The failure of the cannabis legalization process in Mexico illustrates how President AMLO becomes an almighty veto player compared to his predecessors. Using the veto player framework and based on a qualitative survey to trace the details of the decision-making process, the paper shows that the president acquires exceptional blocking powers through two main techniques. First, AMLO comes to power with absolute parliamentary majorities, which allows him to absorb the veto capacities of parliamentary institutions. Secondly, AMLO gradually neutralizes the powers of by-passing institutions, promising to put the decision to a referendum, contesting the Supreme Court’s decisions, or establishing a pro-cannabis bureaucracy completely dependent of the presidency. Since AMLO’s rise to power, any hope of cannabis legalization evaporated in Mexico, despite an alignment of political forces in favor at the national level and a regional tendency to relax cannabis prohibition.
Latin America. Spanish America, Social sciences (General)
El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación centrada en el estudio de las trayectorias de los guatemaltecos que, apoyados por el Programa de Becas de la Fundación Rockefeller, cursaron capacitaciones avanzadas o estudios de posgrado en ciencias agrícolas en México, entre 1949 y 1976. Desde el mirador de la historia del intercambio académico, en clave transnacional, se propone que la agricultura fungió como un puente que, a través de los itinerarios de los becarios, unió dos procesos: la profesionalización de la enseñanza agrícola en México y la profesionalización de la investigación agrícola en Guatemala. Se argumenta, además, que ambos procesos formaron parte del despliegue de la revolución verde en América Latina. Esta indagación se fundamentó en la consulta de fuentes primarias, hemerografía y entrevistas.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, History (General) and history of Europe
O presente artigo tem como preocupação, discutir os caminhos que a maçonaria pernambucana trilhou no período após a instalação do Estado Novo, quando permaneceu com suas atividades e patrimônios interditados pelo Estado. Ao longo do texto, discutiremos como o ideário antimaçônico foi difundido em vários espaços da burocracia do Estado Novo pernambucano, muitos deles, formados dentro de uma sociabilidade, política e intelectual de matriz conservadora-católica. Procurando realizar uma leitura de fontes relacionadas a este processo de construção de uma lógica da suspeição, observaremos como ela foi importante no processo interdição de reorganização das ações maçônicas pernambucanas no período de 1937-1945.
Javier Pinochet, Reinaldo Rivera, Paula E. Neill
et al.
The geographical expansion of invasive species depends mainly on its dispersal potential, and the abiotic and biotic factors affecting it. Knowing the invasive dynamic of non-native species, as well as its behavior at different natural or anthropogenic scenarios, is fundamental for planning conservation management policies and control plans. The invasive sea anemone Anemonia alicemartinae in habits from the north (18°S) to the south-central (36°S) coast of Chile and its distribution range has expanded by approximately 1,928 km in the last 50 years. Previous works have proposed that human-mediated southward transport associated with regional-scale maritime activities could explain its rapid spread. To evaluate this hypothesis, we used ecological niche models (ENM) to evaluate the potential colonization of the southernmost area of South America. Additionally, we conducted a post hoc analysis to evaluate the relationship between the prediction of the ENM and human activity measured as the number of landings of ships in ports. The models were built based on presence records of A. alicemartinae, and oceanographic variables. Results showed that sea surface salinity and annual sea surface temperature (variance) are the best predictor variables to explain the distribution of A. alicemartinae. There was a positive and significant relationship between the geographical distribution of the sea anemone predicted by the ENM and the number of landings, as a proxy of anthropogenic activity. The most susceptible areas to invasion were those that showed the highest variability in both oceanographic predictors. These areas included the Biobío region, Chiloé´s inland sea, Aysén, and Chacabuco regions, which together comprise two biogeographical provinces. These results sustain the proposed hypothesis and, overall, the results suggest that along with the characteristics of the life history of A. alicemartinae, oceanographic conditions and maritime transport as vector contribute to the southern range expansion of this invasive cryptogenic species in the Humboldt-current large marine ecosystem.
Este artículo examina dos décadas sobre las cuales se conoce muy poco de la historia de Talamanca, una región indígena localizada en el extremo sureste de Costa Rica. Entre 1927 y 1948 la estructura interna de las comunidades indígenas talamanqueñas vivió mutaciones importantes, al igual que sucedió con la economía y la organización administrativa de la zona. Además de seguirle la pista a estos cambios, el artículo examina a cuatro individuos que fueron muy influyentes en esa época: Fermín Regidor y Neftalí Valverde, quienes fungieron como agentes de policía de Talamanca, y los hermanos Carlos Daniel y Alfredo Luis Swaby.
Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, History America
O presente artigo tem por finalidade analisar quais foram os motivos que levaram os espanhóis das missões jesuíticas de Mojos a declararem guerra aos portugueses da Capitania de Mato Grosso. Este estranhamento gerado a partir da demarcação de Limites de 1750, nas margens do rio Guaporé, provocou uma guerra pela posse desta missão jesuítica no ano de 1763. E a mesma estratégia usada pelos espanhóis para impedir que os portugueses recebessem socorro, serviu de igual maneira, para o contra ataque português. Fato este, que colaborou e muito para que os portugueses, apesar de estarem em menor número, continuassem a manter as possessões conquistadas no rio Guaporé.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Latin America. Spanish America
RESUMEN
El proceso de forja de la nacionalidad cubana, de historia reciente pero intensa es expresión del contrapunteo entre las ideas y la acción. Los vínculos históricos y las analogías en el grado de desarrollo económico de Cuba, la colocan al lado de los países de América Latina y el Caribe y ocupando un sitio entre los países del llamado Tercer Mundo. La situación particular de Cuba respecto a la cuestión médica y ecológica, condicionan una acción bioética acerca de la cual existe un consenso nacional, condicionado a su vez por un alto nivel general de instrucción científica, que alcanza a toda la población.
DeCS: PENSAMIENTO / ética
ABSTRACT
The forging process of the Cuban nationality, but recent history is an expression of intense argument between ideas and action. Historical links and similarities in the level of economic development in Cuba, placed next to the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, occupying a place among the countries of the Third World. The particular situation of Cuba regarding the medical issue and ecological condition bioethics action about which there is national consensus, conditioned in turn by a high general level of scientific literacy, which reaches the entire population
MeSH: Thinking/ ethics