Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Andrii Palash

Стаття простежує історію виникнення та розвитку DCCC (Центру сучасної культури у Дніпрі) як інституції, що поєднує репрезентацію актуальних мистецьких практик із роботою з локальним контекстом і міськими спільнотами. Показано, як ініціатива, що сформувалася після Революції Гідності навколо фестивалю аудіовізуального мистецтва та нових медіа «Конструкція» (2015–), еволюціонувала від «віртуальної» присутності до спроб створення фізичного простору й реалізації прототипу — тимчасового публічного майданчика «Сцена:Stage» (2017), відзначеного на European Prize for Urban Public Space 2018 та номінованого на премію Mies van der Rohe Award. Описано запуск DCCC у будівлі колишнього губернського земства на Крутогірному узвозі, процес реставрації та модель резидентності (ГО «Культура Медіальна», галерея «Артсвіт», «Альянс Франсез»). Окрема увага приділена трансформації інституції під час повномасштабної війни: від тимчасового призупинення діяльності до створення соціального хабу (2022), а далі — відновлення програмної роботи (2023–2024), посилення міжнародних зв’язків, запуску кінотеатру, «Експериментальної студії» та крамнички як культурно-дизайнерського проєкту. Матеріал також окреслює ключові напрями діяльності DCCC: виставкові, освітні, резиденційні та кінопрограмні практики.

Manuel Martín Rodríguez

Juan Plaza Prieto (Madrid, 1924) elaboró en 1953 la primera estimación de la distribución provincial de la renta en España y, en los años siguientes, hizo nuevas estimaciones para la Organización Sindical, para el Instituto Nacional de Industria y para Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros, interesando al Banco de Bilbao para iniciar su conocida serie La renta nacional de España y su distribución provincial. Además, fue uno de los pioneros de la economía regional en España.

Janusz Kaliński

The Gomułka period of fourteen years includes one of the investment cycles characteristic of the centrally managed economy in Poland. After an initial, short period of stabilization of outlays, in the years 1959–1969 they were significantly increased and clearly focused on the fuel, raw materials and chemical industry. The aim was to reduce the disproportions that had become apparent in the economy in the first half of the fifties, when heavy industry was particularly favored. Additional investments were focused on obtaining new production capacities in the scope of lignite and hard coal mining and the production of copper and sulfur, heat energy, liquid fuels and petrochemical products, non-ferrous metals and inorganic chemical products. As a result of the intensification of outlays, refinery and petrochemical plants in Płock, copper mines and metallurgy in Lower Silesia, chemical plants in Police and Puławy and coking coal mines in the Jastrzębie-Zdrój region gained a permanent position in the Polish economy. In the 1990s, the process of liquidation of the sulfur basin in the Tarnobrzeg region began, mainly under the influence of technological changes in the industry. At the beginning of the 21st century, the role of brown coal basins and the related energy industry in Lower Silesia and Wielkopolska decreased due to the gradual depletion of deposits.

Emanuele Bottazzi, Mikhail G. Katz

We apply Nancy Cartwright's distinction between theories and basic models to explore the history of rival approaches to modeling a notion of chance for an ideal uniform physical process known as a fair spinner. This process admits both Archimedean and non-Archimedean models. Advocates of Archimedean models maintain that the fair spinner should satisfy hypotheses such as invariance with respect to rotations by an arbitrary real angle, and assume that the optimal mathematical tool in this context is the Lebesgue measure. Others argue that invariance with respect to all real rotations does not constitute an essential feature of the underlying physical process, and could be relaxed in favor of regularity. We show that, working in ZFC, no subset of the commonly assumed hypotheses determines a unique model, suggesting that physically based intuitions alone are insufficient to pin down a unique mathematical model. We provide a rebuttal of recent criticisms of non-Archimedean models by Parker and Pruss.

Pedro Afonso Fernandes

The main goal of this article is to introduce an economic perspective in the social logic of space. Firstly, we describe the economic model of a linear city to show how depth can generate value by creating local monopolies in less integrated spaces. Then, a new syntactic measure, the d-value, is proposed to capture the relation between the depth of some space from outside and the mean depth of all spaces from outside. An application to a public housing estate suggests that economic activities and services may be located in spaces with a d-value close to one. The article is complemented by a Prolog programme with a special predicate to compute the d-value.

Bin Chen, Yingchao Xie, Ting Yang et al.

Between 1957-1985, Chinese mathematician Loo-Keng Hua pioneered economic optimization theory through three key contributions: establishing economic stability's fundamental theorem, proving the uniqueness of equilibrium solutions in economic systems, and developing a consumption-integrated model 50 days before his death. Since 1988, Mu-Fa Chen has been working on Hua's theory. He introduced stochastics, namely Markov chains, to economic optimization theory. He updated and developed Hua's model and came up with a new model (Chen's model) which has become the starting point of a new economic optimization theory. Chen's theory can be applied to economic stability test, bankruptcy prediction, product ranking and classification, economic prediction and adjustment, economic structure optimization. Chen's theory can also provide efficient algorithms that are programmable and intelligent. {Stochastics} is the cornerstone of Chen's theory. There is no overlap between Chen's theory, and the existing mathematical economy theory and the economics developments that were awarded Nobel Prizes in Economics between 1969 and 2024. The distinguished features of Chen's theory from the existing theories are quantitative, calculable, predictable, optimizable, programmable and can be intelligent. This survey provides a theoretical overview of the newly published monograph \cite{5rw24}. Specifically, the invariant of the economic structure matrix, also known as the Chen's invariant, was first published in this survey.

Olena Davlikanova, Oksana Yashkina, Olena Buchynska et al.

This study deals with the profound changes in the relationship between Ukrainians and Russians after the aggression of 2014 and the full-scale invasion of 2022. The goal is to outline the dynamics of Ukrainian-Russian relations and provide a deep context for politicians and academics who ponder the issue of reconciliation. The article presents the results of an anonymous online survey conducted by a group of Ukrainian researchers among citizens of Ukraine from May 1 to May 31, 2023. 1088 respondents were covered. The survey covered the dynamics of contacts between citizens of Ukraine and the Russian Federation before 2014, in the period 2014-2022 and the period after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022; the quality and content of such contacts; views of Ukrainians on the prospects of reconciliation, terms and prerequisites for its beginning; attitude to the myths that frame Ukrainian-Russian relations regarding states and nations. The obtained results are compared with the results of representative surveys that were previously conducted in Ukraine and Russia to track the attitudes of citizens of both countries. The research was conducted on a volunteer basis. The study showed that before the war, almost half of Ukrainians had contacts with Russians. After the invasion, many Ukrainians tried to cooperate with the Russians to counter the propaganda, but only a small number of Russians openly condemned the war. Only 5% of those polled expect reconciliation within the next decade, most believe it is impossible. The respondents consider gestures of repentance and significant socio-political changes in Russia to be the basis of real reconciliation. Thus, efforts to challenge Russian imperial narratives used for disinformation campaigns around the world are critical to deterring Russian aggression.

Federico Laudisa

The Bohr and von Neumann views on the measurement process in quantum mechanics have been interpreted for a long time in somewhat controversial terms, often leading to misconceptions. On the basis of some textual analysis, I would like to show that, contrary to a widespread opinion, their views should be taken less inconsistent, and much closer to each other, than usually thought. As a consequence, I claim that Bohr and von Neumann are conceptually on the same side on the issue of the universality of quantum mechanics: hopefully, this might contribute to a more accurate history of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.

Sviatoslav Chyruk

У статті розглянуто мережу контактів шведських мігрантів до України у 1782–1783 рр. і вплив на неї географічного чинника. Дані реконструйовано на основі пов’язаних відомостей про смертні випадки під час епідемії чуми серед переселенців і місця проживання на острові Даго (острів Гіюмаа, Естонія). Використано як методи ієрархічний кластерний аналіз, факторний аналіз (метод головних компонент) із varimax-обертанням, графічний метод просторового подання хронології подій і статистичний критерій Спірмена. Природні кластери встановлено на основі інформації про 335 смертних випадків. Використано перший рівень кластеризації, отримано шість кластерів. Пов’язати вдалося інформацію лише про 235 осіб із 335, тобто 70 %. Факторний аналіз проведено на основі інформації про таймінг смертних випадків на основі пов’язаних даних (235 випадків). У побудові гіпотез автор виходив із припущення, що порядок вимирання під час епідемії має бути не гомогенним, а дискретним, оскільки для поширення інфекції потрібно встановити «ефективний» контакт. Останнє ж можливо за більш тісних соціальних зв’язків. Результати дослідження демонструють, що порядок вимирання піддослідної групи не мав випадкового характеру й залежав від географічного розташування населених пунктів, із яких походили померлі. Соціальні зв’язки у групі мігрантів під час та одразу після переселення дублювали географічну структуру розташування рідних селищ у попередній період життя в Естонії. Хвороба поширювалась від тих, хто раніше мешкав на заході острова, до тих, хто жив на сході, незважаючи на те, що вони їхали на поселення у складі однієї групи, де відстань між переселенцями була порівняно незначною. Результати підтверджено статистично (rs = 0,737; n = 12; р > 0,01). На думку автора, затримку в передаванні інфекції зумовлено так званим соціальним карантином, в основі якого, у цьому випадку, лежить відстань між населеними пунктами, з яких походили переселенці, та наближеність цих місць до певних доріг. Автор припускає, що «консервація» географічної мережі у групі була пов’язана зі шлюбно-сімейними стосунками, які склалися ще в період життя на острові, оскільки на шлюбному ринку люди, зазвичай, шукають шлюбних партнерів із населених пунктів, розташованих неподалік.

Alina CRÎȘMARIU (ȘOMÎTCĂ), Sorin ȘOMÎTCĂ

Information technology is a reality of our days, and the future means digitalization. The public sector cannot be absent from this natural evolution of things. Cloud computing technology is defined as a service that uses cloud accounting software available to users and can be accessed from anywhere and does not require hardware, and its development brings a new evolution in the information-accounting system: cloud accounting. This article focuses on the implementation of cloud computing in the public sector, and qualitative research highlights the benefits and challenges of integrating this technology in the public domain. The result of the study can be a starting point for the implementation of cloud computing technology in the public sector.

Joseph J. van Vreede, Romy Parker, Janieke van Nugteren

Background: Chronic pain and depression are closely related conditions, which commonly exist as comorbid disorders. Understanding the prevalence of depression in patients presenting with chronic pain is vital for effective pain management. Aim: Our study aimed to establish the prevalence of a history of depression in patients presenting with chronic pain to a chronic pain management clinic at a tertiary academic hospital and to describe the characteristics of patients with both conditions. Setting: Groote Schuur Hospital, Chronic Pain Management Clinic, Cape Town, South Africa. Method: A retrospective review of 665 medical charts of consecutive patients accessing the clinic over a 7-year period was conducted. Baseline, patient-centred data were collected. Results: Of the 665 charts, 623 were analysed. The median age of patients was 53 years. The prevalence of depression in patients presenting with chronic pain was 32%, three times higher than the national life-time prevalence in South Africa. The majority (77%) of patients with chronic pain and depression were female (p  0.01). Overall, 51% of the patients assessed were unemployed with low levels of education. The majority of our study patients had received a tricyclic antidepressant at some time prior to presentation. Conclusion: The high prevalence of a history of depression in patients presenting with chronic pain in our study, emphasises the importance of looking for and understanding the interrelation of the physiological, psychiatric, psychological and socio-economic factors that are common to both depression and chronic pain. Pain relief alone is insufficient to ensure optimal rehabilitation of these patients and integrating the management of their depression should improve patient outcomes and overall well-being.

Gernot Sieg

Benoît Rittaud, Laurent Vivier

We reconsider the classical equality 0.999. .. = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is: finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures that enlight this problematic equality, allowing it to be considered in Q rather than in R. We comment early history of such structures, that involves English teachers and accountants of the first part of the xviii th century, who appear to be the firsts to assert the equality 0.999. .. = 1. Their level of understanding show links with Dubinsky et al.'s apos theory in mathematics education. Eventually, we rebuilt the field Q from circular words, and provide an original proof of the fact that an algebraic integer is either an integer or an irrational number.

Fujun Hou

`Rank and Yank' is practiced in many organizations. This paper is concerned with the condtions for none to be whipped by `Rank and Yank' when the evaluation data under each criterion are assumed to be ordinal rankings and the majority rule is used. Two sufficient conditions are set forth of which the first one formulates the alternatives indifference definition in terms of the election matrix, while the second one specifies a certain balance in the probabilities of alternatives being ranked at positions. In a sense, `none to be whipped' means that the organization is of stability. Thus the second sufficient condition indicates an intrinsic relation of balance and organization stability. In addition, directions for future research are put forward.

Volha Lazuka

This study provides new evidence on how medical care mitigates the economic consequences of health shocks for individuals and their partners. To identify causal effects, I focus on medical scientific discoveries and exploit longitudinal administrative data for Sweden, using a triple differences design. The results indicate that medical innovation strongly mitigates the negative economic consequences of health shocks for individuals and have spillover effects on their partners. These spillovers are relatively large because medical innovation compensates for partners wage losses in conditions when welfare support for caregiving is insufficient. Overall, the findings indicate that medical innovation not only produces substantial economic gains but also reduces disease-related economic inequalities.

Isaak D. Mayergoyz, Can E. Korman

Hysteresis is treated as a history dependent branching, and the use of the classical Preisach model for the analysis of macroeconomic hysteresis is first discussed. Then, a new Preisach-type model is introduced as a macroeconomic aggregation of more realistic microeconomic hysteresis than in the case of the classical Preisach model. It is demonstrated that this model is endowed with a more general mechanism of branching and may account for the continuous evolution of the economy and its effect on hysteresis. Furthermore, it is shown that the sluggishness of economic recovery is an intrinsic manifestation of hysteresis branching.

W. Scheidel

This books connects ancient and modern history in an entirely new way. The main argument is straightforward: that the absence of universal empire on a subcontinental scale in medieval and modern Europe represented a dramatic break not only with earlier conditions in that region but also with a well-established default pattern of serial imperial state formation in many other parts of the world; and that the very fact that nothing like the Roman Empire ever again emerged in Europe was the single most important precondition for modern economic growth, the Industrial Revolution, and worldwide Western dominance much later on. The book is unique in that it incorporates ancient history into the ongoing debate about the causes of the various facets of the “Great Divergence” of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as northwestern Europe pulled away from China and the rest of the world in terms of economic performance and overall power. There is a very large and still growing literature on this topic, with numerous scholars advancing rival explanatory theses. My book seeks to make a fundamental contribution to this debate by putting these issues into much deeper historical context.

Zoya Pogorelova

The article is studying the historical process of formation of rulemaking activity and rulemaking powers of medieval states (after the fall of the Roman Empire before the discovery of America, namely 476–1492 years), including Kievan Rus, on the basis of legal monuments and historiographical sources. The reasons for the monopolization of rulemaking by the ruling elite and rulers, influence on the process of formation of external forms of law of the historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions of the existence of states, power and tradition of the peoples are revealed. Features of procedures of preparation and adoption of legal acts are considered, the history of codification of customary law, peculiarities of elaboration of rules of legal technique, as well as the process of gradual reception of the revised, codified and updated European University of Roman Law in Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland, France cantons, Scandinavian countries, which replaced the ancient custom and resulted from the development of socio-economic relations. The article substantiates the conclusion that the nature of rule-making powers of the states during the Middle Ages stemmed from the theological justification of power and the corresponding conception of the divine election of the ruler, which led to the increase of absolutist tendencies in the exercise of state power, although some manifestations of influence and traceability were observed, although there were some manifestations of the influence of the population on power, and there were elements of the election of rulers in separate historical periods. However, there was a predominant concentration of rulemaking functions in the hands of the supreme power, which were used to effectively control the population with broad discretionary powers of the supreme power. Also noted as a general tendency is the further increase in the professionalisation of rulemaking activities in the period under review, the strengthening of the process of codification of customary law and the almost universal reception of Roman law in Western Europe, which was also characteristic of Kievan Rus.

Jason Garver

"Rigor" is an often sought after but ill-defined concept in education. This work reviews several models of rigor from current literature before proposing a tool which is used to analyze science education throughout history. The 20\textsuperscript{th} century science education in the United States was subject to changing sociopolitical motivations about the use of science both in general and for students. These factors as well as developments in theory of learning and broad education reforms had changing affects on the level of rigor in science education. This work analyzes the theoretical level of rigor of science education in the US based on two main motivating factors for science education; science as a social endeavor and science as a discipline, throughout the 20\textsuperscript{th} century.

Albrecht Seelmann

A definition of the Laplacian on Cartesian products with mixed boundary conditions using quadratic forms is proposed. Its consistency with the standard definition for homogeneous and certain mixed boundary conditions is proved and, as a consequence, tensor representations of the corresponding Sobolev spaces of first order are derived. Moreover, a criterion for the domain to belong to the Sobolev space of second order is proved.