribbean, in Asia and in Africa together – above all in Asia and Africa. Even by 2015, the UN predict that there will be 358 "million cities", with one million or more people; no less than 153 will be in Asia. And there will be 27 "mega-cities", with ten million or more – 18 of them in Asia. It is here, in the exploding cities of some of the poorest countries of the world, that the central challenge lies. A huge challenge, to be sure – but also a huge range of opportunities: opportunities for greater freedom, greater freedom above all for development, as people leave behind their traditional bondage to the land and the total dominance of the daily struggle for food. Urbanization is a fundamental form of liberation of the human spirit: in the famous German quotation from the Middle Ages, Stadtluft macht Frei: the city air makes you free. It does more than that: just because it frees up human creativity, the city is the place where the great advances occur – artistic, intellectual, technological and also organizational. You need urbanization if you're going to get development. Urban growth is potentially a great thing. But only potentially. Urbanization is a basic precondition for development. But it doesn't of itself guarantee development. There's good urban growth and there's bad urban growth. Managing urban growth so that it contributes positively to economic advance, reconciling it with ecologically sustainable forms of development and reducing social exclusion, represents the key challenge for urban planners and urban …

Peter Dorey

Although support for Britain’s withdrawal in the 2016 Referendum emanated from all sections of society, it was much stronger and prevalent among specific socio-economic and demographic cohorts, namely older citizens, people who had received a minimal formal education in their youth, and those on low incomes. These were the citizens who had benefited the least, and whose communities had suffered the most, from four decades of deindustrialisation, globalisation, neoliberalism, and apparent neglect or abandonment by politicians in Westminster and the London-centric national media. Leave voters (Brexiters) were also notable for the extent to which they shared five social, cultural and political attitudes, characteristics or experiences, all beginning with the letter ‘a’: anomie, alienation, austerity, authoritarianism and atavism. Only by examining these five aspects can we fully comprehend the fears, frustrations, grievances and resentments which underpinned support for Leave in Britain’s 2016 EU Referendum, and why these characteristics were very strongly concentrated in specific sections of British society.

Vladimir Eremin

N the first quarter of the XIX century, the international situation in Europe contributed to the increased interest to the Russian Empire from the audience of European newspapers and magazines. Books on travel, newspaper publications, caricatures and other materials were devoted to Russia. Scottish literary-critical magazine The Edinburgh Review was one of the most influential British editions, whose publications were also devoted to Russia and its sovereigns. Individual characteristics of the particular emperor allowed Edinburgh critics to evaluate him as an enlightened and progressive ruler, while the entire political model could be interpreted in terms of despotism. The article analyzes the publications of The Edinburgh Review, featuring Russian emperors, as well as characteristic features of personified and depersonalized images of sovereigns, in the structure of which along with personal judgments of reviewers archetypal and stereotyped elements are discovered.

Emma Bell, Clémence Fourton, Nicholas Sowels

V. M. S. Carrasco, J. M. Vaquero

Newly discovered descriptions about the great aurora observed in March 1582 are presented in this work. These records were made by Portuguese observers from Lisbon. Both records described the aurora like a great fire in the northern part of the sky. It was observed during three consecutive nights, according to one of the sources. Thus, we present a discussion of these auroral records in order to complement other works that studied the aurora sighted in March 1582.

Shuhei Aoki

This study constructs a growth model of the Great Divergence that formalizes Pomeranz's (2000) hypothesis that the relief of land constraints in Europe has caused divergence in economic growth between Europe and China since the 19th century. The model consists of the agricultural and manufacturing sectors. The agricultural sector produces subsistence goods from land, intermediate goods from the manufacturing sector, and labor. The manufacturing sector produces goods from labor, and its productivity grows through the learning-by-doing of full-time manufacturing workers. Households make fertility decisions. In the model, a large exogenous positive shock in land supply causes the transition of the economy from the Malthusian state, in which all workers are engaged in agricultural production and per capita income is constant, to the non-Malthusian state, in which the share of workers engaged in agricultural production gradually decreases and per capita income grows at a roughly constant growth rate. The quantitative predictions of the model provide several insights into the causes of the Great Divergence.

Nguyen Van Sang, Jolanta A. Daszyńska

The article analyses the struggle of Anglo-American relations connected to slaves and maritime rights on the sea from 1831 to 1842. The study is based on monographs, reports, treaties and correspondences between the two countries from the explosion of the Comet case in 1831 to the signing of the Webster–Ashburton treaty in 1842. This study focuses on three fundamental issues: the appearance of Comet, Encomium, Enterprise, Hermosa and Creole as international incidents with regards to British-American relations; the view of both countries on the abolition of slavery, maritime rights as well as the dispute over issues to resolve arising from these incidents; the results of British-American diplomacy to release slaves and maritime rights after the signing of the Webster–Ashburton treaty. The study found that the American slave ships were special cases in comparison with the previous controversies in bilateral relations. The American slave vessels sailed to the British colonies due to bad weather conditions and a slave rebellion on board. In fact, Great Britain and the United States had never dealt with a similar case, so both sides failed to find a unified view regarding the differences in the laws and policies of the two countries on slavery. The history of British-American relations demonstrated that under the pressures of the border dispute in Maine and New Brunswick, the affairs were not resolved. In addition, it could have had more of an impact on the relationship between the two countries, eventually p the two countries into a war. In that situation, the diplomatic and economic solutions given to the abolition of slavery and maritime rights were only temporary. However, the international affairs related to the American slave vessels paved the way for the settlement of maritime rights for British-American relations in the second half of 19th century.

Faizaan Sakib, Tilo Burghardt

We propose a first great ape-specific visual behaviour recognition system utilising deep learning that is capable of detecting nine core ape behaviours.

Beatriz García-Álvarez de la Villa

In recent times there has been an increasing interest in the study of foreign groups which were part of the circle of influence of Spanish monarchs. The role of these groups in Spanish society has also been a matter of concern. Irish exiles in Spain have been the subject of analysis because of their connection to the elites in power. In the present study, the focus lies on one particular Irish family, the Murphys, in order to ascertain their social and economic progress throughout different generations as well as their level of integration in Spain. The fidelity shown to the Spanish crown, grounded on the Catholic faith and on a record of services to the monarchy, was instrumental for Guillermo Morphy, later Count of Morphy, to be chosen as a trustworthy individual at the court of the Bourbon Dinasty. As a tutor and accompanying gentleman, he would guide the education of Prince Alfonso on solid moral and intellectual principles. When the prince was crowned King as Alfonso XII, he named Guillermo Morphy as his personal secretary. From this position, the Count of Morphy exerted a powerful influence, carrying out several projects on political reform.

Chen Qu, Liu Yang, Minghui Qiu et al.

Conversational search is an emerging topic in the information retrieval community. One of the major challenges to multi-turn conversational search is to model the conversation history to answer the current question. Existing methods either prepend history turns to the current question or use complicated attention mechanisms to model the history. We propose a conceptually simple yet highly effective approach referred to as history answer embedding. It enables seamless integration of conversation history into a conversational question answering (ConvQA) model built on BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers). We first explain our view that ConvQA is a simplified but concrete setting of conversational search, and then we provide a general framework to solve ConvQA. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach under this framework. Finally, we analyze the impact of different numbers of history turns under different settings to provide new insights into conversation history modeling in ConvQA.

Herman Gluck, Jingye Yang

It is known that for every smooth great circle fibration of the 3-sphere, the distribution of tangent 2-planes orthogonal to the fibres is a contact structure, in fact a tight one, but we show here that, beginning with the 5-sphere, there exist smooth great circle fibrations of all odd-dimensional spheres for which the hyperplane distribution orthogonal to the fibres is not a contact structure.

D. Wilsford

Richard Davis

1918 was regarded by many observers at the time as marking the end of an era and the death of the old international order. Hopes for a peaceful future and a deep-rooted abhorrence of war as a means of settling international disputes were characteristic of large parts of British opinion in the interwar years. Pacifism, in its most general sense, was widely shared across British society. British decision makers shared this broadly felt revulsion against war. This was backed up by the purely rational calculation that Britain had nothing to gain from war and that its national interests would be best served by preserving international peace.These sentiments were channelled via a number of different peace movements which drew on various forms of socialist, humanist and Christian thought. While they all shared a common and broadly peaceful outlook there remained strikingly divergent approaches between what some historians such as A.J.P. Taylor and Martin Ceadel have termed the pacificists as opposed to the pacifists. While the former put forward a broadly peaceful policy the latter group remained opposed to all war on principle, to the point of adopting a policy of non-resistance. Over the course of the interwar years, with the heightened threat to international peace from the revisionist powers in Europe and the Far East, the tensions between the various peace movements became ever greater. At times, as for example during the Italo-Ethiopian war, the peace movement was able to mobilise a mass following that was able to exercise a significant pressure on decision makers. However, the anti-war sentiments expressed by movements such as the League of Nations Union and the Peace Pledge were in fact widely shared from within official circles. The more clear-cut pacifists however, who refused to support a policy of either rearmament or of collective security in the name of the League of Nations, had little input into policy making and their ideas and leaders were, for the most part, dismissed out of hand. By the time that war came in 1939, both sides of the peace movement had lost much, if not all, of their earlier enthusiasm and support in the country.