Mahyat Shafapourtehrany, Maryna Batur, Haluk Özener
et al.
Abstract Background Landslides represent a significant natural hazard, causing widespread human, infrastructure, and environmental losses. Geospatial technologies have become essential for monitoring, detection, and risk assessment of landslides. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the evolution and application of geospatial technologies in landslide research, addressing a significant gap in the current literature. First, we focus on landslide monitoring and detection, covering spaceborne and airborne Earth Observation (EO) technologies, ground-based remote sensing, mobile Geographic Information System (GIS) applications, and data processing methodologies, including traditional image and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based approaches. Second, we examine landslide analysis, which includes susceptibility mapping, vulnerability and risk assessments. Results Our bibliometric analysis reveals that landslide susceptibility is the most extensively studied category, followed by risk, while vulnerability remains significantly underexplored. China, India, South Korea, Iran, and the United States are the most active contributors across all three categories. China leads in susceptibility research due to high publication volume. A similar pattern is observed in risk studies, where China, Italy, India, and the United States have the most publications. However, the notable underrepresentation of vulnerability research suggests a gap in understanding the socio-economic and infrastructure impacts of landslides. These findings highlight the need for greater emphasis on vulnerability studies to improve landslide risk mitigation. Conclusions Our results emphasize the need for increased focus on vulnerability studies to strengthen landslide risk mitigation strategies. In addition, we identify key challenges in landslide management and discuss emerging trends aimed at improving prediction, monitoring, and disaster response.
Abstract Purpose The investigation on deformation trajectories and damage morphology of bedding rock slopes with weak layers is a prominent concern within the slope engineering field. Multi-field information is instrumental in elucidating the evolutionary process of deformation and potential damage modes of these slopes. Method Based on field investigations of the slope in the vicinity of the Baihetan Hydropower Station, this study conducted a series of physical modelling tests encompassing 3 weak layer percentage and 3 anchorage angle combinations. The aim of the 5 sets of tests was to explore the deformation and failure mechanisms in landslide using a multi-field monitoring system combined with DIC technology. Result The observation during the deformation failure stages revealed how variations in the weak layer percentages and the anchorage angles influence rock mass deformation and failure characteristics. Simultaneously, a quantitative relationship between the weak layer percentages and anchorage effectiveness was established for the first time through physical modelling tests. Conclusion The findings highlight that weak layers can directly influence the load transfer patterns of anchors while simultaneously inducing significant strain concentration phenomena. The anchor strain of rock slopes with 34% of weak layers is increased by 79.4%. An anchorage angle of 25°, accompanied by a reduction in anchor strain of 48.6%. Additionally, the anchorage angle significantly affects the expansion location of landslide cracks. The number of landslide cracks is relatively low when the anchorage angle is 25°, and these cracks primarily occur along the rear edge of the landslide. Consequently, an anchorage angle of 25° is identified as optimal angle among 3 anchorage angles for mitigating rock landslides. Based on multi-field coupling monitoring data, the evolution stage of slope is segmented into four stages for the first time, namely, micro-crack stage, macro-crack stage, near slip stage and slip failure stage. Investigating the force characteristics and anchor load transfer mechanism of anchored rock landslides with weak layers helps to provide engineers with recommendations for designing schemes to support these landslides.
Background: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is adjacent to two vital marine ecosystems; the semi-enclosed Arabian Gulf and the largely landlocked Red Sea. Dinoflagellates are repeatedly found in these bodies of marine water, which serve as significant routes for cargo ships. Through these ships and ballast water, invasive dinoflagellate species and their cysts are introduced. They compete with indigenous species for nutrients and space, cause massive fish kill-off and disturb the ecological balance and biodiversity. To address these threats, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) set forth guidelines intended to curtail the dissemination of such detrimental organisms. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was one of the co-signatory countries to this Convention. Methods of detection and monitoring include microscopy, molecular characterization and remote sensing, which are employed for the detection and monitoring of these harmful algae, in order to avert disasters such as fish die-offs. The results of several reports confirmed the presence of number of dinoflagellates in both the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea, some of which are toxin producers, with certain species being highlighted as invasive species whose presence requires a high level of alert. Discussion: The monitoring, the change in engineering of cargo ships and the introduction of advanced surveillance methods, together with the proper treatments of ballast water, are all important security elements that ensure the safe disposal of ballast water without introducing harmful species.
Alistair Geddes, Andrew R. Black, Michael Cranston
Abstract Direct messaging involving simultaneous mass transmission of brief text or voice messages to large numbers of recipients has become a frontline method in flood hazard communications. Messages are intended to serve as cues, drawing recipients' attention to changing conditions, yet the actual effectiveness of direct messaging among recipient groups remains under‐examined. This article considers direct messaging within the Floodline public flood warning service in Scotland, implemented by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Within Floodline, messaging is integrated with alerting and warning information, termed straightforwardly ‘Flood Alerts’ and ‘Flood Warnings’. Collaborating with SEPA, we conducted an online questionnaire survey of registered Floodline direct messaging recipients. In this article, our analysis focusses specifically on responses to three open‐ended questions included in this survey, with an iterative qualitative coding approach employed to interpret themes of meaning from the question responses. This analysis gives a clear indication that recipients value Floodline and direct messaging. However, there are also questions raised over the utility of Flood Alerts and related messaging, which we elaborate in the findings and discussion, along with the scope for adding content, linking to other information, and developing closer relationships. Changes being developed by SEPA align with several of these findings.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Disasters and engineering
BackgroundThe heights of water flowing fractured zones represent a key concern in the prevention and control of water disasters occurring in mining face roofs and water resource protection of coal mines. Varying lithologies and structures of the overburden are identified as primary factors governing the height and characteristic differences of water flowing fractured zones. MethodsAgainst the engineering background of a mining face with 10 m super-large mining height in the Caojiatan Coal Mine of Shaanxi Province, this study investigated the differences in the mining-induced responses of the soil-bedrock-type overburden using numerical simulations of stress-seepage coupling and measured heights of water flowing fractured zones in the overburden. Furthermore, this study proposed a water-controlled mining strategy in the presence of composite water bodies in the roof and analyzed the performance of mining using this strategy. Results and ConclusionsThe results indicate that the roof of the mining face with 10 m super high mining height represents a typical overburden structure of the soil-bedrock type. The laterites in the overburden enable fracture healing, resulting in repeat water resistance and thus inhibiting mining-induced fractures. Accordingly, the fractured zone/mining height ratio of the mining face is 22.56, and mining-induced fractures largely propagate below the laterites. Although very few fractures extend to laterites, the overall water resistance of the laterites remains. In this case, the bedrock and laterites exhibit the variation pattern of traditional water flowing fractured zones. Based on the analysis of the evolution of mining-induced failures in the overburden and the water filling pattern of the roof aquifer, this study proposed a water-controlled mining strategy consisting of the precise drainage of static reserves, increased discharge and water diversion for dynamic supply, full-space flow field monitoring, and the prevention of local roof cutting and leakage. A comprehensive analysis of multiple factors, including water levels in long-term hydrological observation holes, water inflow along the mining face, and hydrochemistry during the mining process, reveals that the mining-induced fractures only propagated to bedrock fissures and the aquifer in the weathering zone, while the Quaternary aquifer was unaffected by mining. These contribute to the safe and efficient water-controlled mining of the mining face with a super-large mining height. The results of this study can provide a basis for the prevention and control of the overburden failure and water disasters, as well as water resources protection, in mining with super-large mining heights and high mining intensity in China.
Floods in southwestern Saudi Arabia, especially in the Asir region, are among the major natural disasters caused by natural and human factors. In this region, flash floods that occur in the Wadi Hail Basin greatly affect human life and activities, damaging property, the built environment, infrastructure, landscapes, and facilities. A previous study carried out for the same basin has effectively revealed zones of flood risk using such an approach. However, the utilization of the HEC–HMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center–Hydrologic Modeling System) model and IMERG data for delineating areas prone to flash floods remain unexplored. In response to this advantage, this work primarily focused on flood generation assessment in the Wadi Hail Basin, one of the major basins in the region that is frequently prone to severe flash flood damage, from a single extreme rainfall event. We employed a fully physical-based, distributed hydrological model run with HEC–HMS software version 4.11 and Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals of Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG V.06) data, as well as other geo-environmental variables, to simulate the water flow within the Wadi Basin, and predict flash flood hazard. Discharge from the wadi and its sub-basins was predicted using 1 mm rainfall over an 8-h occurrence time. Significant peak discharge (3.6 m<sup>3</sup>/s) was found in eastern and southern upstream sub-basins and crossing points, rather than those downstream, due to their high-density drainage network (0.12) and CNs (88.4). Generally, four flood hazard levels were identified in the study basin: ‘low risk’, ‘moderate risk’, ‘high risk’, and ‘very high risk’. It was found that 43.8% of the total area of the Wadi Hail Basin is highly prone to flooding. Furthermore, medium- and low-hazard areas make up 4.5–11.2% of the total area, respectively. We found that the peak discharge value of sub-basin 11 (1.8 m<sup>3</sup>/s) covers 13.2% of the total Wadi Hail area; so, it poses more flood risk than other Wadi Hail sub-basins. The obtained results demonstrated the usefulness of the methods used to develop useful hydrological information in a region lacking ungagged data. This study will play a useful role in identifying the impact of extreme rainfall events on locations that may be susceptible to flash flooding, which will help authorities to develop flood management strategies, particularly in response to extreme events. The study results have potential and valuable policy implications for planners and decision-makers regarding infrastructural development and ensuring environmental stability. The study recommends further research to understand how flash flood hazards correlate with changes at different land use/cover (LULC) classes. This could refine flash flood hazards results and maximize its effectiveness.
Abstract To obtain the seepage evolution rule and water inrush mechanism of the collapse column, a multi-field coupled mechanical model for water inrush disasters caused by the collapse column is established in this paper, on the basis of the specific engineering conditions of the 1908 working face in the Qianjin coal mine. The mechanical model is composed of internal column elements within the collapse column and surrounding rock masses. The research focuses on the seepage evolution rule in the roof collapse column under different mining conditions and investigates the permeation instability mechanism of collapse column based on the transition of flow state. The research results indicate that the seepage pathway evolves continuously, ultimately forming a channel for water inrush, as the working face advances towards the collapse column. Besides, the water inflow increases rapidly when the working face advances 100 m, then gradually stabilizes, indicating that the seepage channel entry of the collapse column is in a stable stage. Meanwhile, mass loss in the collapse column gradually moves upward. the collapse column remains stable as a whole in the initial stage of water flow, with a small permeability, exhibiting linear flow. As time steps increases, particle loss in collapse column gradually extends to the upper part, forming a stable seepage channel. The flow velocity shows fluctuations with a slow declining trend over time.
Kate Sherren, H. M. T. Rahman, Patricia Manuel
et al.
Abstract Nature‐based coastal adaptation is a subset of nature‐based solutions that has to this point focused on the materiality of managing coastal risks: what our coastal protections are made of or where we put things that are in the way of harm. In our collaborative interdisciplinary work, we have been reimagining nature‐based coastal adaptation to start with first principles: how we think about the coast and what makes a good coastal life. In a nature‐based approach our shared sense of what is good and possible, also known as the social imaginary, needs shifting before any physical material. This paper presents a new nested framework for thinking about nature‐based coastal adaptation using five words starting with R: Reimagine, Reserve, Relocate, Restore, Reinforce. We use the nature‐based adaptation option of managed dyke realignment in Bay of Fundy agricultural dykelands to illustrate the utility of the framework in practice but assert its more generic applicability.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Disasters and engineering
Disasters and conflicts are both widely recognised as ‘drivers’ of internal displacement. Yet, despite a growing body of research and policy, there has been little consideration to date of how the different features of each ‘context’ shape the micro‐level dynamics of internal displacement. Where and why are these dynamics similar across the two contexts and how do they differ? This paper draws on general concepts from the disaster field to develop a comparative analytical model of internal displacement dynamics in the disaster and conflict contexts. Based on inferences from the patchy extant data across the two contexts, it identifies and explains points of convergence and divergence between internal displacement dynamics in both the disaster and conflict contexts. This ‘contextual’ model of the micro‐level dynamics of internal displacement has implications for academic debates, as well as for policy and practice, in the disaster, conflict, peace, climate change, and forced migration/displacement fields.
Dramatic alterations to the natural environment due to human activity have produced a permanent rupture in the Earth system; the relative stable epoch of the Holocene has given way to a volatile Anthropocene. Acceptance of these claims means that we now live in this altered physical reality, inviting us to rethink how we conceptualise disasters. Yet, disaster scholars have been hesitant to apply the Anthropocene label and to acknowledge the profound changes that it can bring to the study of disasters. This paper queries whether this label is a necessary adage or unnecessary baggage for disaster studies by examining the possibilities and the challenges associated with engaging with the Anthropocene. An analysis of the concepts, causes, and consequences of disasters reveals how the Anthropocene provides, as the very least, a theoretical heuristic for challenging linear temporal assumptions, the epistemological status of uncertainty, and the location of agency in disaster studies.
Disaster preparedness is one of the actions to reduce the impact of disasters, especially earthquakes. One of the locations that has a risk of fatalities is the school. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of students regarding student preparedness in an earthquake disaster and provide guidance. This research was conducted using quantitative descriptive techniques and primary data collection techniques random sampling obtained from 102 student respondents. From the comparison of the pre-test and post-test, the students showed an increase in grades that had entered the good category with an average percentage of students above 70%. This happened because of the provision of earthquake disaster preparedness materials to the students. The results showed that the level of knowledge students in preparedness for earthquake natural disasters was in good category.
Mummaneni Sobhana, Smitha Chowdary Chaparala, D.N.V.S.L.S Indira
et al.
Natural disasters are catastrophic events and cause havoc to human life. These events occur in the most unpredictable times and are beyond human control. The aftermath of the disasters is devastating ranging from loss of life to relocation of large groups of the population. With the development in the domains of computer vision (CV) and Image processing, machine learning and deep learning models can integrate images and perform predictions. Deep learning techniques employ many robust techniques and provide significant results even in the case of images. The detection of natural disasters without human intervention requires the help of deep learning techniques. The project aims to employ a multi-layered convolutional neural network (CNN) organization to classify the images related to natural disasters related to earthquakes, floods, cyclones, and wildfires.
China is one of the countries most affected by typhoon disasters. It is of great significance to study the mechanism of typhoon disasters and construct a typhoon disaster chain for emergency management and disaster reduction. The evolution process of typhoon disaster based on expert knowledge and historical disaster data has been summarized in previous studies, which relied too much on artificial experience while less in-depth consideration was given to the disaster exposure, the social environment, as well as the spatio-temporal factors. Hence, problems, such as incomplete content and inconsistent expression of typhoon disaster knowledge, have arisen. With the development of computer technology, massive Web corpus with numerous Web news and various improvised content on the social media platform, and ontology that enables consistent expression new light has been shed on the knowledge discovery of typhoon disaster. With the Chinese Web corpus as its source, this research proposes a method to construct a typhoon disaster chain so as to obtain disaster information more efficiently, explore the spatio-temporal trends of disasters and their impact on human society, and then comprehensively comprehend the process of typhoon disaster. First, a quintuple structure (Concept, Property, Relationship, Rule and Instance) is used to design the Typhoon Disaster Chain Ontology Model (TDCOM) which contains the elements involved in a typhoon disaster. Then, the information extraction process, regarded as a sequence labeling task in the present study, is combined with the BERT model so as to extract typhoon event-elements from the customized corpus. Finally, taking Typhoon Mangkhut as an example, the typical typhoon disaster chain is constructed by data fusion and structured expression. The results show that the methods presented in this research can provide scientific support for analyzing the evolution process of typhoon disasters and their impact on human society.
Mathieu Gouhier, Virginie Pinel, Joaquín M. C. Belart
et al.
Abstract Within the framework of the CIEST2 (Cellule d'Intervention d'Expertise Scientifique et Technique new generation) and thanks to the support of CNES, the French space agency, the first phase of the Fagradalsfjall eruption was exceptionally well covered by high resolution optical satellite data, through daily acquisitions of Pléiades images in stereo mode. In this study, we show how Pléiades data provided real-time information useful for the operational monitoring of the ongoing eruption. An estimation of the volume of lava emitted as well as the corresponding effusion rate could be derived and delivered to the civil protection less than 6 h after the data acquisition. This information is complementary to and consistent with estimates obtained through the HOTVOLC service using SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) sensor on-board Meteosat Second Generation (MGS) geostationary satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), characterized by a lower spatial resolution and a higher temporal one. In addition to the information provided on the lava emission, Pléiades data also helped characterize the intensity of the eruption by providing insight into the elevation and the velocity of the volcanic plume. The survey of this effusive eruption, well anticipated by a series of precursors, is a proof of concept of the efficiency of optical/thermal satellite data for volcanic crisis real-time monitoring.
Environmental protection, Disasters and engineering
An accurate description of composite geomembranes (CGs)–cushion interface behaviour (particularly creep behaviour) is of great importance. This paper presents a creep experiment method for studying the shearing creep characteristics of CGs–cushion interfaces. In this study, natural sand and sandy gravel cushion materials were tested for their creep characteristics with CGs. In the proposed method, the shearing creep curves of CGs–cushion interfaces in multi-stage loading are obtained, and they can be transformed to the creep curve at each specific loading level with Chen’s method. The results show that the power function and modified hyperbolic function exhibit perfect performance in fitting the displacement–stress and displacement–time relationships, respectively. An original empirical creep model for the CGs–cushion interface was established on the basis of these fitting means; it was found to exhibit superior performance in fitting and predicting the attenuation creep curve at each stress level. An accelerating creep model applicable to the accelerating creep phase is presented by using the Kachanov damage factor to reflect the accelerating creep damage to CGs–cushion interface. The study provides enhanced guidance for the engineering design and construction of structures incorporating CGs.
Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction
Vincenzo Allocca, Silvio Coda, Domenico Calcaterra
et al.
Abstract Groundwater bodies in the urbanized and densely populated aquifers or coastal floodplains may be subjected to groundwater rebound (GR), often causing serious risks of groundwater flooding (GF) to underground structures and infrastructures. This paper shows the results of a study carried out in the Naples' periurban area (Italy) to: investigate the dynamics and features of GR and GF phenomena, map flooded sites during 2013–2015 period, and provide an interpretative analysis of the factors that control the GF of private buildings and agricultural lands. At the municipality scale, since 1990 and until 2015, a remarkable and widespread GR was observed, with magnitude up to +16.54 m, triggering an unexpected GF of basements of buildings and agricultural soils. Field surveys proved that there is a time delay of the GF, ranging from 17 to 20 years, compared to the start of GR. Moreover, inhomogeneous distribution of flooding episodes is controlled by anthropogenic and natural factors. The obtained results are fundamental to design mitigation measures to GF hazard, and offer new perspectives to make Naples' periurban area more robust, smart and resilient against this new hydrogeological risk, undervalued by Italian legislation and local authorities.
River protective works. Regulation. Flood control, Disasters and engineering
Background: Education plays the most important role in establishing a disaster management system by creating a safety culture in the community and by engaging its members. This study explored the trends in research on disaster safety education based on the community from the perspective of lifelong education. Methods: We undertook a systematic literature review and keyword network analysis. The main search keywords were “community”, “disaster”, “safety”, and “education”. The subjects of education were adults, including disaster-vulnerable people, such as elderly and disabled people. A total of 185 articles and papers were identified and then narrowed down to 56. Results: Research related to disaster safety education has developed in a direction that reflects the characteristics of disasters that occur in the region. Currently, disaster safety education is being studied in various fields, including the humanities, social sciences, and engineering, focusing on disaster prevention. The main research methods in the reviewed literature were qualitative, especially case studies that applied narrative, storytelling, and risk scenario construction. Conclusion: The study provides a framework for the in-depth analysis of disaster risk management and risk level of communities, and lays the academic foundation for it.
Abstract The less improvement of ambient visibility suspects the government’s efforts on alleviating PM2.5 pollution. The COVID-19 lockdown reduced PM2.5 and increased visibility in Wuhan. Compared to pre-lockdown period, the PM2.5 concentration decreased by 39.0 μg m−3, dominated by NH4NO3 mass reduction (24.8 μg m−3) during lockdown period. The PM2.5 threshold corresponding to visibility of 10 km (PTV10) varied in 54–175 μg m−3 and an hourly PM2.5 of 54 μg m−3 was recommended to prevent haze occurrence. The lockdown measures elevated PTV10 by 9–58 μg m−3 as the decreases in PM2.5 mass scattering efficiency and optical hygroscopicity. The visibility increased by 107%, resulted from NH4NO3 extinction reduction. The NH4NO3 mass reduction weakened its mutual promotion with aerosol water and increased PM2.5 deliquescence humidity. Controlling TNO3 (HNO3 + NO3 −) was more effective to reduce PM2.5 and improve visibility than NH x (NH3 + NH4 +) unless the NH x reduction exceeded 11.7–17.5 μg m−3.