Hasil untuk "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering"

S. Nanda, F. Berruti

Peng Wu, Xiaojing Jin, Yongcai Qiu et al.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the main sources of air pollution, which are of wide concern because of their toxicity and serious threat to the environment and human health. Catalytic oxidation has been proven to be a promising and effective technology for VOCs abatement in the presence of heat or light. As environmentally friendly and low-cost materials, manganese-based oxides are the most competitive and promising candidates for the catalytic degradation of VOCs in thermocatalysis or photo/thermocatalysis. This article summarizes the research and development on various manganese-based oxide catalysts, with emphasis on their thermocatalytic and photo/thermocatalytic purification of VOCs in recent years in detail. Single manganese oxides, manganese-based oxide composites, as well as improving strategies such as morphology regulation, heterojunction engineering, and surface decoration by metal doping or universal acid treatment are reviewed. Besides, manganese-based monoliths for practical VOCs abatementare also discussed. Meanwhile, relevant catalytic mechanisms are also summarized. Finally, the existing problems and prospect of manganese-based oxide catalysts for catalyzing combustion of VOCs are proposed.

A. Chatzipavlis, D. Trogu, A. Ruju et al.

<p>This study presents an Early Warning System (EWS) for coastal flooding that integrates wind, wave, and sea level forecasts which are validated using in situ records. The system employs the SWAN spectral wave model to simulate nearshore hydrodynamics while an empirical approach is used to assess Total Watel Level (TWL) exceedances over a user-defined morphological threshold, deriving from repeated topographic surveys. This approach utilizes widely used empirical methods for wave run-up estimation and makes use of the most effective one after calibration. The performance of the EWS is assessed through seven monitored surge events of varying magnitude and hydrodynamic conditions, demonstrating strong agreement between projected TWL exceedances over predefined morphological thresholds, particularly under high-energy wave conditions. Minor discrepancies are noted during events with marginal TWL exceedances over short durations. Results underline the system's potential as a valuable tool for coastal hazard assessment and risk management, with future improvements focusing on appropriate updates of the beach morphology and the integration of suitable numerical techniques and machine learning algorithms.</p>

Xinyi Wang, Min Hu, Yangyang Zhang et al.

Oleksandr Ydovychenko

The article discusses the topic of analyzing the current general plan of Kharkiv in the conditions of destruction and providing directions for making changes to urban planning documentation in the post-war period. The research methodology is empirical methods of observation, measurement, comparison. An analysis of the use of the city's territories is carried out - residential areas, industrial areas, landscape and recreational areas, transport infrastructure, engineering infrastructure, areas of historical development and environmental conditions. According to the results of the analysis of the city's territories and the current general plan in the conditions of destruction and provision of development directions: restoration of housing stock and critical infrastructure (destruction and damage); improvement of the resettlement system; restoration of production areas; redistribution of the territories of the city's industrial formations, with partial adjustment of their planning boundaries; improvement and development of the route network and public transport infrastructure; development of the network of a single "Green Frame" of the city and proposals for improvement; application of innovative technologies in the development of engineering infrastructure; development of detailed requirements for the planning and development of the historical center of the city and study and restoration of the city's natural systems, streamlining the systems of existing sanitary zones of industrial and communal zones, introduction of the latest technologies. When updating urban planning documentation (general plan of the city, detailed plans of territories), the need to conduct a survey of territories (including the destruction of buildings, structures and relief), surveying objects regarding prospective development, information from state, regional, city structures (programs, proposals) and investors. The need to analyze the state of development of the city territory with proposals to improve the functional zoning of the city territories, including compliance with the conditions for using the territories of sanitary and protective and security zones of the city. Areas of development of territories by functional purpose (residential, industrial, landscape and recreational, historical development), transport infrastructure and environmental conditions of the city).

Hamdani Abdulgani, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, Sudarno Sudarno et al.

Wastewater treatment using traditional systems is considered expensive because it requires considerable energy and installation. The current study assessed the existence of a combination process that can reduce costs and is easy to operate. This study evaluates the performance of an anaerobic-aerobic biofilter system to treat industrial wastewater from cracker production. The combination of anaerobic and aerobic biofilters can significantly reduce Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), which are important parameters for wastewater quality. Sampling was carried out on the influent channel of the fish cracker industry. Sampling uses the SNI 6989.59:2008 regulation in the form of a wastewater test sampling method. The results showed that the biofilter achieved BOD removal of up to 84.90% and COD reduction of more than 89.02% when operated with an extended Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of up to 24 h. The results also showed that in wastewater treatment, HRT optimization should be considered for maximum pollutant removal, as shorter retention times proved less effective in reducing COD and BOD organic loads. These findings suggest that anaerobic-aerobic biofilter systems are viable and scalable solutions for industries seeking efficient and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment options.

Roham Koohestani, Philippe de Bekker, Begüm Koç et al.

Benchmarks are essential for unified evaluation and reproducibility. The rapid rise of Artificial Intelligence for Software Engineering (AI4SE) has produced numerous benchmarks for tasks such as code generation and bug repair. However, this proliferation has led to major challenges: (1) fragmented knowledge across tasks, (2) difficulty in selecting contextually relevant benchmarks, (3) lack of standardization in benchmark creation, and (4) flaws that limit utility. Addressing these requires a dual approach: systematically mapping existing benchmarks for informed selection and defining unified guidelines for robust, adaptable benchmark development. We conduct a review of 247 studies, identifying 273 AI4SE benchmarks since 2014. We categorize them, analyze limitations, and expose gaps in current practices. Building on these insights, we introduce BenchScout, an extensible semantic search tool for locating suitable benchmarks. BenchScout employs automated clustering with contextual embeddings of benchmark-related studies, followed by dimensionality reduction. In a user study with 22 participants, BenchScout achieved usability, effectiveness, and intuitiveness scores of 4.5, 4.0, and 4.1 out of 5. To improve benchmarking standards, we propose BenchFrame, a unified framework for enhancing benchmark quality. Applying BenchFrame to HumanEval yielded HumanEvalNext, featuring corrected errors, improved language conversion, higher test coverage, and greater difficulty. Evaluating 10 state-of-the-art code models on HumanEval, HumanEvalPlus, and HumanEvalNext revealed average pass-at-1 drops of 31.22% and 19.94%, respectively, underscoring the need for continuous benchmark refinement. We further examine BenchFrame's scalability through an agentic pipeline and confirm its generalizability on the MBPP dataset. All review data, user study materials, and enhanced benchmarks are publicly released.

Paloma Guenes, Rafael Tomaz, Bianca Trinkenreich et al.

Research shows that more than half of software professionals experience the Impostor Phenomenon (IP), with a notably higher prevalence among women compared to men. IP can lead to mental health consequences, such as depression and burnout, which can significantly impact personal well-being and software professionals' productivity. This study investigates how IP manifests among software professionals across intersections of gender with race/ethnicity, marital status, number of children, age, and professional experience. Additionally, it examines the well-being of software professionals experiencing IP, providing insights into the interplay between these factors. We analyzed data collected through a theory-driven survey (n = 624) that used validated psychometric instruments to measure IP and well-being in software engineering professionals. We explored the prevalence of IP in the intersections of interest. Additionally, we applied bootstrapping to characterize well-being within our field and statistically tested whether professionals of different genders suffering from IP have lower well-being. The results show that IP occurs more frequently in women and that the prevalence is particularly high among black women as well as among single and childless women. Furthermore, regardless of gender, software engineering professionals suffering from IP have significantly lower well-being. Our findings indicate that effective IP mitigation strategies are needed to improve the well-being of software professionals. Mitigating IP would have particularly positive effects on the well-being of women, who are more frequently affected by IP.

Mayane Rawell

Access to safe and potable water constitutes a fundamental human right and the basis for global public health; however, billions of people, especially in vulnerable communities in developing countries, still lack this essential resource. This article proposes the development and validation of an innovative, low-cost organic filter model, based on plant biomaterials, with an emphasis on applying Moringa oleifera seeds as a coagulant and adsorbent agent in decentralized purification systems, also known as Point-of-Use (POU) systems. The research aims to integrate technological, environmental, and social aspects, proposing a hybrid methodology that combines rigorous laboratory analyses for optimizing and validating filter efficiency with a detailed protocol for field studies, assessing the impact of adopting this technology in schools and low-income communities. The focus is on improving critical water potability indicators, including turbidity, apparent color, pH, and microbiological contamination (total coliforms and Escherichia coli), and the consequent potential reduction in the incidence of waterborne diseases, particularly acute diarrhea that disproportionately affects children under five years old. The proposed methodological approach includes the detailed physicochemical characterization of biomaterials, coagulation-flocculation tests (Jar Test), multi-stage filtration efficiency tests, and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to holistically evaluate the environmental sustainability of the solution. It is expected to demonstrate, based on robust existing scientific literature and consolidated empirical evidence, that the use of biomaterials in sanitary engineering, exemplified by Moringa oleifera, constitutes a viable, scalable, low-environmental-impact, and socially impactful alternative for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG-6), promoting equitable access to potable water and basic sanitation in contexts of socioeconomic vulnerability and strengthening community resilience against the challenges posed by climate change and the degradation of water resources.

I. Ismail, V. Gaganis

To mitigate dangerous climate change effects, the 195 countries that signed the 2015 Paris Agreement agreed to “keep the increase in average global surface temperature below 2 °C and limit the increase to 1.5 °C” by reducing carbon emissions. One promising option for reducing carbon emissions is the deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies (CCUS) to achieve climate goals. However, for large-scale deployment of underground carbon storage, it is essential to develop technically sound, safe, and cost-effective CO2 injection and well control strategies. This involves sophisticated balancing of various factors such as subsurface engineering policies, technical constraints, and economic trade-offs. Optimization techniques are the best tools to manage this complexity and ensure that CCUS projects are economically viable while maintaining safety and environmental standards. This work reviews thoroughly and critically carbon storage studies, along with the optimization of CO2 injection and well control strategies in saline aquifers. The result of this review provides the foundation for carbon storage by outlining the key subsurface policies and the application of these policies in carbon storage development plans. It also focusses on examining applied optimization techniques to develop CO2 injection and well control strategies in saline aquifers, providing insights for future work and commercial CCUS applications.

Yuanchun Zhang, Xiaona Wang, W. Zhu et al.

The effective conversion and recycling of organic solid waste contribute to the resolution of widespread issues such as global environmental pollution, energy scarcity and resource depletion. The anaerobic fermentation technology provides for the effective treatment of organic solid waste and the generation of various products. The analysis, which is based on bibliometrics, concentrates on the valorisation of affordable and easily accessible raw materials with high organic matter content as well as the production of clean energy substances and high value-added platform products. The processing and application status of fermentation raw materials such as waste activated sludge, food waste, microalgae and crude glycerol are investigated. To analyse the status of the preparation and engineering applications of the products, the fermentation products biohydrogen, VFAs, biogas, ethanol, succinic acid, lactic acid, and butanol are employed as representatives. Simultaneously, the anaerobic biorefinery process with multiple product co-production is sorted out. Product co-production can reduce waste discharge, enhance resource recovery efficiency, and serve as a model for improving anaerobic fermentation economics.

Yun Gyu Lee, Hyeong-U Lee, Jae Min Lee et al.

Alf Hornborg

Technologies developed since the late eighteenth century differ from earlier forms of technology by being as dependent on world market prices of labour, land and other biophysical resources as on human inventiveness. Yet, whether their outlook is mainstream or heterodox, modern people tend to view technology simply as ingenuity applied to nature, while oblivious of the extent to which it is contingent on the asymmetric exchange of resources in global society. Although inextricably entwined in the real world, the phenomena studied by economics and engineering are kept conceptually separate. This is achieved by disregarding the materiality of world trade. Modern technologies are not just instruments for solving problems but social strategies for redistributing time and space in world society, displacing work and environmental loads to sectors of the world system where wages are lower and environmental legislation less rigorous. Technology should not remain extraneous to social theory. A sociometabolic reconceptualisation of technology is particularly essential for critics of global capitalism.

Mohammed A. Ahmed, Hind T. Jaber, Montaqa M. Al-Haydary

Abstract Today's industrial processes use a variety of smart structure systems technologies. Various construction devices can significantly enhance a structure's ability to adapt to environmental changes. Smart structures are essential to the development of building technology. These forms of technologies are developing intelligent structural systems that behave like living systems and can perceive their environment. The objective of the research is to examine the connection of these professional systems, which become increasingly dependent over time. The research acknowledges and give emphasis to the significant role played by different types of systems (passive, semi-active, active, and hybrid) in formative the scope of construction through the analysis of novel techniques and innovative approaches. The paper state the assorted classification of smart structure schemes that have a significant role to serve the cycle life of the structure by reducing severe subjected damage to it. The study aims to investigate how these schemes of callings are inseparably connected, creating ever more advantageously as time goes on. The think about state and recognize the significant part of different categories of schemes (inactive, semi-active, active, and hybrid schemes) within the development scope through examination, unused methods and inventive strategies. The paper displayed the different categories of shrewd structure schemes that have a critical part to serve the cycle life of the structure by diminishing serious subjected harm to it.t. Furthermore, the research also demonstrated the smart structure's useful behavior, which is taken into account at every stage of the civil engineering design process.

Qianyao Si, Higor C. Brito, Priscila B. R. Alves et al.

Abstract Rapid urbanization and escalating climate change impacts have heightened stormwater-related concerns (e.g., pluvial flooding) in cities. Understanding catchment dynamics and characteristics, including precise catchment mapping, is essential to accurate surface water monitoring and management. Traditionally, topography is the primary data set used to model surface water flow dynamics in undisturbed natural landscapes. However, urban systems also contain stormwater drainage infrastructure, which can alter catchment boundaries and runoff behavior. Acknowledging both natural and built environmental influences, this study introduces three GIS-based approaches to enhance urban catchment mapping: (1) Modifying DEM elevations at inlet locations; (2) Adjusting DEM elevations along pipeline paths; (3) Applying the QGRASS plug-in to systematically incorporate infrastructure data. Our evaluation using the geographical Friedman test (p > 0.05) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC = 0.80) confirms the statistical and spatial consistency among the studying methods. Coupled with onsite flow direction validation, these results support the feasibility and reliability of integrating elements of nature and built infrastructure in urban catchment mapping. The refined mapping approaches explored in this study offer improved and more accurate and efficient urban drainage catchment zoning, beyond using elevation and topographic data alone. Likewise, these methods bolster predictive stormwater management at catchment scales, ultimately strengthening urban stormwater and flooding resilience.

S. Wei, R. Richard, D. Hogue et al.

People spend most of their time indoors and are exposed to numerous contaminants in the built environment. Water management plans implemented in buildings are designed to manage the risks of preventable diseases caused by drinking water contaminants such as opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Legionella spp.), metals, and disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, specialized training required to implement water management plans and heterogeneity in building characteristics limit their widespread adoption. Implementation of machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI) models in building water settings presents an opportunity for faster, more widespread use of data-driven water quality management approaches. We demonstrate the utility of Random Forest and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) ML models for predicting a key public health parameter, free chlorine residual, as a function of data collected from building water quality sensors (ORP, pH, conductivity, and temperature) as well as WiFi signals as a proxy for building occupancy and water usage in a “green” Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) commercial and institutional building. The models successfully predicted free chlorine residual declines below 0.2 ppm, a common minimum reference level for public health protection in drinking water distribution systems. The predictions were valid up to 5 min in advance, and in some cases reasonably accurate up to 24 h in advance, presenting opportunities for proactive water quality management as part of a sense-analyze-decide framework. An online data dashboard for visualizing water quality in the building is presented, with the potential to link these approaches for real-time water quality management.

P. Duan, H. Li, Z. Ma et al.

<p>The 8.2 ka event has been extensively investigated as a remarkable single event but rarely considered as a part of multi-centennial climatic evolution. Here, we present absolutely dated speleothem multi-proxy records spanning 9.0–7.9 ka from Beijing in North China, near the northern limit of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and thus sensitive to climate change, to provide evidence of the intensified multi-decadal climatic oscillations since 8.52 ka. Three extreme excursions characterized by inter-decadal consecutive <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹⁸</span>O excursions exceeding <span class="inline-formula">±1<i>σ</i></span> are identified from 8.52 ka in our speleothem record. The earlier two are characterized by enriched <span class="inline-formula">¹⁸</span>O at <span class="inline-formula">∼8.50</span> and 8.20 ka, respectively, suggesting a prolonged arid event, which is supported by the positive trend in <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹³</span>C values, increased trace element ratios, and lower growth rate. Following the 8.2 ka event, an excessive rebound immediately emerges in our <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹⁸</span>O and trace element records but moderate in the <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹³</span>C, probably suggesting pluvial conditions and nonlinear response of the local ecosystem. Following two similar severe droughts at 8.50 and 8.20 ka, the different behavior of <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹³</span>C suggests the recovering degree of resilient ecosystem responding to different rebounded rainfall intensity. A comparison with other high-resolution records suggests that the two droughts–one pluvial pattern between 8.52 and 8.0 ka is of global significance instead of being a regional phenomenon, and is causally linked to the slowdown and acceleration of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation that was further dominated by the freshwater injections in the North Atlantic.</p>

Marvin Wyrich, Marvin Muñoz Barón, Justus Bogner

Software engineering (SE) is full of abstract concepts that are crucial for both researchers and practitioners, such as programming experience, team productivity, code comprehension, and system security. Secondary studies aimed at summarizing research on the influences and consequences of such concepts would therefore be of great value. However, the inability to measure abstract concepts directly poses a challenge for secondary studies: primary studies in SE can operationalize such concepts in many ways. Standardized measurement instruments are rarely available, and even if they are, many researchers do not use them or do not even provide a definition for the studied concept. SE researchers conducting secondary studies therefore have to decide a) which primary studies intended to measure the same construct, and b) how to compare and aggregate vastly different measurements for the same construct. In this experience report, we discuss the challenge of study selection in SE secondary research on latent variables. We report on two instances where we found it particularly challenging to decide which primary studies should be included for comparison and synthesis, so as not to end up comparing apples with oranges. Our report aims to spark a conversation about developing strategies to address this issue systematically and pave the way for more efficient and rigorous secondary studies in software engineering.

Hellina Hailu Nigatu, Zeerak Talat

Mainstream Natural Language Processing (NLP) research has ignored the majority of the world's languages. In moving from excluding the majority of the world's languages to blindly adopting what we make for English, we first risk importing the same harms we have at best mitigated and at least measured for English. However, in evaluating and mitigating harms arising from adopting new technologies into such contexts, we often disregard (1) the actual community needs of Language Technologies, and (2) biases and fairness issues within the context of the communities. In this extended abstract, we consider fairness, bias, and inclusion in Language Technologies through the lens of the Capabilities Approach. The Capabilities Approach centers on what people are capable of achieving, given their intersectional social, political, and economic contexts instead of what resources are (theoretically) available to them. We detail the Capabilities Approach, its relationship to multilingual and multicultural evaluation, and how the framework affords meaningful collaboration with community members in defining and measuring the harms of Language Technologies.

Han Lei, Baoming Wang, Zuwei Shui et al.

In addition to environmental perception sensors such as cameras, radars, etc. in the automatic driving system, the external environment of the vehicle is perceived, in fact, there is also a perception sensor that has been silently dedicated in the system, that is, the positioning module. This paper explores the application of SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) technology in the context of automatic lane change behavior prediction and environment perception for autonomous vehicles. It discusses the limitations of traditional positioning methods, introduces SLAM technology, and compares LIDAR SLAM with visual SLAM. Real-world examples from companies like Tesla, Waymo, and Mobileye showcase the integration of AI-driven technologies, sensor fusion, and SLAM in autonomous driving systems. The paper then delves into the specifics of SLAM algorithms, sensor technologies, and the importance of automatic lane changes in driving safety and efficiency. It highlights Tesla's recent update to its Autopilot system, which incorporates automatic lane change functionality using SLAM technology. The paper concludes by emphasizing the crucial role of SLAM in enabling accurate environment perception, positioning, and decision-making for autonomous vehicles, ultimately enhancing safety and driving experience.