Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is a serious threat to soybean production worldwide. Genetic resistance and crop rotation are the primary management strategies. However, because of limited genetic resources, long-term implementation of crop rotation, and environmental effects, alternative measures are needed. Plant microbiomes play an important role in plant health, but their contribution to SCN resistance remains unclear. In this study, we profiled the rhizosphere microbiomes in 10 soybean cultivars, including 5 SCN-resistant and 5 SCN-susceptible cultivars, using amplicon sequencing. The resistant cultivars harbored distinct rhizosphere microbiomes, compared with the susceptible cultivars. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance revealed that both the host genotype and SCN resistance trait significantly influenced microbial community composition, with host genotype explaining greater variation. Resistant cultivars were found to be enriched in specific microbial taxa from Phenylobacterium, Pseudoduganella, Comamonadaceae, and Arthrobotrys. Furthermore, microbial inoculants derived from resistant cultivars reduced SCN populations in the susceptible cultivar Williams 82. These results suggest that host genotype and SCN resistance trait interacted to shape rhizosphere microbiomes and influence SCN suppression. Overall, this study highlighted the potential for engineering plant microbiomes to enhance soybean resistance to SCN, complementing traditional crop health improvement practices. [Figure: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2026.
This research explores legal frameworks for protecting the environment, emphasizing climate change and pollution control as a point of departure. With the constant degradation of the environment at all levels of the globe, the urgency of the presence of solid legal tools to be implemented can be appreciated. Although there are international and national laws that are taking steps to grapple with these problems, widespread impunity continues. The paper introduces the idea of a Global Environmental Constitution (GEC), which may become a universally recognised, above-board legal structure for the protection of the environment. By examining existing law, treaties, and analogous experience, this study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of how a GEC might face mounting environmental disasters, including climate change, pollution, and resource exhaustion, and bring about sustainability and international harmony.
This Perspective examines the interplay between natural and political systems. Drawing on first-hand experience and recent studies, it employs various graphic novel techniques to illustrate feedback loops that connect the expansion of extractive industries into the urban-wildland interface, the incidence of human-induced wildfires, the use of prohibition policies in wildfire management to protect specific assets, the accumulation of combustible materials, the emission of greenhouse gases from wildfires, and the acceleration of climate change. However, it challenges the notion of endless self-reinforcing vicious cycles by demonstrating how shifts in asset valuation can catalyze a new politics of climate change. Forestry might become a potential vanguard example of an industry shifting its self-perceptions and political alignments in the face of more climate change induced wildfires. This transdisciplinary artistic Perspective builds on and speaks to research in the fields of forest management, climate politics, wildfire sociology, and human ecology.
The comprehensive evaluation of the suitability of county-level ecotourism and the analysis of influencing factors can provide detailed guidance for the planning and development of ecotourism, which is of great significance for promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of ecotourism. However, few studies have focused on in-depth analyses of the influencing factors and its mechanisms of the county ecotourism suitability in China, which severely restricts the comprehensive development and sustainable management of county-level ecotourism in China. Based on this, this study conducts a comprehensive assessment of the county ecotourism suitability level in China and systematically explains the law of its spatial distribution. Secondly, the obstacle degree model and the optimal parameter geographic detector model were adopted to diagnose the internal obstacle factors and external driving factors of the county ecotourism suitability respectively. Finally, based on the theoretical analysis framework and the quantitative analysis results, the influencing mechanism of the county ecotourism suitability in China was systematically analyzed. The results show that the spatial distribution of ecotourism suitability of counties in China is extremely unbalanced, with large differences between east and west and north and south. The unsuitable areas and the less suitable areas were mainly concentrated in the plateau areas and arid areas in Western China. Moderately suitable areas and highly suitable areas were mainly concentrated in the mountainous areas of north and central China, the transitional zone of mountain plain, the mountainous areas of southwest China and the coastal areas of southeast China. There are obvious high-value and low-value agglomeration areas in the local space, and it shows an obvious “core-edge” structure. The low-value heterogeneous areas have emerged in the peripheral regions of important ecological source areas. In terms of internal obstacle factors, factors such as ecotourism resources, market development potential, ecological environment quality and service facilities conditions are the main obstacles to ecotourism suitability in northwest China. The main obstacle factors of hilly county, mountain county and plateau county are the same, while the main obstacle factors and their order of plain county are different from the first three. In terms of external driving factors, economic urbanization, population urbanization, land urbanization, the level of scientific and technological innovation, the level of low-carbon economic development, and regional environmental policy factors all have significant impacts on the county ecotourism suitability in China. However, the main driving factors in different regions and counties with different terrains show differences. The interaction intensity of among the main driving factors of ecotourism suitability in different river basin areas and counties with different terrains shows differences.
Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have a major impact on the environment, human health, and climate change. In addition, methane (CH4) is the second most prevalent greenhouse gas in the world, after carbon dioxide (CO2).This study investigates how methane emissions vary and are distributed throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular emphasis on how agricultural methods, animal production, waste management, and energy generation interact. The objective is to determine the main causes of methane emissions so that environmental management strategies can be informed. Using data from 85 observations, we evaluated the associations between methane emissions, animal production, fertilizer use, and agricultural land use using pooled OLS, random effects, and fixed effects models. The average methane emissions were 201.8 Mt CO2e, according to the results, with agriculture and livestock production accounting for the largest shares (80.3 Mt CO2e and 246 Mt CO2e, respectively). With 243.7 Mt CO2e, Nigeria was the largest emitter, primarily due to agriculture (50.33%) and substantial animal rearing (index: 106.1). Ethiopia came next with a livestock production index of 106.0 and 101.9 Mt CO2e. Tanzania and Uganda, on the other hand, showed more sustainable practices with lower emissions (38.56 Mt CO2e and 53.27 Mt CO2e, respectively) and livestock indices of 98.8 and 99.8. Furthermore, according to International Energy Agency (IEA) data on worldwide methane emissions, the energy sector which includes bioenergy and abandoned facilities contributes significantly to total emissions, whereas agriculture is responsible for about 137,270.61 kt of emissions. Notably, fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas infrastructure are substantial; by 2024, onshore oil venting is expected to produce 19,180.82 kt of pollutants. These results highlight the need for coordinated approaches that support better waste management, sustainable farming methods, and increased energy efficiency. In order to successfully reduce methane emissions, comprehensive strategies linking various sectors to effectively mitigate methane emissions.
Alexander J. Reisinger, Michael Dukes, Basil V. Iannone III
et al.
Originating from environmental or humans sources, too much nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) in water bodies can degrade water quality. In an attempt to reduce the contribution of human sources of N and P to local waters, urban fertilizer ordinances have been adopted in at least 35 counties in Florida and 97 additional Florida municipalities. Despite this work, the efficacy of fertilizer ordinances are debated by end users. The purpose of this publication is to summarize a peer-reviewed, scientific article that investigated impacts of fertilizer on long-term water quality trends in Florida lakes (Smidt et al. 2022) and is intended to be used by UF/IFAS Extension faculty and/or regulatory officials considering adopting or modifying an urban fertilizer ordinance. We encourage green industry professionals and concerned community members to share the effectiveness of fertilizer ordinances.
The dynamic load of high-speed railway train can cause environmental vibration problems. In order to study the environmental vibration effect caused on the viaduct bridge section and embankment section by high-speed train, the field test of the Zhengzhou - Xi’an high-speed railway is carried out, and the ground vibration characteristics and attenuation law of viaduct bridge section and embankment section are compared and analyzed. The test results show that the vibration response of the embankment section is greater than that of the viaduct bridge section, and the attenuation effect in the near-field area of the viaduct bridge section is higher than that in the near-field area of the embankment section. There are multiple rebound increases in the process of vibration propagation, and the ground vibration rebound of the embankment section lags behind that of the viaduct bridge section. The increase rate of secondary rebound in the viaduct bridge section and embankment section is significantly greater than that of primary rebound. The attenuation of Z vibration level with the distance conforms to the law of logarithmic attenuation. The Z vibration level attenuation formula in the loess area is obtained by fitting, and the maximum deviation appears in the rebound increasing area. The infinite element-viscoelastic coupling boundary is introduced to establish a 3D track-soil-vibration isolation trench numerical model of the embankment section. The influence of vibration isolation trench on vibration reduction and isolation of high-speed railway is analyzed. The results show that the vibration isolation effect of empty trench on the medium and high frequency (30 - 60 Hz) vibration wave is more obvious than that of low frequency (1 - 20 Hz), and it has the function of low-pass filtering. The vibration isolation effect of empty trench is better than that of filled trench, but soft materials can be filled in the trench considering the stability of trench walls. The research results can provide references for the design of high-speed railway and the evaluation and control of environmental vibration.

 
 
 This Note poses the question of whether—and how—lawmaking can create a platform for promoting an environmental ethic. There is a body of scholarship about how values or virtue ethics impact lawmaking, but this Note also explores the opposite—how lawmaking impacts the values or virtue ethics of the public. Environmental ethicists disagree about the very origins of environmental ethics. Some thinkers believe that environmental ethics stem from “core values” that are inherent to human nature. Others posit a set of “green virtues” that can be learned. But there is agreement that education through exposure to the natural world is fundamental to ethical development. Ideally, people develop green virtues that guide their everyday actions but, to encourage a true love of the natural world, their core values must be awakened; this is done locally, via connections to wild spaces. Through the creation of national parks and through public land-granting, law creates a platform that can contribute to the formation of environmental consciousness, from materializing the “wilderness” ideal to demonstrating the value of “otherness.” The relationship between environmental law and environmental ethics creates a virtuous circle—in both senses of the word—as virtue drives enriched environmental law as much as environmental law has the capacity to create green virtues. The virtuous circle concept risks the implied instrumentalization of virtues, robbing them of intrinsic realization by using them as policy tools. However, this is a false dichotomy; environmental law is a tool that can be used by a democracy to change itself by creating a different set of experiences to make concrete the values that we hold in abstraction or as aspiration. This Note draws on Aristotle’s virtue ethics to posit that lawmaking can create a holistic platform for people to learn how to practice an environmental ethic, which in turn promotes the passage of new regulatory and protective environmental laws.
 
 
Eleni-Foteini Fotaki, John Christodoulakis, Maria Efstathiou
et al.
A better understanding of past climate change is vital to our ability to predict possible future environmental dynamics. This study attempts to investigate the dynamic features of the temporal variability of peat humification, water table depth and air temperature by analyzing palaeoecological data from the Valdai Uplands region (Central European Russia). The regression analysis revealed the presence of a periodicity of about 6000 years in the reconstructed peat humification timeseries. Nonlinear analysis showed that humification time variability, water table depth and air temperature exhibit persistent long-range correlations of 1/f type. This indicates that a fluctuation in these variables in the past is very likely to be followed by a similar one in the future, but is magnified by 1/f power-law. In addition, it dictates that humification, water table depth and temperature are key parameters of a system that implies the existence of a special structure, such as self-organized criticality, operating close to a minimum stability configuration, and achieves it without any fine adjustment by external forcing. These conclusions point to new avenues for modeling future ecosystem disturbances and, in particular, for predicting relevant extreme events.
Reżim prawny dostępu do informacji o środowisku w Federacji Rosyjskiej znacząco różni się od modelu przyjętego przez państwa Unii Europejskiej. Charakterystyczny dla niego jest brak jednego aktu prawnego regulującego całość tej tematyki. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie rozwiązań przyjętych w tym zakresie w przepisach dotyczących jednej z najważniejszych rosyjskich instytucji prawa ochrony środowiska, jaką jest ekspertyza ekologiczna.
Environmental law, Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law
The article concludes that the preservation of environment better prevails when is prevails when is applied Islamic based customary law. The strict implementation of the Islamic based customary law will lead healthier environment. The customary forest based on this law would be the best religious practices deals with the environmental crisis. This forest would be resilient against the damage on the protection and preservation of Islamic based customary law. Moreover, this should be supported by religious, social-political, and educational values.
Social entrepreneurship is important tool in eliminating regional disparities, inclusion of socially excluded people into society, overall improvement of the quality of life and much more. This paper aims to analyse the development of municipal social entrepreneurship in the conditions of the Banská Bystrica self-governing region, where some of the less developed districts are located. The main sources of research were questionnaire realized among local government representatives, plan of the economic and social development of the district and statistical data. In the article, there were many indicators examined, such as quantity of the municipal social enterprises, its activities, support or barriers of its development. The results points to fact that only 7% of the participants of research own municipal social enterprise. The most common barrier to establish and manage these enterprises is inadequate knowledge of the relevant legislation.
As a consequence of increased pressure on environment in Europe and beyond, the extent and variety of forms of environmental damage has broadened widely over the last decades. One key way to tackle this problem is, evidently, to ensure that damage that arise is properly repaired. Whilst provisions to secure environmental liability have been implemented in the EU context through the Environmental Liability Directive, the effectiveness of this Directive is still limited. In France, in order to surpass current impasses, the 2016 Biodiversity Law was recently enacted (adopted on August 8th, 2016), which creates a specific regime in French civil law for remedying ecological damage (defined as damage caused to nature itself). Three years after the introduction of France’s new approach to ecological damage, the present article reflects on the legal innovations and challenges of the reform, and explains how the new regime proceeds to remedy ecological damage. A key challenge here, as will be discussed, is that nature as such has not been recognised as having legal personality under the French legal system, which has traditionally been a key hurdle for securing compensation for environmental loss in the first place under tort law.
Background Non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors can co-exist with disability and cause a greater burden on the health status of adults with disabilities. A lack of egalitarian social policies in China may result in gender disparities in the NCD risk factors of adults with disabilities. However, little is known about the gender disparities in the association between socio-demographics and NCD risk factors among adults with disabilities in China; consequently, we examined this association among adults with disabilities in Shanghai, China. Methods We used the health examination data of 44,896 adults with disabilities in Shanghai in 2014. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were conducted to estimate gender disparities in the association between socio-demographics, disability characteristics, and four selected NCD risk factors among adults with disabilities—including high blood pressure, high blood glucose, high blood lipids, and being overweight. We estimated marginal effects (MEs) on NCD risk factors between gender and other confounders. Results Women with disabilities were about 11.6 percentage points more likely to suffer from high blood lipids and less likely to develop the other three risk factors than men were. The association of age group, residence permit, education level, marital status, and disability type with health outcomes varied by gender among adults with disabilities. The difference in age effects between men and women was more pronounced in older age groups. Urban residence was associated with less risk of high blood pressure risk among women (ΔME = − 0.035, p < 0.01), but no significant difference in other NCD risk factors. Education remained a major protective factor against high blood pressure, high blood glucose and being overweight among women with disabilities (MEs < 0, p < 0.05); however, this did not hold for men. The difference in marriage effects between men and women was observed in high blood lipids (ΔME = − 0.048 for the married group and −0.054 for the divorced or widowed group) and overweight individuals (ΔME = − 0.091 for the married group and −0.114 for the divorced or widowed group). Women with intellectual disabilities or mental disabilities reported worse health conditions than men did. Discussion Preventive strategies and interventions on NCD risk factors for adults with disabilities should take into account gender disparities in these socio-demographic effects. Rural women or poorly educated women with disabilities can be a vulnerable population that requires more health education and promotion strategies. Health education for caregivers of women with intellectual or mental disabilities may also play a vital role in preventing their NCD risk factors.
This paper considers the principle of “sustainable development”, which is described in many international documents as well as in different papers by various specialists in International Environmental Law. Special attention is paid to the modern transformation of the concept of sustainable development. The author shows that there is a great difference between the original idea of the concept as stated in 1987 (in famous report “Our Common Future”) and its contemporary content, taking into account the UN and other relevant international documents. It is further noted that the concept has no universal perspective of development in line with the original idea of 1987 but have such perspectives in regional and bi-lateral context. The possibilities of sustainable development in the Arctic as depicted by documents of the Arctic Council are considered in the paper as well as relevant teachings of foreign specialists in International Law.
Law of nations, Comparative law. International uniform law
The principles of availability of information about the state and environmental protection were regulated in the Convention in Aarhus and the Directive no. 2003/4/WE of the European Parliament and of the Council on public access to environmental information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC and in the Polish legislation in the Law of 2008 on environmental information, public participation in environment protection and on environmental impact assessments. The authors of the paper showed the legal status in the range of the availability principles of information about the environmental state and protection aspect in related to the public participation in the protection of environment.
Príspevok analyzuje vývoj právnej úpravy devízového zákona vo vzťahu k nadobúdaniu pôdy cudzincami vrátane nového zákona č. 140/2014 Z.z. o nadobúdaní vlastníctva poľnohospodárskeho pozemku a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov, ktorý vstúpil do platnosti 1. Júna 2014. Tento zákon neobmedzuje len nadobúdanie pôdy cudzincami, ale aj občanmi Slovenska. Na základe zákona, vlastník poľnohospodárskej pôdy na Slovensku je oprávnený bez ďalších obmedzení previesť pozemok do vlastníctva (a) osobe, ktorá vykonáva poľnohospodársku výrobu ako podnikanie najmenej tri roky predo dňom uzavretia zmluvy o prevode vlastníctva poľnohospodárskeho pozemku v obci, v ktorej sa poľnohospodársky pozemok nachádza, (b) spoluvlastníkovi poľnohospodárskeho pozemku, (c) príbuznej osobe, v prípade, že vlastníkom je fyzická osoba.
The paper investigates the problems associated with the determination of methods to study establishment of floristic law in Ukraine. It makes an investigation into the types of methods, establishes their interrelation and functional value. In addition, it analyzes the system of methodological reasons for development of ecological and floristic law and gives additional reasons.
This paper describes the development of modernism and reformism in Islamic law and social institutions. This study is directed to the existence of Islamic law in the midst of social change. Islamic law is eternal is faced with an ever-changing social reality, has attracted serious attention in many scientific experts. It is a debate among scholars orientalis is about environmental adaptability of Islamic law with the social development of society. Society always change with the change of time and place, while sharia law final and eternal nature. In connection with the issue, it is questionable whether Islamic law can be developed and can accommodate the interests of humanity that is always moving forward. Or whether only follow God set eternity.