Hasil untuk "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"

I. V. Kocheshkova, S. A. Rumbest, A. Ya. Mindlina

Relevance. Currently, the incidence of vaccine-controlled infections tends to increase. Despite the fact that some of them are not registered at all, the situation remains unstable and tense. Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure. The effectiveness of immunization mainly depends on achieving the necessary vaccination coverage and meeting the deadlines for their implementation. Aim. Assess the coverage of vaccination and revaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, measles, rubella and mumps in the period from 2019 to 2022. on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as to analyze these indicators for 2022, including the timeliness of immunization within the framework of the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations.Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the state of vaccination coverage, revaccination and the timeliness of their implementation was carried out. Data from the Federal statistical observation form No. 6 «Information on the populations of children and adults vaccinated against infectious diseases» for 2019–2022 were used.Results. Vaccination coverage against diphtheria and pertussis at the age of 0–1 years in the Russian Federation from 2020 is only 47.31% and 45.97% respectively. Of these, 89.31% were vaccinated against diphtheria at the age of 6 months - 11 months, 29 days, and 88,65% against whooping cough. The timeliness of vaccination against these infections is achieved only by 12 months: about 97% have been vaccinated by this age. The average levels of vaccination coverage against measles, rubella and mumps in 1 years – 1 years, 11 months, 29 days were 96,47%, 96,42% and 96,46%, respectively. The rate of timely immunization reaches 97% only by 24 months. RV1 coverage in the age group of 1 years – 1 years, 11 months, 29 days is 50.87% against diphtheria and 50.67% against pertussis, in the group of 2 years – 2 years, 11 months, 29 days – 96,38% and 96,17%, respectively. 96% were vaccinated in a timely manner by 24 months. Coverage of the second revaccination against diphtheria at the age of 6 years – 6 years, 11 months, 29 days, is on average 54.37%, in the age group of 7 years – 7 years, 11 months, 29 days – 95.88%. Coverage of RV3 at the age of 14 years – 14 years, 11 months, 29 days – 95.53%, and RV4 in the age groups of 18 years – 35 years, 11 months, 29 days, 36 years – 59 years, 11 months, 29 days, and 60 years and older in 2022, amounted to 71.2%, 78.3% and 73.9%, respectively. The coverage of revaccination against measles, rubella and mumps in 6 years – 6 years,11 months, 29 days, amounted to 96,06%, 96,02% and 96,04% respectively.Conclusion. The analysis showed that vaccination is carried out much later than the deadlines set by the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations. Vaccination and revaccination coverage against diphtheria and pertussis, measles, rubella and mumps does not reach the required level of 95% in all regions, which poses a threat to the epidemiological well-being of the population. It should be noted that measles vaccination coverage does not reach 98%, thus conditions for its elimination are not created. In 2020, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella and mumps saw a decrease in vaccination and revaccination coverage due to the epidemic of COVID-19, but by 2022 coverage still did not reach the values of 2019.

K. Weiler

E. Ruíz

Abstract This essay frames systemic patterns of mental abuse against women of color and Indigenous women on Turtle Island (North America) in terms of larger design-of-distribution strategies in settler colonial societies, as these societies use various forms of social power to distribute, reproduce, and automate social inequalities (including public health precarities and mortality disadvantages) that skew socioeconomic gain continuously toward white settler populations and their descendants. It departs from traditional studies in gender-based violence research that frame mental abuses such as gaslighting—commonly understood as mental manipulation through lying or deceit—stochastically, as chance-driven, interpersonal phenomena. Building on structural analyses of knowledge in political epistemology (Dotson 2012a; Berenstain 2016), political theory (Davis and Ernst 2017), and Indigenous social theory (Tuck and Yang 2012), I develop the notion of cultural gaslighting to refer to the social and historical infrastructural support mechanisms that disproportionately produce abusive mental ambients in settler colonial cultures in order to further the ends of cultural genocide and dispossession. I conclude by proposing a social epidemiological account of gaslighting that a) highlights the public health harms of abusive ambients for minority populations, b) illuminates the hidden rules of social structure in settler colonial societies, and c) amplifies the corresponding need for structural reparations.

Jonathan Lyonhart

An underlying assumption of much of public and academic discourse is that logic is a universal language transferable between humans, regardless of gender, race, religion, class, or culture. Conversely, personal experience is seen as simply that: personal. It may be a powerful way to illustrate a point or imbue it with passion, but it is not an argument in and of itself. Personal experience is particular, subjective, non-transferable, and ineffective due to its affective-ness. Yet our definitions of universal rationality have themselves been formed within particular contexts, primarily by Western males. Applying recent studies in the social sciences to a broader theory of knowledge, this paper will ask what androcratic assumptions males have brought into epistemology and what perspectives females have had to leave at the door? Specifically, is there a long-ignored partnership paradigm of female empathy (regardless of whether it is biologically or socially ingrained) that legitimates personal experience by allowing it to be transferable between humans? What might such a gylanic approach to knowledge yield for future ideologies and their corresponding social, political, and academic institutions?

Giovanni Salvagnini Zanazzo

Una lettura del celebre racconto borgesiano come allegoria dell’offerta libraria del colosso di Bezos. In esso, non solo il potenziale acquirente è portato a smarrirsi tra i libri già scritti nella sezione dedicata del sito, ma una pagina apposita lo invita ad autoprodurne altri, contribuendo in prima persona all’incremento di quella quantità che lo disorienta. Eppure la vertigine di infinito e impossibilità su cui punta lo scrittore argentino si mescolano nel contemporaneo all’euforia dei percorsi che ancora riescono, che bucano il marasma per affermarsi. Impossibile e possibile convivono come un’altra capriola magica di Internet.

M. Friedman

Ana Gabriela Saba

O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a ecologia dos saberes, tendo como objeto de pesquisa o projeto escolar Rolé na Penha. O qual permeia as memórias locais, saberes e referências culturais do bairro, dos alunos e dos professores, observando-o enquanto experiência e narrativa do cotidiano escolar, em uma perspectiva da pedagogia crítica. O Projeto é oriundo de uma escola de comunidade periférica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, onde a educação configura um importante espaço de diálogo no combate às desigualdades sociais, em uma perspectiva decolonial, em que cada indivíduo tem o direito de assumir o seu lugar enquanto sujeito com toda a sua história e opções que lhes são peculiares.

D. Rose

article Editorial

.

N. N. Kostyukova, V. A. Bechalo

The diphtheria carriage is a asympthomatic colonization of oro- and nasopharynx by toxigenic and nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The carriage of toxigenic strains prevents a complete eradication of diphtheria infection in spite of mass toxoid immunization. The contamination by toxigenic diphtheria bacteria leads to the carriage if the person has a protective level of diphtheria antitoxin. Contamination with the toxigenic and nontoxigenic leads to the carriage if the person has no protection to the bacterial colonization factors. Some of them are surface protein structures and may serve as components of the future vaccines against diphtheria bacteria colonization.

R. Duschl, R. Duncan

Susana V. García

Los llamados “peces pulmonados”, cuyas formas vivas se encuentran en Sudamérica, África y Australia, constituyeron objetos muy codiciados por la ciencia europea del siglo XIX. En torno a los mismos se dieron varios debates sobre su clasificación y luego por su posición evolutiva, especialmente en relación con el origen de los tetrápodos. Ello generó la comercialización de ejemplares, redes de circulación de especímenes e información y la organización de expediciones científicas para estudiar su desarrollo embriológico en la década de 1890. Este trabajo examina estas cuestiones ligadas a la anatomía comparada y la historia natural decimonónicas, focalizando en lo acontecido con la especie sudamericana (Lepidosiren paradoxa), las prácticas embriológicas y el trabajo de campo en la última parte del siglo XIX.

Edrisi Fernandes

Nossa reflexão consiste na reavaliação de algumas considerações originais de Vladimir Lossky em Théologie négative et connaissance de Dieu chez Maître Eckhart (publicação póstuma, Paris, 1960) quanto a uma aproximação entre a teologia apofática e a relação entre Essência e Energias divinas em escritos do Mestre Eckhart (1260-1328) e de Gregório Palamas (1296-1359), rememorando o projeto losskiano (inacabado) de efetuar um estudo das convergências ou semelhanças entre a mística renana e o “palamismo”. Para isso, levamos em conta opiniões defendidas por Nikolai Gavryushin em "‘Istínnoe bogoslovie preobrazhaet metafiziku’: Zametki o Vladimire Losskom" ("‘A verdadeira teologia transforma a metafísica’: Notas sobre Vladimir Lossky", 2004), e analisamos o inacabado projeto de Lossky à luz da revisão das ideias de Gregório Palamas operada por pensadores da “escola russa de neoplatonismo”.

Cassiana Lopes Stephan

De acordo com Foucault, o amor, para os estoicos, pode ser entendido como uma prática filosófica que faz parte do cotidiano daqueles que se dedicam ao governo de si mesmos. O conhecimento de si mesmo e o conhecimento do mundo são incitados pela articulação entre sociabilidade e recolhimento meditativo. Os conselhos dos amigos orientam as meditações do indivíduo que, ao refletir sobre os diferentes modos de interagir com o contexto social e cultural no qual vive, acessa a verdade relativa à multiplicidade da natureza e simultaneamente a verdade concernente à dimensão de sua própria existência. Sendo assim, recorrendo à discussão das análises de Foucault acerca da relação entre o eu e o outro nas práticas estoicas de constituição de si, almeja-se mostrar a importância do amor (philia) para os antigos processos de subjetivação, de maneira a problematizar e recontextualizar a interpretação crítica proposta por Pierre Hadot, segundo o qual Foucault teria desconsiderado a influência do cosmos sobre os exercícios filosóficos, de modo a transformar a ética antiga em uma estética individualista.

M. P. Tostinov, A. A. Tarasova

Recommendations highlighted features vaccination of children with rheumatic diseases. It is shown how the immunization scheme may be changed according to the pathology and the age of the child.

S. A. Vityazeva, T. P. Starovoitova, G. B. Mukhturgin et al.

The paper presents data on changes in the respiratory part of lungs of white mice with experimental plague caused by Yersinia рestis strains with different plasmid composition of Tuva and Gorno-Altaisk natural foci of plague and breeding clones. Morphological and structural changes in the lungs, which appear different degree of activation of the immune response and the severity of the pathological process caused by Y. pestis subsp. altaica and Y. pestis subsp. pestis and their isogenic plasmid options.

Massimiliano Fraldi

By disserting on “Symmetry in Physical Laws” during one of his lectures, Richard P. Feynman asked: «Why is nature so nearly symmetrical?». He added: «No one has any idea why. The only thing we might suggest is something like this: There is a gate in Japan, a gate in Neiko, which is sometimes called by the Japanese the most beautiful gate in all Japan; it was built in a time when there was a great influence from Chinese art. This gate is very elaborate, with lots of gables and beautiful carving and lots of columns and dragon heads and princes carved into the pillars, and so on. But when one looks closely he sees that in the elaborate and complex design along one of the pillars, one of the small design elements is carved upside down; otherwise the thing is completely symmetrical. If one asks why this is, the story is that it was carved upside down so that the gods will not be jealous of the perfection of man. So they purposely put an error in there, so that the gods would not be jealous and get angry with human beings. We might like to turn the idea around and think that the true explanation of the near symmetry of nature is this: that God made the laws only nearly symmetrical so that we should not be jealous of His perfection!». In attempting to provide an answer to the Feynman’s question, the present paper show how one inevitably incurs a paradox.

Masykuri Abdillah

<p>Abstract: Epistemology of Fiqh Siyâsah. Islam is not merely a theological system but also a social and state system. The ulamas through their ijtihad formulated Islamic teachings on state in ‘ilm al-siyâsah al-Islâmiyyah or fiqh siyâsah (Islamic political knowledge). This is defined as “knowledge that deals with managing Islamic state affairs in terms of systems and laws that are in line with the Islamic principles, even if there is no certain argumentation (from the Quran and the Sunnah)”. This knowledge has grown dynamically, because it can interact with political ideas and systems from the outside as well as local culture, including with the modern political system.</p><p>Keywords:  fiqh siyâsah, siyâsah syar‘iyyah, islamic political thought, islamic political system, the theory of Islamic politic</p><p>Abstrak: Epistemologi Fikih Siyâsah. Islam tidak hanya mencakup sistem kepercayaan dan ibadah, tetapi juga sistem kemasyarakatan dan kenegaraan. Para ulama dengan ijtihad mereka merumuskan ajaran-ajaran Islam tentang negara ini dalam ‘ilm al-siyâsah al-Islâmiyyah atau fikih siyâsah (ilmu politik Islam). ‘Ilm al-siyâsah ini didefiniskan sebagai “ilmu yang membahas tentang pengaturan urusan-urusan negara Islam dalam hal sistem dan undang-undang yang sejalan dengan dasar-dasar Islam meskipun dalam pengaturan ini tidak ada dalil tertentu (dari Alquran maupun Hadis)”. Ilmu ini berkembang dengan dinamis karena ia bisa berinteraksi dengan gagasan dan sistem politik dari luar serta budaya lokal, termasuk dengan sistem politik modern.</p><p>Kata Kunci: fikih siyâsah, siyâsah syar‘iyyah, pemikiran politik Islam, sistem politik Islam, teori politik Islam</p><p>DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v12i1.977">10.15408/ajis.v12i1.977</a></p>

A. King, C. Zeithaml