Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Ákos Bartha

This study analyses Tibor Eckhardt’s presidency of the Association of Awakening Hungarians (Ébredő Magyarok Egyesülete, ÉME) between 1923 and 1927, showing how he intended to position the movement between the far right of the Horthy era and pro-consolidation conservatives dominating the government. The ÉME quickly transformed from a base for white terror into a nationwide mass organisation and a hub for a transnational network. Involving Italian Fascism, the German Völkisch movement, as well as Romanian, Austrian and Russian partners, Eckhardt’s efforts were aimed at the transnational expansion of Hungarian racialist thinking. The process culminated in the 1925 anti-Semitic congress held in Budapest, while it also showed the movement’s limitations. Internal contradictions within the organisation, conflicts of its transnational allies, political isolation, and pressure from the consolidated authoritarian system ultimately led to the decline of the ÉME. The study points out that the ÉME was not only an important part of Hungarian history, but was also significant in the intertwined histories of the far right in (Central) Europe. Thus it serves as an example of the networked, permeable nature of early Fascism. Through the figure of Eckhardt, it also highlights the key role of political entrepreneurs in the institutionalisation of the far right.

Filip Facincani, Jaroslav Pavelka

The subject of the article is two systems of acoustic vessels from the Church of St. Gall in Myšenec, which is associated with the production of the so-called Zvíkov and Písek architectural workshop, and All Saints Church in Kovářov in South Bohemia. These vessels, built into the vault, were placed with their rim facing the interior of the presbytery and their bottom in the space of the attic at the same time as the construction of the vault and were probably intended to improve the acoustics of the interior of the presbytery. In the foreign synthesising literature, examples are described of custom-made vessels as well as secondarily used household vessels, i.e. those primarily intended for food storage. The paper aims to precisely determine the primary role of the vessels found in the two studied churches by detecting the hypothetical presence of food residues in them. Samples were taken from the inner surfaces of the vessels and their analysis showed a weak signal of casein (milk) in one case and a strong signal of gliadin (grain) in the other. The multiple potential functions of the vessels embedded in the vaults are discussed in the context of Czech examples and foreign research on acoustic vessels.

Andrei Ionut Cucu, Catalin M. Buzduga, Navena Widulin et al.

<b>Background:</b> In the 19th century, pulmonary tuberculosis was the leading cause of death in Europe, responsible for up to one-quarter of all mortality. Before Robert Koch’s discovery of the tubercle bacillus in 1882 and the advent of effective therapies, treatment relied on rest, high-caloric diets, and sanatoria. <b>Objectives:</b> This study aims to reconstruct the medical biography of Dr. Șerban Eminovici (1841–1874), Romanian physician and elder brother of poet Mihai Eminescu, and to contextualize his life and death within the broader history of tuberculosis and pre-antibiotic medical practice. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a historical case study using archival sources, including university registers from Erlangen, Munich, and Vienna, hospital admission records from the Charité Hospital in Berlin, and contemporaneous correspondence. Secondary literature on the history of tuberculosis and the Eminovici family was also reviewed. <b>Results</b>: Eminovici pursued medical studies across Central Europe, obtaining his doctorate in Vienna and later practicing medicine in Berlin, where he was a member of the Berliner Medizinische Gesellschaft. Despite early signs of respiratory illness, treated at spa resorts such as Gleichenberg, his condition progressed to advanced pulmonary tuberculosis with neuropsychiatric complications. Hospital records confirm his admission to the Charité on 10 October 1874, and his death from “Lungenschwindsucht” (pulmonary tuberculosis) on 29 November 1874, at age 33. His trajectory illustrates both the transnational mobility of Romanian intellectual elites and the therapeutic limitations of pre-antibiotic medicine. <b>Conclusions:</b> The case of Dr. Șerban Eminovici highlights the devastating impact of tuberculosis on 19th-century intellectuals, the reliance on lifestyle-based therapies before the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, and the importance of Central European medical networks in shaping Romanian professional identities. Beyond its biographical significance, this case underscores the persistent social and cultural burden of tuberculosis in Eastern Europe.

Alena Mertlová Kopřivová

This paper discusses the reports of Venetian envoys depicting events at the imperial court during the reign of Maximilian II (1564–1576). It focuses on policies pursued towards and on the events relevant for the Lands of the Bohemian Crown.

Katarzyna Vanevska

Artykuł omawia spór o nazwę kraju, który rozwinął się między bałkańskimi sąsiadami: Macedonią Północną a Grecją, po rozpadzie Socjalistycznej Federalnej Republiki Jugosławii w 1991 roku. Odradzająca się demokracja macedońska stanęła w obliczu poważnego zagrożenia dla swojej tożsamości kulturowej i negacji pozycji kraju we wspólnocie międzynarodowej. Było to wynikiem ataków politycznych i ekonomicznych, a także stosowania symbolicznych narzędzi komunikacyjnych przez południowego sąsiada, o ugruntowanej pozycji międzynarodowej i demokracji. Wyzwania, z którymi przyszło zmierzyć się odrodzonemu państwu i jego mieszkańcom, wielokrotnie naruszające podstawowe prawa człowieka i obywatela, a także wymiar, w jakim międzynarodowy spór oparty na symbolicznej komunikacji przełożył się na integrację europejską, integrację z NATO i współczesne realia Macedonii Północnej, są przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania.

Arushi Nair

How can we spotlight the second generation of Roma & Sinti in the German speaking world? When the Roma are discussed or invited to speak, it is typically limited to their experience with the atrocities of World War Two, and so their voices become narrowly contextualized before the backdrop of a history of persecution, especially during the Holocaust. Seldom is the attention on their culture and their own history. In a shift to focus on the art, poetry and literature of the Roma, I am hoping to empower the voices within the second generation, all those born in an era disconnected from the war. I argue  that these perspectives are invaluable to the discipline of German Studies and that there is much more to this group than the discrimination and pain they have faced. Although the injustices of past and present have indeed been formative in the lives of so many Roma & Sinti, it limits the scope of what we know and can learn from them.  In order to approach these questions, I will analyze and discuss a memoir and poems by a Sinteza author, musician and rights activist named  Dotschy Reinhardt. Born in 1975, Reinhardt has used her voice in many ways to speak about her identity and represent her culture beyond the scope of the war. In her memoir she explores the distinctions between Sinti and Roma, her ambitions, and her connection to generations of Roma artists. She tells a new story, a different story that opens up a very different perspective from the view provided by scholarship on the Roma and Sinti. In her poems, she  grapples with a continued struggle to find her own voice, like so many others in her generation interested in recovering an identity which doesn’t get served to them on a silver platter. The intended outcome of my project is  to rediscover that lost voice of the Roma and Sinti and make widely available what it is saying. 

Yakir Aharonov, Guy Hetzroni

This oral history interview provides Yakir Aharonov's perspective on the theoretical discovery of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in 1959, during his PhD studies in Bristol with David Bohm, the reception of the effect, the efforts to test it empirically (up to Tonomura's experiment), and some of the debates regarding the existence of the effect and its interpretation. The interview also discusses related later developments until the 1980s, including modular momentum and Berry's phase. It includes recollections from meetings with Werner Heisenberg, Richard Feynman, and Chen-Ning Yang, also mentioning John Bell, Robert Chambers, Werner Ehrenberg, Sir Charles Frank, Wendell Furry, Gunnar Källén, Maurice Pryce, Nathan Rosen, John Wheeler, and Eugene Wigner.

Hiroto Sato, Konan Shimizu

In social learning environments, agents acquire information from both private signals and the observed actions of predecessors, referred to as history. We define the value of history as the gain in expected payoff from accessing both the private signal and history, compared to relying on the signal alone. We first characterize the information structures that maximize this value, showing that it is highest under a mixture of full information and no information. We then apply these insights to a model of markets for history, where a monopolistic data seller collects and sells access to history. In equilibrium, the seller's dynamic pricing becomes the value of history for each agent. This gives the seller incentives to increase the value of history by designing the information structure. The seller optimal information discloses less information than the socially optimal level.

Daniele Dominici

The history of the Arcetri Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s. Thanks to the arrival of Garbasso in 1913, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, but also hosted brilliant young physicists such as Rita Brunetti, Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti in the '20s and Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah in the '30s, engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This internationally renowned Arcetri School dissolved in the late 1930s mainly for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other Italian or foreign universities. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the fields of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics is concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods, these studies enjoyed a new expansion in the sixties thanks to the arrival of Raoul Gatto who created in Arcetri the first Italian school of theoretical physics.

David Mareček

A. Panera Alvarez, A. Ho, A. Jarvinen et al.

This work successfully generates an uncertainty-aware surrogate model of the EuroPED plasma pedestal model using the Bayesian neural network with noise contrastive prior (BNN-NCP) technique. This model is trained using data from the JET-ILW pedestal database and subsequent model evaluations, conforming to EuroPED-NN. The BNN-NCP technique has been proven to be a suitable method for generating uncertainty-aware surrogate models. It matches the output results of a regular neural network while providing confidence estimates for predictions as uncertainties. Additionally, it highlights out-of-distribution (OOD) regions using surrogate model uncertainties. This provides critical insights into model robustness and reliability. EuroPED-NN has been physically validated, first, analyzing electron density $n_e\!\left(ψ_{\text{pol}}=0.94\right)$ with respect to increasing plasma current, $I_p$, and second, validating the $Δ-β_{p,ped}$ relation associated with the EuroPED model. This affirms the robustness of the underlying physics learned by the surrogate model. On top of that, the method was used to develop a EuroPED-like model fed with experimental data, i.e. an uncertainty aware experimental model, which is functional in JET database. Both models have been also tested in $\sim 50$ AUG shots.

Ricardo Fernandes, Martin Greiner, Marta Victoria

The European Union (EU) aims to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. This requires capturing CO2, eventually transporting it to different regions, and either converting it into valuable products or sequestering it underground. Although the target is set for the entire EU, in practice, most of the governance and strategy to attain it remains in the individual member states. Previous literature modelling how Europe can achieve carbon neutrality has either considered only a global CO2 limit or used coarse spatial and temporal representation without proper network modelling. Here, we use a highly-resolved open model of the European sector-coupled energy system, PyPSA-Eur, to explore the impacts of imposing net-zero emissions globally for the entire EU versus imposing carbon neutrality for each country. Forcing net-zero emissions in every country increases system cost by 1.4%, demands varied CO2 prices, and triggers higher investment in direct air capture and renewable capacities. Furthermore, in both scenarios, a significant portion of the captured CO2 is transported across Europe, either directly via CO2 pipelines or indirectly via solid biomass or synthetic methane gas, methanol, and oil. Our research enables quantifying the impact of following a collaborative or self-sufficient carbon management strategy to attain carbon neutrality.

Xiaoning Liu, Zheng Zhu, Yun He et al.

Monkeypox has a very prominent regional epidemic. It has been confined to Western and Central African countries. Sporadic cases found in countries outside Africa generally have a history of sojourn in endemic areas. However, the recent multinational outbreak of monkeypox cases in Europe in early May 2022 has revealed a changing epidemiological trend, those confirmed cases had no sojourn history in endemic areas and with a high proportion of cases involving men who have sex with men (MSM). Among the MSM cases, many of them presented atypical clinical manifestations of monkeypox and with other sexually transmitted diseases co-infection. Combined with the high social interactivity in this community, there is likely a higher risk of monkeypox transmission in this population. Establishing an infectious disease surveillance system, maintaining highly vigilant regarding the transmission of monkeypox in MSM, and responding promptly are necessary and effective measures to contain the outbreak.

Zsolt Csapó, Tünde Csapóné Riskó

A kecsketej termelés dinamikus és folyamatosan bővülő ágazat, ami meghatározza emberek száz millióinak életét. A kecsketejet és a belőle készített sajtot tisztelték már az ősi Egyiptomban is, feltehetően elhelyezték ezeket az élelmiszereket az egyéb kincsek mellett egy es fáraók temetkezési helyein is. A kecsketej és az abból készült tejtermékek több szempontból is jelentős szerepet töltenek be a humán táplálkozásban. A fejlődő országokban az éhező, alultáplált emberek inkább kecsketejet fogyasztanak, mint tehéntejet. A kecsketej alkalmas egyes egészségügyi problémák kezelésére. Számos fejlett országban vannak folyamatosan bővülő piaci részesedéssel bíró ínyenc és egészségtudatos fogyasztók, akiknek a gasztronómiai igényeit hivatott kielégíteni a kecsketej és az abból készült termékek. Tanulmányunk célja szekunder források segítségével áttekinteni a (tejelő) kecsketartás, kecsketej termelés és fogyasztás regionális alakulását, valamint a kecsketej és az abból készült termékek táplálkozás élettani hatásait.

Petra Czégé

Dolgozatomban a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Békés Megyei Levéltára közművelődési tevékenységét mutatom be. A 2000-es évek második felében meginduló „kapunyitás” eredményeinek számbavétele kapcsán a hangsúlyt rendezvényeinkre, ismeretterjesztő munkáinkra helyezem, nem megfeledkezve a történettudomány által nyújtott elengedhetetlen alapokról sem. Első lépésben 2006 óta rendszeressé váló őszi konferenciáink, főépületünkben kialakított állandó kiállításunk és időszaki tárlataink engednek betekintést a levéltári, valamint tudományos munkáinkba, láthatóvá téve a kezünk alatt megforduló iratanyagot is. Lehetőségünk volt megyei és országos rendezvényekhez való csatlakozásokhoz is, amelyek révén sikerül szélesebb körben bemutatkoznunk. Időközben a helyi és megyei sajtó képviselőivel is gyümölcsöző kapcsolatok épültek ki, ezáltal ismeretterjesztő tevékenységünk saját kisebb kiadványainkon túl új fórumokon is teret kapott, tovább szélesítve közönségünket. Rendezvényeinkkel párhuzamosan formálódott és formálódik a mai napig levéltárpedagógiai tevékenységünk is. E téren is elsődleges célunk az intézmény megismertetése volt a fiatalabb korosztályokkal is, de már a kezdetekkor kidolgozásra kerültek konkrét történeti témákat feldolgozó programcsomagok. A hozzánk betérő csoportok is nem egyszer tovább vitték hírünket, társintézményünk munkatársai pedig saját látogatásuk után már több alkalommal vettek fel minket gyermekeknek szóló nyári táboruk programjába. Összességében tehát sikeres évtizedet tudhat magáénak levéltárunk. Az előttünk álló tíz évben pedig ezen alapokon tovább haladva igyekszünk megállni a helyünket a közművelődés egyre hangsúlyosabb területén.

Paweł Stróżyk

Artykuł opisuje i analizuje zespół sześciu herbów wygrawerowanych na stopie gotyckiego krzyża relikwiarzowego z XIV-XV wieku (obiekt nie jest jednorodny), znajdującego się w muzeum w Sandomierzu. Krzyż właściwy z emaliowanymi plakietami został wykonany w XIV wieku, a w wieku XV dodano mu puszkę relikwiarzową i podstawę, na której umieszczono herby. Analiza programu heraldycznego wskazuje, że zespół herbów należy datować na 1440 rok i łączyć z osobą króla Władysława III (Warneńczyka). Tym samym, przyjęte dotąd w literaturze przedmiotu datowanie puszki relikwiarzowej i podstawy krzyża na drugą połowę XV wieku należy skorygować na lata 1439-1440, a dorobione wówczas elementy krzyża uznać – wbrew starszym poglądom – za królewską fundację Władysław III.

Ryan M. McGranaghan

This review examines complexity science in Heliophysics, describing it not as a discipline, but as a paradigm. In the context of Heliophysics, complexity science is the study of a star, interplanetary environment, magnetosphere, upper and terrestrial atmospheres, and planetary surface as interacting subsystems. Complexity science studies entities in a system (e.g., electrons in an atom, planets in a solar system, individuals in a society) and their interactions, and is the nature of what emerges from these interactions. It is a paradigm that employs systems approaches and is inherently multi- and cross-scale. Heliophysics processes span at least 15 orders of magnitude in space and another 15 in time, and its reaches go well beyond our own solar system and Earth's space environment to touch planetary, exoplanetary, and astrophysical domains. It is an uncommon domain within which to explore complexity science. This review article excavates the lived and living history of complexity science in Heliophysics. It identifies five dimensions of complexity science. It then proceeds in three epochal parts: 1) A pivotal year in the Complexity Heliophysics paradigm: 1996; 2) The transitional years that established foundations of the paradigm (1996-2010); and 3) The emergent literature largely beyond 2010. The history reveals a grand challenge that confronts most physical sciences to understand the research intersection between fundamental science (e.g., complexity science) and applied science (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). A risk science framework is suggested as a way of formulating the challenges in a way that the two converge. The intention is to provide inspiration and guide future research. It will be instructive to Heliophysics researchers, but also to any reader interested in or hoping to advance the frontier of systems and complexity science.

E. Frankema, Pieter Woltjer, J. Smits et al.

M. Kraft, S. Dölle-Bierke, J. Renaudin et al.

BACKGROUND Wheat is one of the most commonly consumed foods and a known elicitor of anaphylaxis in children and adults. Reactions in adults are often cofactor dependent and characterized by a prolonged time between food intake and the onset of symptoms making the diagnosis of wheat anaphylaxis challenging. OBJECTIVE To characterize a cohort of patients with the history of wheat anaphylaxis to better understand this atypical phenotype of anaphylaxis. METHODS Data from the European Anaphylaxis Registry from 2007-2019 (n=10,636) including 250 patients (213 adults and 37 children) with a history of anaphylaxis caused by wheat were analyzed. RESULTS Wheat was the most common food elicitor of anaphylaxis in adults in the registry in Central Europe. Reactions to wheat in adults were frequently associated with exercise as a cofactor (82.8%) and partially delayed (57.5%). Only 36.9% of patients had atopic comorbidities, which was uncommonly low for adult patients allergic to other kinds of food (63.2%). Anaphylaxis to wheat presented frequently with cardiovascular symptoms (86.7%) including severe symptoms such as loss of consciousness (41%) and less often with respiratory symptoms (53.6%). The reactions to wheat were more severe than reactions to other foods (OR=4.33), venom (OR=1.58), or drugs (OR=2.11). CONCLUSIONS Wheat is a relevant elicitor of anaphylaxis in adults in Central Europe. Wheat anaphylaxis is highly dependent on the presence of cofactors and less frequently associated with atopic diseases compared with other food allergies. More data on mechanisms of wheat-induced anaphylaxis are required to develop preventive measures for this potentially life-threatening disease.