Hasil untuk "German literature"

Hagenström K, Müller K, Ben-Anaya N et al.

Kristina Hagenström, Katharina Müller, Nesrine Ben-Anaya, Matthias Augustin Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, GermanyCorrespondence: Kristina Hagenström, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany, Tel +49 40 741059513, Fax +49 40 74105534, Email k.hagenstroem@uke.dePurpose: Epidemiological and health care data on generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) show large differences in literature. This study assessed GPP epidemiology, comorbidities and health care in Germany.Patients and Methods: Nationwide population-related German claims data were analyzed using different case definitions for internal validation.Results: In 2019, the prevalence of GPP in Germany in adults ranged from 8 to 39 and incidence from 1 to 15 persons per 100,000. Prevalence was higher in women and increased with age. Thirty-three percent had at least one other psoriatic ICD-10 code. People with GPP had significantly more skin diseases as well as cardiovascular and mental diseases than persons without psoriasis/GPP. The average annual drug costs per capita were € 2050 and were highest in those receiving biologicals (€ 15,524). Marked differences in treatment by specialist were observed.Conclusion: Acknowledging that the observed frequency or costs associated with GPP may be underestimated due to a few inherent limitations is important. Differences in GPP coding behavior and diagnostic accuracy may contribute to variations in epidemiology. The high disease burden is reflected by high annual costs and by significant comorbidity.Plain Language Summary: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a severe form of psoriasis that causes painful, pus-filled blisters on the skin. Our study, conducted in Germany, aimed to explore how common GPP is, what other health problems people with GPP experience, and how they are treated. We analyzed health insurance data from across the country, using various methods to ensure our findings were accurate.We found that GPP is a rare condition compared to other types of psoriasis, affecting between 8 and 39 adults per 100,000 people in Germany in 2019. The number of people with GPP varied, with new cases ranging from 1 to 15 per 100,000 people. GPP was more common in women and increased with age. In addition, about a third of people with GPP also had other types of psoriasis. People with GPP had more skin diseases, heart problems, and mental health problems than people without psoriasis. The average annual cost of treating GPP was € 2050 per person, but this amount could be as high as € 15,524 for those receiving advanced treatments known as biologics. We also saw significant differences in how GPP is treated depending on which specialist was involved.In conclusion, our study highlights that GPP is a costly condition with a high burden of additional health problems. Variations in how GPP is diagnosed and coded might explain differences in reported prevalence and costs. Improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment approaches could lead to better care and reduced expenses for patients.Keywords: prevalence, incidence, frequency of illness, statutory health insurance data, validation

Miša Glišič

Der Beitrag thematisiert die Subjekt- und Identitätskonstitutionen im Roman Als ob sie träumend gingen von Anna Baar innerhalb eines literatur- und kulturwissenschaftlichen Diskurses und versucht die Entfremdungserscheinungen im Text aufzuzeigen. Bei dem Roman handelt es sich um einen narrativen Text, der Historizität, vor allem die Kriegsszenarien im Raum des Mittelmeeres, verfremdet und als Ausdruck von Erinnerungen darlegt. Die Selbsterkenntnis des Protagonisten beruht auf einer Dynamik von Identität und Alterität, bei der es zu einer Hinterfragung des Wechselspiels zwischen Eigenem und Fremdem kommt. Das Fremde wird durch den zunehmenden Verlust der Liebe, des Vertrauens und der Menschlichkeit gekennzeichnet. Dalmatien als Erfahrungsraum korreliert mit der Existenznot literarischer Figuren und mit ihrer Abgrenzung vom kulturellen Anderen. Die distanzierte Erzählinstanz verweist auf die gesellschaftliche Ausgrenzung der literarischen Hauptfigur und ihre Suche nach Orientierung im fremden Alltag.

Oliver Wardas, Florian Matthes

Legal work, characterized by its text-heavy and resource-intensive nature, presents unique challenges and opportunities for NLP research. While data-driven approaches have advanced the field, their lack of interpretability and trustworthiness limits their applicability in dynamic legal environments. To address these issues, we collaborated with legal experts to extend an existing dataset and explored the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) and in-context learning to evaluate the legality of clauses in German employment contracts. Our work evaluates the ability of different LLMs to classify clauses as "valid," "unfair," or "void" under three legal context variants: no legal context, full-text sources of laws and court rulings, and distilled versions of these (referred to as examination guidelines). Results show that full-text sources moderately improve performance, while examination guidelines significantly enhance recall for void clauses and weighted F1-Score, reaching 80\%. Despite these advancements, LLMs' performance when using full-text sources remains substantially below that of human lawyers. We contribute an extended dataset, including examination guidelines, referenced legal sources, and corresponding annotations, alongside our code and all log files. Our findings highlight the potential of LLMs to assist lawyers in contract legality review while also underscoring the limitations of the methods presented.

Germán Capdehourat, Isabel Amigo, Brian Lorenzo et al.

Grading is a time-consuming and laborious task that educators must face. It is an important task since it provides feedback signals to learners, and it has been demonstrated that timely feedback improves the learning process. In recent years, the irruption of LLMs has shed light on the effectiveness of automatic grading. In this paper, we explore the performance of different LLMs and prompting techniques in automatically grading short-text answers to open-ended questions. Unlike most of the literature, our study focuses on a use case where the questions, answers, and prompts are all in Spanish. Experimental results comparing automatic scores to those of human-expert evaluators show good outcomes in terms of accuracy, precision and consistency for advanced LLMs, both open and proprietary. Results are notably sensitive to prompt styles, suggesting biases toward certain words or content in the prompt. However, the best combinations of models and prompt strategies, consistently surpasses an accuracy of 95% in a three-level grading task, which even rises up to more than 98% when the it is simplified to a binary right or wrong rating problem, which demonstrates the potential that LLMs have to implement this type of automation in education applications.

Andreas Fischer MA, Jalal Alnatour PhD, Bernd Seeberger PhD

Background: The Alanya region on Turkey’s southern coast has become an important destination for German retirement migration. Objective: Identify research studies on German retirement migration to Turkey which deal with the life situation, the motives, the handling of critical life situations in the context of retirement migration, and the reasons for return migration. Methods: The researcher conducted a qualitative systematic literature review from January 2021 to May 2021 in MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, and APA PsychInfo. Results: Eleven studies on German and European retirement migration to Turkey were included after a critical assessment based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Motives for retirement migration are climatic, scenic, cultural advantages and the lower cost of living in Turkey. Conclusion: It has been found that most of the studies are thematically narrowly defined, detailed studies deal with and describe the development of retirement migration in a more general way.

Gustav Landgren

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Lomako, Olga М.

Introducton. The article is devoted to the analysis of German Romanticism through a social philosophical examination of its origin, features and methodological foundations in the historical and cultural context. Theoretical analysis. It is proposed to consider the analysis and methodology of German Romanticism using the philosophical method of genealogy. The genealogical procedure is heterogeneous in its essence, since it involves the identification of the duality of the beginning, the source of sociality. In the romantic worldview, this is the fusion of aesthetic perception and conceptual thinking. It is established that the philosophical methodological foundations of German Romanticism are laid by the German idealistic transcendental philosophy (Kant and Schelling) in the unity of epistemological, aesthetic and anthropological aspects. Empirical analysis. Genealogical understanding of the specific social conditions in Germany at the end of the XVIII-early XIX centuries allowed us to identify the primary concept of the German romantic worldview as the source of sociality – free sociability – and to defi ne its multidimensional nature as understanding and recognition of the Other (rules of conduct and communication, creation of programs of eternal peace, interest in history and folk language). The foundation of the University of Berlin becomes the academic realization of the concept of free sociability. Conclusion. It is concluded that the goal of early German Romanticism – free sociability as a new form of human solidarity – long determined the humanistic orientation of the romantic worldview.

Pia Pachinger, Janis Goldzycher, Anna Maria Planitzer et al.

Model interpretability in toxicity detection greatly profits from token-level annotations. However, currently such annotations are only available in English. We introduce a dataset annotated for offensive language detection sourced from a news forum, notable for its incorporation of the Austrian German dialect, comprising 4,562 user comments. In addition to binary offensiveness classification, we identify spans within each comment constituting vulgar language or representing targets of offensive statements. We evaluate fine-tuned language models as well as large language models in a zero- and few-shot fashion. The results indicate that while fine-tuned models excel in detecting linguistic peculiarities such as vulgar dialect, large language models demonstrate superior performance in detecting offensiveness in AustroTox. We publish the data and code.

Md Umar Hashmi, Simon Nagels, Dirk Van Hertem

Operational flexibility needs assessment (FNA) is crucial for system operators to plan/procure flexible resources in order to avoid probable network issues. We implemented an FNA tool in the framework of the H2020 EUniversal project for the German demonstration. In this work, we summarize our learnings from the demo implementation to cope with the limited availability of measurement data. Using a reduced network model and key performance indicators, we evaluate the digital-twin results with real-world implementations. The paper aims to motivate future research directions by duly considering real-world limitations in their modelling and developing innovative tailor-made solutions for an improved decision support framework for system operators.

Germán Molpeceres, Joan Enrique-Romero, Yuri Aikawa

CO2 is one of the dominant components of the interstellar ice. Recent observations show CO2 exists more abundantly in polar (H2O-dominated) ice than in apolar (H2O-poor) ice. CO2 ice formation is primarily attributed to the reaction between CO and OH, which has a barrier. Highly accurate quantum chemical calculations were employed to analyze the stationary points of the potential energy surfaces of the title reaction in the gas phase on a H2O and CO clusters. Microcanonical transition state theory was used as a diagnostic tool for the efficiency of the reaction under ISM conditions. We simulate the kinetics of ice chemistry, considering different scenarios involving non-thermal processes and energy dissipation. The CO + OH reaction proceeds through the remarkably stable intermediate HOCO radical. On the H2O cluster, the formation of this intermediate is efficient, but the subsequent reaction leading to CO2 formation is not. Conversely, HOCO formation on the CO cluster is inefficient without external energy input. Thus, CO2 ice cannot be formed by the title reaction alone either on the H2O cluster or CO cluster. In the polar ice, CO2 ice formation is possible via CO + OH -> HOCO, followed by HOCO + H ->CO2 + H2, as demonstrated by abundant experimental literature. In apolar ice, CO2 formation is less efficient because HOCO formation requires external energy. Our finding is consistent with the JWST observations. Further experimental work is encouraged using low-temperature OH radicals.

Sangeet Sagar, Mirco Ravanelli, Bernd Kiefer et al.

Despite the recent advancements in speech recognition, there are still difficulties in accurately transcribing conversational and emotional speech in noisy and reverberant acoustic environments. This poses a particular challenge in the search and rescue (SAR) domain, where transcribing conversations among rescue team members is crucial to support real-time decision-making. The scarcity of speech data and associated background noise in SAR scenarios make it difficult to deploy robust speech recognition systems. To address this issue, we have created and made publicly available a German speech dataset called RescueSpeech. This dataset includes real speech recordings from simulated rescue exercises. Additionally, we have released competitive training recipes and pre-trained models. Our study highlights that the performance attained by state-of-the-art methods in this challenging scenario is still far from reaching an acceptable level.

Christian Hänig, Markus Schlösser, Serhii Hamotskyi et al.

As part of its digitization initiative, the German Central Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) wants to examine the extent to which natural Language Processing (NLP) can be used to make independent decisions upon the eligibility criteria of securities prospectuses. Every month, the Directorate General Markets at the German Central Bank receives hundreds of scanned prospectuses in PDF format, which must be manually processed to decide upon their eligibility. We found that this tedious and time-consuming process can be (semi-)automated by employing modern NLP model architectures, which learn the linguistic feature representation in text to identify the present eligible and ineligible criteria. The proposed Decision Support System provides decisions of document-level eligibility criteria accompanied by human-understandable explanations of the decisions. The aim of this project is to model the described use case and to evaluate the extent to which current research results from the field of NLP can be applied to this problem. After creating a heterogeneous domain-specific dataset containing annotations of eligible and non-eligible mentions of relevant criteria, we were able to successfully build, train and deploy a semi-automatic decider model. This model is based on transformer-based language models and decision trees, which integrate the established rule-based parts of the decision processes. Results suggest that it is possible to efficiently model the problem and automate decision making to more than 90% for many of the considered eligibility criteria.

Adriana Borgerth V. C. Lima

Durante a pandemia de Covid-19 em 2020, professores e alunos viram-se impelidos a utilizar estratégias de ensino remoto, para não interromperem o andamento das aulas. Nesse contexto, o modelo pedagógico “Sala de Aula Invertida” (Leffa; Duarte; Alda 2016) (Andrade; Coutinho 2018) foi uma possibilidade para a implementação on-line da proposta “Literatura e escrita criativa em sala de aula invertida de alemão como língua estrangeira”. A literatura pode se apresentar como alternativa a textos não-autênticos dos livros didáticos de língua estrangeira, trazendo importantes contextos de vocabulário e estruturas corretamente empregadas (Koppensteiner 2001). A escrita criativa tem na leitura a base que constrói o repertório do escritor, e, através de técnicas, resgata sua criatividade (Rodrigues 2015). O professor de língua estrangeira poderá usar essa criatividade para trabalhar em aula a escrita, além da gramática, da leitura, da oralidade (Silva 2013). Da proposta participaram uma dupla e uma aluna individual, de nível A2 (QECR 2001); foram lidos cinco livros de autores de língua alemã, discutidos os temas abordados nas obras, contextualizados e também transpostos para os dias atuais, permitindo às alunas comentá-los no contexto cultural brasileiro. Esse processo embasou a escrita das histórias dessas alunas.

Tatjana Leidig, Gino Casale, Jürgen Wilbert et al.

The current study examined the impact of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) on the academic engagement (AE) and disruptive behavior (DB) of at-risk students’ in a German inclusive primary school sample using behavioral progress monitoring. A multiple baseline design across participants was employed to evaluate the effects of the GBG on 35 primary school students in seven classrooms from grade 1 to 3 (Mage = 8.01 years, SDage = 0.81 years). The implementation of the GBG was randomly staggered by 2 weeks across classrooms. Teacher-completed Direct Behavior Rating (DBR) was applied to measure AE and DB. We used piecewise regression and a multilevel extension to estimate the individual case-specific treatment effects as well as the generalized effects across cases. Piecewise regressions for each case showed significant immediate treatment effects for the majority of participants (82.86%) for one or both outcome measures. The multilevel approach revealed that the GBG improved at-risk students’ classroom behaviors generally with a significant immediate treatment effect across cases (for AE, B = 0.74, p < 0.001; for DB, B = –1.29, p < 0.001). The moderation between intervention effectiveness and teacher ratings of students’ risks for externalizing psychosocial problems was significant for DB (B = –0.07, p = 0.047) but not for AE. Findings are consistent with previous studies indicating that the GBG is an appropriate classroom-based intervention for at-risk students and expand the literature regarding differential effects for affected students. In addition, the study supports the relevance of behavioral progress monitoring and data-based decision-making in inclusive schools in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the GBG and, if necessary, to modify the intervention for individual students or the whole group.

Anastasia Zhukova, Felix Hamborg, Bela Gipp

Named entity recognition (NER) is an important task that aims to resolve universal categories of named entities, e.g., persons, locations, organizations, and times. Despite its common and viable use in many use cases, NER is barely applicable in domains where general categories are suboptimal, such as engineering or medicine. To facilitate NER of domain-specific types, we propose ANEA, an automated (named) entity annotator to assist human annotators in creating domain-specific NER corpora for German text collections when given a set of domain-specific texts. In our evaluation, we find that ANEA automatically identifies terms that best represent the texts' content, identifies groups of coherent terms, and extracts and assigns descriptive labels to these groups, i.e., annotates text datasets into the domain (named) entities.

Michel Wijkstra, Timo Lek, Tobias Kuhn et al.

Literature reviews have long played a fundamental role in synthesizing the current state of a research field. However, in recent years, certain fields have evolved at such a rapid rate that literature reviews quickly lose their relevance as new work is published that renders them outdated. We should therefore rethink how to structure and publish such literature reviews with their highly valuable synthesized content. Here, we aim to determine if existing Linked Data technologies can be harnessed to prolong the relevance of literature reviews and whether researchers are comfortable with working with such a solution. We present here our approach of ``living literature reviews'' where the core information is represented as Linked Data which can be amended with new findings after the publication of the literature review. We present a prototype implementation, which we use for a case study where we expose potential users to a concrete literature review modeled with our approach. We observe that our model is technically feasible and is received well by researchers, with our ``living'' versions scoring higher than their traditional counterparts in our user study. In conclusion, we find that there are strong benefits to using a Linked Data solution to extend the effective lifetime of a literature review.

Salman Sharif, Muhammad Yassar Jazaib Ali, Ibet Marie Y. Sih et al.

To formulate specific guidelines for the recommendation of subaxial cervical spine injuries concerning classification, management, posttraumatic locked facets and vertebral artery injury. Computerized literature was searched on PubMed and google scholar database from 2009 to 2020. For classification, keywords “Sub Axial Cervical Spine Classification,” resulting in 22 articles related to subaxial cervical spine injury classification system (SLICS) system and 11 articles related to AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen, German for “Association for the Study of Internal Fixation”) Spine system. The literature search yielded 210 and 78 articles on “management of subaxial cervical spine injuries” and the role of “SLICS” and “AO Spine” respectively. Keywords “management of traumatic facet locks” were searched and closed reduction, traction, approaches and techniques were studied. “Vertebral artery injury and cervical fracture” exhibited 2,328 references from the last 15 years. The objective was to identify the appropriate diagnostic tests and optimal treatment. Up-to-date information was reviewed, and statements were produced to reach a consensus in 2 separate consensus meetings of World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Spine Committee. The statements were voted and reached a positive or negative consensus using Delphi method. Based on the most relevant literature, panelists in Moscow consensus meeting conducted in May 2019 drafted the statements, and after a preliminary voting session, the consensus was identified on various statements. Another meeting was conducted at Peshawar in November 2019, where in addition to previous statements, few other statements were discussed and voted. Specific recommendations were then formulated guiding classification, management, locked facets and vertebral artery injuries. This review summarizes the WFNS Spine Committee recommendations on subaxial cervical spine injuries.

Evgeny A. Zachevsky

The article examines the interaction of German literature of the mid-1940s with the politics, culture and literature of the United States and considers the history of the formation and the ideological platform of the future “Group 47” – a large literary association in Germany. Since the end of the 1944, American democracy and freedom were actively promoted among German prisoners of war in the United States. In March 1945 the German-language newspaper Der Ruf was created at Fort Kearny. It was aimed at “re-education” of the German nation and consolidation of the American-style democratic thinking after the defeat of national socialism (such politics was beneficial to the US for strengthening their positions in front of the “communist threat”). Der Ruf united young writers and publicists W. Kolbenhoff, H.W. Richter, W. Schnurre, A. Andersch, F. Minssen, W. Manzen who subsequently formed “Group 47”. The American period of Der Ruf included both changes in its political course (from rigid censorship of materials and neutral attitude towards the fascist ideology to the “anti-German” orientation of some articles) and the development of philosophical and aesthetic views of publishers, a creative rethinking of the American literature experience. After returning to Germany, the young writers continued publishing Der Ruf in Munich in search of a platform for the free expression of their own ideas about the present and future of Germany. Despite the imminent departure from the editorial office of A. Andersch and H.W. Richter, the publication became a major milestone in the creation of the post-war German literature. Der Ruf activity contributed to the development of the anti-fascist and anti-militarist views of the younger generation of writers of the West Germany that reflected in the “Group 47” literature. A study of the newspaper suggests a strong interaction between West German literature and American literature.

Maria Lewandowicz

The Code of Private Law in the Canton of Zurich (Privatrechtliches Gesetzbuch für den Kanton Zürich – PGB) is described as the perfect model for the Swiss Civil Code in the literature devoted to the subject matter of codification of private law in the Swiss Confederation. It was the first modern civil code in Switzerland which was imbued with German tradition and legal culture. At the same time, it represented a high level of scientific sophistication. The Code of Private Law in the Canton of Zurich proved the vitality of German law in Switzerland. Moreover, its stable foundations in the national spirit resulted in a high level of social acceptance for the legal solutions included within. However, the question remains to what extent one can determine the influence of the Code of Private Law in the Canton of Zurich on the project and on the final shape of the Swiss Civil Code (ZGB). Also the question is to what extent one should treat these codes as independent works, even though they were created on the basis of the same initial assumptions. The influence of The Code of Private Law in the Canton of Zurich on the Swiss Civil Code most completely depicts the inheritance law. Firstly, it directly interferes with the personal sphere of a citizen’s life and, consequently, it has to be rooted in the national culture and tradition in order to be effective. Secondly, it is the part of law which was the most diversified regulatory area in Switzerland in the period prior to the unification. The description of the Code of Private Law in the Canton of Zurich as “the perfect model” for the Swiss Civil Code is accurate. However, it is the author’s opinion that this statement is an exaggeration. The basic connection between the Code of Private Law in the Canton of Zurich and the Swiss Civil Code is expressed in the method of conducting the preparatory work for the codification work. It is also expressed by the adopted method of selection of the source material which was to serve as demonstrative material in the unification work. However, there is no evidence which would attest that the Swiss Civil Code’s contents were based on the regulations found in the Code of Private Law in the Canton of Zurich. The close relationship of both laws is expressed not in the contents but rather in the ideological assumptions of the conducted codification works.

Isabel Stockton, Annette Bergemann, Stephan Brunow

Background Better estimates of workers' willingness to pay to reduce commutes can help evaluate transport policy as well as innovations in workplace organisation implemented by firms (such as telecommuting). These measures could facilitate the employment of workers with care responsibilities by reducing commuting cost. Objectives We estimate female workers' marginal willingness to pay to reduce commuting distance in Germany in a partial-equilibrium model of job search with non-wage job attributes. We consider heterogeneity by parenthood, regional structure and part-time status of workers and are moreover able to explore the role of housing cost, childcare and intra-household interactions for subsamples of the data. Methods and Data We use national insurance data based on a 10\% sample of the German labour force including daily information on job spells, personal and job characteristics and residential and workplace post codes between 2000 and 2013 (a customised version of the ``Integrated Employment Biographies'' provided by the Institute of Employment Research, IAB). Taking advantage of the longitudinal structure of the data, our analysis uses a stratified Cox model to take better account of unobserved individual heterogeneity than the previous literature has been able to do. We control for housing costs using additional data on rents at the county level. Findings We find a substantial gender gap in marginal willingness to pay for reduced commuting distance between men and women which is not explained by individual unobserved heterogeneity. When women have their first child, their willingness to pay increases further. Preliminary results suggest that heterogeneity between urban, conurbational and rural areas in Germany plays a minor role in determining women's willingness to pay. Conclusions Substantial gender and motherhood gaps in implicit commuting cost provide an important link between the household and labour market in understanding gender and job choice, with implications for gender-sensitive labour market policy.