Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

W. Mcneill

Xiyue Zhu, Peng Tang, Haofu Liao et al.

Language models have led to a leap forward in web automation. The current web automation approaches take the current web state, history actions, and language instruction as inputs to predict the next action, overlooking the importance of history states. However, the highly verbose nature of web page states can result in long input sequences and sparse information, hampering the effective utilization of history states. In this paper, we propose a novel web history compressor approach to turbocharge web automation using history states. Our approach employs a history compressor module that distills the most task-relevant information from each history state into a fixed-length short representation, mitigating the challenges posed by the highly verbose history states. Experiments are conducted on the Mind2Web and WebLINX datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. Results show that our approach obtains 1.2-5.4% absolute accuracy improvements compared to the baseline approach without history inputs.

John Chen, Sihan Cheng, Can Gurkan et al.

Large Language Models' capacity to reason in natural language makes them uniquely promising for 4X and grand strategy games, enabling more natural human-AI gameplay interactions such as collaboration and negotiation. However, these games present unique challenges due to their complexity and long-horizon nature, while latency and cost factors may hinder LLMs' real-world deployment. Working on a classic 4X strategy game, Sid Meier's Civilization V with the Vox Populi mod, we introduce Vox Deorum, a hybrid LLM+X architecture. Our layered technical design empowers LLMs to handle macro-strategic reasoning, delegating tactical execution to subsystems (e.g., algorithmic AI or reinforcement learning AI in the future). We validate our approach through 2,327 complete games, comparing two open-source LLMs with a simple prompt against Vox Populi's enhanced AI. Results show that LLMs achieve competitive end-to-end gameplay while exhibiting play styles that diverge substantially from algorithmic AI and from each other. Our work establishes a viable architecture for integrating LLMs in commercial 4X games, opening new opportunities for game design and agentic AI research.

Elle Liagre, Sébastien Villotte, Christopher J. Knüsel

Sylvain Prima, Éric Bardinet, René-Paul Debroize et al.

Kozakevych Olena

The purpose is to study and analyze archival materials, which are stored in the Archive of the Historical Museum in Sanok (Poland), related to the activities of the “Lemkivshchyna” Society Museum in Sanok during 1931-1944. Attention is focused on the museum’s cooperation with Ukrainian and Polish institutions in the field of museology, exhibition practices, and tourism. Methodology. Historical-comparative and historical-chronological methods wereused for the classification and study of archival documents, as well as methods of synthesis, systematization, and analysis. The scientific novelty is due to the necessity and relevance of information dissemination of little-known pages about the Museum “Lemkivshchyna” functioning in cooperation with the relevant Ukrainian and Polish institutions in the context of the outlined period socio-cultural factors as an important center for the preservation and promotion of the Lemko region cultural heritage. Conclusions. The “Lemkivshchyna” Society Museum’s active function during the 1930s attracted the attention of the community’s widecircle not only of the Sanok region but also of Lviv, Warsaw, Krakow, Berlin and Paris. The value of the museum’s collection was indicated by invitations to participate in exhibitions or requests to borrow exhibits, as evidenced by many documents from the archive. During morethan 10 years of selfless devotion, a valuable collection of artworks and historical documents was collected, and a number of exhibitions and popularization events were (co)organized. The “Lemkivshchyna” Museum officials were active members of the “Committee of Ukrainian Regional Museums”, of which there were 14 at the end of the 1930s, and the “Association of Museums in Poland”. The materials in the “Lemkivshchyna” Society Museum’s archive are almost unknown in Ukrainian and Polish studies. Publish original are an important historical source for studying the activities of Ukrainian museums institutions during the 1920s and early 1940s. These are sources that allow us to characterize the corporation of the “Lemkivshchyna” Museum with Polish institutions and exhibitions activity.

Taiki Miyazawa, Mayuko Itaya, G. Burdeos et al.

Abstract Surfactants, whose existence has been recognized as early as 2800 BC, have had a long history with the development of human civilization. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the latter half of the 20th century, breakthroughs in nanomedicine and food nanotechnology using nanoparticles have been remarkable, and new applications have been developed. The technology of surfactant-coated nanoparticles, which provides new functions to nanoparticles for use in the fields of nanomedicine and food nanotechnology, is attracting a lot of attention in the fields of basic research and industry. This review systematically describes these “surfactant-coated nanoparticles” through various sections in order: 1) surfactants, 2) surfactant-coated nanoparticles, application of surfactant-coated nanoparticles to 3) nanomedicine, and 4) food nanotechnology. Furthermore, current progress and problems of the technology using surfactant-coated nanoparticles through recent research reports have been discussed.

Arno Simons

This paper explores the potential of contextualized word embeddings (CWEs) as a new tool in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science (HPSS) for studying contextual and evolving meanings of scientific concepts. Using the term "Planck" as a test case, I evaluate five BERT-based models with varying degrees of domain-specific pretraining, including my custom model Astro-HEP-BERT, trained on the Astro-HEP Corpus, a dataset containing 21.84 million paragraphs from 600,000 articles in astrophysics and high-energy physics. For this analysis, I compiled two labeled datasets: (1) the Astro-HEP-Planck Corpus, consisting of 2,900 labeled occurrences of "Planck" sampled from 1,500 paragraphs in the Astro-HEP Corpus, and (2) a physics-related Wikipedia dataset comprising 1,186 labeled occurrences of "Planck" across 885 paragraphs. Results demonstrate that the domain-adapted models outperform the general-purpose ones in disambiguating the target term, predicting its known meanings, and generating high-quality sense clusters, as measured by a novel purity indicator I developed. Additionally, this approach reveals semantic shifts in the target term over three decades in the unlabeled Astro-HEP Corpus, highlighting the emergence of the Planck space mission as a dominant sense. The study underscores the importance of domain-specific pretraining for analyzing scientific language and demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of adapting pretrained models for HPSS research. By offering a scalable and transferable method for modeling the meanings of scientific concepts, CWEs open up new avenues for investigating the socio-historical dynamics of scientific discourses.

Saket Kumar, Abul Ehtesham, Aditi Singh et al.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in civil engineering presents a transformative approach to enhancing design quality and safety. This paper investigates the potential of the advanced LLM GPT4 Turbo vision model in detecting architectural flaws during the design phase, with a specific focus on identifying missing doors and windows. The study evaluates the model's performance through metrics such as precision, recall, and F1 score, demonstrating AI's effectiveness in accurately detecting flaws compared to human-verified data. Additionally, the research explores AI's broader capabilities, including identifying load-bearing issues, material weaknesses, and ensuring compliance with building codes. The findings highlight how AI can significantly improve design accuracy, reduce costly revisions, and support sustainable practices, ultimately revolutionizing the civil engineering field by ensuring safer, more efficient, and aesthetically optimized structures.

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

Murat Küçükuğurlu

1853-1856 yıllarında yaşanan Kırım Savaşı’nda, İngiltere ve Fransa ile birlikte Sardinya Devleti de Rusya’ya karşı Osmanlı Devleti’nin yanında yer almıştır. Savaştan sonra Sardinya tebaasından bazı kişiler Erzurum ve civarında ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır. Bunun üzerine Sardinya Devleti, 1860 yılında Erzurum’a bir konsolos memuru atamıştır. 1861 yılında İtalya birliği kurulup Sardinya Devleti bu birliğe dâhil olunca, 1862’de bu kez İtalya Devleti adına bir konsolos memuru görevlendirilmiştir. Bu dönemde ismi ön plana çıkan kişi, 1855’ten beri Erzurum’da bulunan Eczacı Augusto Lavini’dir. 1890’da patlak veren ilk Ermeni isyanı sırasında adını duyurmaya başlayan Lavini, isyanı takip eden günlerde Erzurum’daki Ermeni komitacıları ile birlikte Osmanlı yöneticilerini rahatsız eden birtakım faaliyetlere girişmiştir. Bunun üzerine 1892’de görevden alınmıştır. 1894 yılında Sason İsyanı patlak verince İtalya, Erzurum’da bir konsolosluk açmaya karar vermiş ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin muhalefetine rağmen Attilio Monaco’yu konsolos olarak Erzurum’a göndermiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, bu emrivaki karşısında zor durumda kalmıştır. Yapılan diplomatik girişimlerin sonucunda İtalya Konsolosu’nun ataması yaklaşık iki ay geciktirilebilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, konsolosun atanmasını engelleyememekle birlikte, bu konsolosun Tahkikat Komisyonu’na katılarak İtalya’nın Sason Hadisesi’ne doğrudan müdahalesinin önüne geçmiştir. Bununla birlikte Monaco, 1895’te Ermeni komitacıları tarafından başlatılan ve tarihe “Erzurum Vakası” olarak geçen olayları Ermenilerin lehine yanlı bir şekilde batı basınına duyurmak için elinden geleni yapmıştır. Bütün bu hadiselerin ardından Erzurum’daki İtalya Konsolosluğu 1896’da kapatılmıştır. 1914 yılı sonlarında, Osmanlı Devleti’nin I. Dünya Savaşı’na fiilen girdiği günlerde İtalya Devleti, Erzurum’daki konsolosluğunu tekrar aktif hale getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte 1915’te İtalya’nın Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı savaş açmasıyla birlikte İtalyan Konsolosluğu kapanmıştır.

Колонских Александр Геннадьевич

Рассматриваются данные, полученные в ходе изучения фортификационных сооружений Уразгильдинского городища (Татышлинский район Башкортостана). Основным археологическим материалом, обнаруженным в ходе раскопок, является керамика, которая позволяет датировать культурный слой и сооружения в широком диапазоне IV–VIII вв. н.э. и отнести памятник к бахмутинской культуре. Сами укрепления, вероятно, использовались недолго. В ходе проведенных исследований были изучены фортификационные сооружения, которые представляли собой дерево-земляную конструкцию в виде стены перекладного (крюкового) типа. Бревенчатая стена городища укреплялась вертикальными столбами. Укрепления были плотно забутованы грунтом. Многочисленные следы горения и воздействия высоких температур (уголь, прокалы, запекшаяся глина) свидетельствуют, что изученные сооружения были уничтожены пожаром, однако следов военного столкновения в ходе исследований не выявлено. Специфика выбора площадки строителями городища характеризуется использованием естественного рельефа местности –этот признак присущ для большинства городищ бахмутинской культуры. Примечательным оказывается то, что укрепления имели прямоугольную в плане конструкцию, что не является традиционным для памятников Южного Предуралья. Аналогии подобных конструкций на территории Уфимско-Бельского междуречья отсутствуют. Реконструкция исследованных сооружений даёт возможность предполагать их высокую фортификационную мощность, что также характеризует большинство известных укреплений бахмутинской культуры. Полученные результаты позволяют в значительной степени расширить современные представления об архитектурно-строительных и оборонительных традициях населения Южного Предуралья эпохи раннего средневековья.

Siren Çelik

The Byzantines and the Ottomans were both rivals and neighbours. They were also in close cultural contact: they observed each other’s customs, clothing and food. Byzantine literary texts from this period, such as histories and dialogues on Christianity and Islam, are invaluable sources in this sphere, offering insight not only into these respective religions but also providing many instances of cultural encounters. This paper presents some vignettes of daily life encounters between the Byzantines and the Ottomans, especially exploring the Byzantines’ perception of the Ottomans’ customs and food. We will analyse selected passages from the history of John VI Kantakouzenos and the dialogues of Gregory Palamas and Manuel II Palaiologos from this perspective. We will discuss the authors’ perception and representation of the Ottomans as the “other” through depictions of food, customs and daily life routines. Furthermore, these accounts will be supplemented with some key travellers’ accounts, such as those of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavjio and Bertrandon de la Broqiuère. The representations of the Ottomans in these travellers’ accounts will be compared with those of the Byzantine authors. At the same time, the insights they offer into the lives of the Byzantines and the Ottomans will also be investigated.

Zhen Chen, Linxiao Zhu, Wei Li et al.

Summary The sun and outer space are the two most important fundamental thermodynamics resources for human beings on Earth. The capability for harvesting solar energy has been of central importance throughout the history of human civilization. Harvesting the coldness of outer space using radiative cooling technology also has a long history and has received renewed interest recently. However, simultaneously and synergistically harvesting energy from these two thermodynamics resources has never been realized. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of such simultaneous energy harvesting using a configuration where a solar absorber that is transparent in mid-infrared is placed above a radiative cooler. The solar absorber is heated to 24°C above the ambient temperature and provides a shading mechanism that enables the radiative cooler to reach 29°C below the ambient temperature. This work points to a new avenue for harvesting of renewable energy resources.

E. Musk, Chief

Umi Musyarrofah, Zulhannan Zulhannan

This study analyzes religious moderation in the discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s dakwah in the era of Industry 4.0. The objective of this inquiry is to analyze the substance, identify, and explore the actualization of the religious moderation movement in Indonesia within the discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s dakwah. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using a narrative review method. Secondary data from various sources, such as books, journals, and the internet, concerning Nahdlatul Ulama’s dakwah discourse were utilized. The research findings indicate that the substance of the religious moderation movement in Indonesia within the discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s dakwah revolves around the undeniable presence of religious diversity. This diversity is an intrinsic aspect that cannot be eradicated. The emergence of the religious moderation movement in Indonesia within the discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s dakwah prominently represents a key aspect in the history of civilization and traditions across various global religions. The actualization of the religious movement in Indonesia within the discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s dakwah encompasses three substantial dimensions: moderate religious thought, moderation through movements, and moderation within religious traditions and practices.

A. Angelakis, T. Asano, A. Bahri et al.

Domestic wastewater (sewage) has been used for irrigation and aquaculture since the Bronze Age (ca. 3,200-1,100 BC) by prehistoric civilizations (e.g. Chinese, Egyptian, Indus Valley, Mesopotamian, and Minoan). In historic times (ca. 1,000 BC-330 AD), wastewater was disposed of or used for irrigation and fertilization purposes by the Greek civilization and later by the Romans in areas surrounding cities (e.g. Athens and Rome). In more recent history, the practice of land application of wastewater for disposal and agricultural use was utilized first in European cities and later in USA. Today, the planning and implementation of water reclamation and reuse projects is occurring throughout the world. Recycled water is now used for almost any purpose including potable use. This paper provides a brief overview of the evolution of water reuse over the last ca. 5,000 years. Understanding the practices and solutions of the past, provides a lens with which to view present and future challenges in a highly-urbanized world.

Leonardo Impett, Fabian Offert

In this paper, we revisit Johanna Drucker's question, "Is there a digital art history?" -- posed exactly a decade ago -- in the light of the emergence of large-scale, transformer-based vision models. While more traditional types of neural networks have long been part of digital art history, and digital humanities projects have recently begun to use transformer models, their epistemic implications and methodological affordances have not yet been systematically analyzed. We focus our analysis on two main aspects that, together, seem to suggest a coming paradigm shift towards a "digital" art history in Drucker's sense. On the one hand, the visual-cultural repertoire newly encoded in large-scale vision models has an outsized effect on digital art history. The inclusion of significant numbers of non-photographic images allows for the extraction and automation of different forms of visual logics. Large-scale vision models have "seen" large parts of the Western visual canon mediated by Net visual culture, and they continuously solidify and concretize this canon through their already widespread application in all aspects of digital life. On the other hand, based on two technical case studies of utilizing a contemporary large-scale visual model to investigate basic questions from the fields of art history and urbanism, we suggest that such systems require a new critical methodology that takes into account the epistemic entanglement of a model and its applications. This new methodology reads its corpora through a neural model's training data, and vice versa: the visual ideologies of research datasets and training datasets become entangled.

Ulyana Piterbarg, Lerrel Pinto, Rob Fergus

Neural Language Models (LMs) offer an exciting solution for general-purpose embodied control. However, a key technical issue arises when using an LM-based controller: environment observations must be converted to text, which coupled with history, results in long and verbose textual prompts. As a result, prior work in LM agents is limited to restricted domains with small observation size as well as minimal needs for interaction history or instruction tuning. In this paper, we introduce diff history, a simple and highly effective solution to these issues. By applying the Unix diff command on consecutive text observations in the interaction histories used to prompt LM policies, we can both abstract away redundant information and focus the content of textual inputs on the salient changes in the environment. On NetHack, an unsolved video game that requires long-horizon reasoning for decision-making, LMs tuned with diff history match state-of-the-art performance for neural agents while needing 1800x fewer training examples compared to prior work. Even on the simpler BabyAI-Text environment with concise text observations, we find that although diff history increases the length of prompts, the representation it provides offers a 25% improvement in the efficiency of low-sample instruction tuning. Further, we show that diff history scales favorably across different tuning dataset sizes. We open-source our code and data to https://diffhistory.github.io.