Hasil untuk "Criminal law and procedure"

Miloš SVRČEK, Martin NEMKY

Soil is a non-renewable resource and a dynamic ecosystem that provides key functions for human society and the survival of natural systems, including food production, water filtration, climate regulation and biodiversity. However, soil resources in the European Union (EU) are facing increasing degradation due to erosion, pollution, urbanisation and intensive agriculture, which threaten their long-term sustainability. Available data show that these processes have accelerated in recent decades and without intervention, the trend is likely to worsen.Although the acquis communautaire contains some provisions on soil protection (e.g. in the water, waste and agricultural policy directives), a comprehensive legal framework specifically targeting soil at EU level has been lacking. This article analyses the current legislative gap and a common strategy for the protection and sustainable use of soil. The strategy is based on the principles of integrating soil issues into other EU policies, preserving soil functions, preventing risk factors, mitigating their impacts and revitalizing degraded areas to a level compatible with current and future uses.The article assesses the application of existing instruments, such as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) or the European Green Deal, and also addresses the issue of the entry into force of Directive (EU) 2025/2360 of the European Parliament and of the Council on soil monitoring and resilience (Soil Monitoring Law) of 16 December 2025, which represents a historic milestone in the environmental policy of the European Union. It is the first comprehensive legal framework at EU level. Attention is also paid to effective implementation, including monitoring, financing and cross-sectoral cooperation, in order to ensure the resilience of soil systems to climate change and anthropogenic pressures.

Carlos Enrique Castro Osorio

Objetivo: validar el uso de instrumentos comerciales manuales para la detección de metales, en el proceso de búsqueda y recuperación de proyectiles y elementos metálicos durante la necropsia, a fin de ofrecer alternativas de detección inicial, fáciles y económicas, y fortalecer el proceso de búsqueda y recuperación de proyectiles y elementos metálicos en tejidos biológicos, en un modelo de cadáver humano. Introducción: recuperar evidencias es una actividad crítica durante las necropsias medicolegales; especialmente en las muertes violentas por proyectiles de armas de fuego, en las que los proyectiles y /o elementos metálicos, pueden migrar por cavidades corporales o quedar en vísceras huecas, grandes vasos, prendas, embalaje, entre otros, lo que dificulta su recuperación. Metodología: se utilizó un dispositivo manual de detección de metales para ubicar proyectiles y elementos metálicos en un cadáver; su embalaje, así como en las prendas de ropa. Se cálculo de la sensibilidad y especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo general y especifico por ubicación anatómica. Resultados: se obtuvo una sensibilidad general del 83.33 % y especificidad del 100 %, Valor predictivo positivo =1, tasa de falsos positivos = 0,00; Valor Predictivo Negativo = 0,60; tasa de falsos negativos = 0,17. Para los objetos más pequeños, iguales o menores a 5 mm de diámetro especificidad = 100% y sensibilidad = 62,5%. Conclusión: Se encontró que estos dispositivos pueden ser herramientas útiles para la detección de proyectiles metálicos en necropsias, especialmente para objetos metálicos de 7 mm o más. Su aplicación en las áreas rurales o en espacios abiertos donde disponer de un equipo de rayos X no siempre es posible es factible. Para los objetos más pequeños, iguales o menores a 5 mm de diámetro, aunque la especificidad es del 100%, la sensibilidad del 62,5% en algunas áreas anatómicas, sugiere que se requiere más investigación para trabajar en el mejoramiento de la detección de estos objetos presentes en el cadáver.

Ferry Agus Sianipar, N. Sambas, Oksidelfa Yanto

Corruption remains a pervasive challenge in Indonesia, undermining governance, economic development, and social justice. The Draft Law on Asset Forfeiture in Indonesia is an effort in reform to restore state losses caused by the crime of corruption. This is a comparative legal research which aims to compare the Draft Asset Forfeiture Law with the United States Code as a reference to assess compatibility with human rights. The findings of this research indicate that despite the fact that there have been numerous previous efforts and procedures from law enforcement to return assets under the criminal procedure law and other regulations, the judicial system is still insufficient to effectively address potential state financial losses due to the rampant corruption crimes in Indonesia. The Asset Forfeiture system, which shares similarities with the Asset Forfeiture principle in the U.S.C., has the potential to be abused and violates human rights and the basic Criminal Law principle of presumption of innocence, both in Indonesia and the United States. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the Draft Law on Asset Forfeiture with due regard to Human Rights, by placing the perpetrators of corruption on the Principle of the Highest Balanced Probability, and still adhering to the principles of the criminal process in accordance with basic criminal law.

Yuni Ginting

The principle of ultimum remedium states that criminal sanctions must be used as a last resort after all other legal remedies have been exhausted. This principle is not explicitly regulated in the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law or other criminal law regulations in several jurisdictions. Although this principle is recognized as a general principle in the philosophy of criminal law, its application is only a slogan in practice. A shift in criminal law enforcement's view of minor cases makes it possible to consider a more restorative approach. Rather than immediately resorting to formal justice processes and the use of criminal sanctions, law enforcement can prioritize a more collaborative approach, which considers the needs of all parties involved. Although not explicitly regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code, restorative justice practices are increasingly being applied in criminal law enforcement in various countries. Thus, restorative justice provides a more humane and sustainable alternative in dealing with criminal conflicts.

Srnić-Nerac Jelena, Kovačev Milica

In addition to criminalizing both traditional and new offences against sexual freedom, most countries, including Serbia, have introduced specific measures for addressing sexual offenses. These measures include the mandatory collection and recording of offenders‘ personal data in special registers. In Serbia, more than 10 years ago, a special register was established for those convicted of crimes against sexual freedom involving minors. This paper presents a basic analysis of the data recorded in the register since its inception. The analysis results indicate that the most prevalent offence is unauthorized sexual acts, and imprisonment is the most commonly imposed criminal sanction. Detected cases of recidivism so far indicate a low rate of reoffending. On the other hand, nearly one-third of the imposed sanctions are house arrest, which involves serving the sentence in the convict‘s residence, raising debates about the purpose of punishment, victim protection, and the application of other special measures. The authors conclude that it is necessary to consider whether the register contributes to victim protection and devise ways to use the knowledge gained from analyzing register data in the development of new legislative solutions.

Sergii Marko, Nataliya Ortynska, Oleksii Humin et al.

The scientific article analyses modern terrorist threats in the territory of Ukraine, associated with the active use of financial assets, the latest technologies and innovative financial instruments, in particular cryptocurrencies. The positive experience of legislative initiatives and advanced practices of several foreign countries in combatting the legalisation of funds by illegal means and the financing of terrorism is highlighted. The problems of implementation of state policy in this sphere are revealed. Based on this, ways of improving the system of fighting terrorism in Ukraine on the international and national levels have been determined. It was concluded that the basis of the state policy in the field of combatting terrorism during the period of martial law and in the post-war period in Ukraine should be the development of the Strategy for Combatting Terrorism in Ukraine, which should take into account both the best world practices and the modern realities of waging war in the conditions of supporting terrorism with financial infusions.

Gani Hamaminata

The Criminal Justice System outlined by the 1981 Criminal Procedure Code is an Integrated Criminal Justice System that is based on the principle of "functional differentiation" between law enforcement officials/agencies in accordance with the "stage of the process of authority" granted by the law. The Integrated Criminal Justice System is a system in criminal justice that becomes a reference for the implementation of a fair trial and as expected by the wider community. In the criminal justice system, there are things that must be synchronized in order to achieve a truly integrated system, namely substance, structural and cultural synchronization.   Keywords : Criminal Justice System and Criminal Procedure Code

Yunita Syofyan, Delfina Gusman

Kesehatan merupakan hak setiap manusia di dunia. Hal ini tertuang jelas dalam Deklarasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tahun 1948 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia Pasal 25 ayat (1) “setiap orang berhak atas derajat hidup yang memadai untuk kesehatan dan kesejahteraan dirinya dan keluarganya termasuk hak atas pangan pakaian, perumahan dan perawatan kesehatan serta pelayanan sosial yang diperlukan dan berhak atas jaminan pada saat menganggur, menderita sakit, cacat, menjadi janda/duda, mencapai usia lanjut atau keadaan lainnya yang mengakibatkan kekurangan nafkah, yang berada di luar kekuasaannya.Dengan landasan inilah setiap negara berusaha memenuhi hak kesehatan bagi warga negaranya. Sistem pembiayaan kesehatan yang dipakai setiap negara pun berbeda-beda. Secara umum sistem pembiayaan di dunia terbagi menjadi 4 tipe yaitu Konsep Asuransi swasta dengan subsidi pemerintah (Traditional Sickness Insurance), Konsep pemerintah membiayai asuransi kesehatan nasional (National Health Insurance), Konsep penyediaan layanan kesehatan oleh pemerintah (National Health Service), Campuran antara pembiayaan tradisional dan pembiayaan kesehatan nasional (Health Insurance dan Health Service).

Scheuerman Heather L., Keith Shelley

Research indicates that, in comparison to traditional court processing, restorative justice enhances victim satisfaction. This is in part due to the opportunities for dialogue within the restorative approach that enables offender accountability and victim reparation. Yet, some crimes that occur may not involve a direct victim, which would have implications for whether victims are present and levels of restoration and reparation within restorative justice. Using data from the Australian Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE), we examine how crime type affects restorative justice outcomes. We find that conferences involving victimless crimes enhance offender accountability and community reparation in comparison to other crimes.

Гаврилов Б. Я.

Введение: статья посвящена анализу основополагающих положений Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации в части уголовно-правовых санкций за преступления коррупционной направленности и их влияния на эффективность реализации государством в лице правоохранительных и судебных органов мер по обеспечению справедливости наказания за уголовно наказуемые деяния данного вида. Цель: на основе исследования норм уголовного законодательства и внесенных в него за последние два десятилетия изменений и анализа статистических данных о назначаемых судом за отдельные наиболее распространенные виды коррупционных преступлений уголовных наказаний изложить отмеченные представителями научного сообщества и правоприменителями недостатки уголовного законодательства в данной сфере борьбы с преступностью и одновременно предложить меры по совершенствованию уголовно-правовых санкций, способных наряду с вектором государства на либерализацию уголовной ответственности обеспечить снижение угрозы коррупционной опасности, что в целом призвано обеспечить безопасность государства, в первую очередь в сфере его экономической деятельности. Методы: исторический, сравнительно-правовой и эмпирический, теоретические методы формальной и диалектической логики, частно-научные методы, юридикотехнический и метод толкования конкретных юридических норм. Результаты: на основании анализа современного состояния уголовного законодательства и внесенных в него начиная с 2003 г. изменений в части либерализации уголовно-правовых санкций и складывающейся судебной практики назначения уголовного наказания в виде лишения свободы и штрафа дается в целом негативная оценка и обосновывается необходимость их совершенствования в целях соответствия уголовно-правовых предписаний реалиям борьбы с коррупционной преступностью и обеспечения тем самым законности, справедливости и равенства граждан перед законом и одновременно гуманизма при реализации норм уголовного закона. Выводы: для обеспечения указанных принципов уголовного закона применительно к современным реалиям (новые виды преступлений, в том числе их совершение с использованием информационнотелекоммуникационных технологий, значительное увеличение размеров причиненного преступлениями материального ущерба как государству и иным хозяйствующим субъектам, так и гражданам) требуется принятие законодателем соответствующих мер по совершенствованию уголовного законодательства, в частности корректив нижних пределов таких конкретных уголовно-правовых санкций, как лишение свободы и штраф, размеры которых сегодня снижают уровень эффективности борьбы с коррупционными преступлениями, в том числе относящимися к категории не только тяжких, но и особо тяжких преступных деяний.

T. H. Fomina

The article highlights the problematic issues of the use of mediation in criminal proceedings in Ukraine, as well as formulates proposals for their solution. The leading trend in the development of modern legal systems is the use of alternative means of resolving criminal disputes, including mediation. Ukraine is guided in this direction by the international legal standards and the positive experience of many foreign countries. In the general sense, mediation contributes to the humanization of criminal policy against the offender, creates conditions for ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the victim and real compensation for the damage caused to them, accelerates the criminal process. The concept of mediation in criminal proceedings is given. It is stated that the long path of Ukraine to the standardization of mediation was successful on November 16, 2021 in connection with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Mediation” № 1875-IX. Instead, introducing the possibility of mediation in criminal proceedings, the legislator generally avoided amending the CPC of Ukraine, in particular to determine the status of mediator, establishing the boundaries of mediation of criminal conflicts, formulating the peculiarities of its conduct in criminal proceedings. As a reaction to the shortcomings of the legal regulations, it is proposed: first, to amend paragraph 25 of Part 1 of Art. 3 of the CPC of Ukraine, where a mediator should be identified among the participants in the criminal proceedings; secondly, to define in a separate article of the CPC of Ukraine the concept of mediator, their rights and obligations, in connection with which the author’s position on this issue is expressed. The limits of mediation of criminal disputes at the legislative level are not set. It has been proved that the legal basis for mediation in criminal proceedings may be the provisions of the CPC of Ukraine on criminal proceedings under agreements, as well as the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on release from criminal liability in connection with reconciling the perpetrator with the victim. In Ukraine, a pilot project on the use of restorative procedures in criminal proceedings against minors has been implemented since 2019. Positive examples of this project have shown that the mediation procedure has clear advantages over punitive justice.

Hei Law, Jia Deng

We propose a new approach, Synthetic Optimized Layout with Instance Detection (SOLID), to pretrain object detectors with synthetic images. Our "SOLID" approach consists of two main components: (1) generating synthetic images using a collection of unlabelled 3D models with optimized scene arrangement; (2) pretraining an object detector on "instance detection" task - given a query image depicting an object, detecting all instances of the exact same object in a target image. Our approach does not need any semantic labels for pretraining and allows the use of arbitrary, diverse 3D models. Experiments on COCO show that with optimized data generation and a proper pretraining task, synthetic data can be highly effective data for pretraining object detectors. In particular, pretraining on rendered images achieves performance competitive with pretraining on real images while using significantly less computing resources. Code is available at https://github.com/princeton-vl/SOLID.

Stacey Law

In this article we investigate the positivity of Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups when $p = 3$. In particular, we complete the discussion begun by Giannelli and the author in arXiv:1712.02642 (J. Algebra) and developed in arXiv:1909.09446 (J. London Math. Soc.) concerning the case of odd primes.

Stacey Law, Yuji Okitani

In this note, we prove some new stability results for plethysm coefficients. As special cases, we verify a conjecture of Wildon, and show the stability of sequences recently predicted by Bessenrodt, Bowman and Paget to be weakly increasing.

Siti Nurmala, Otong Rosadi

Pemberian  bantuan hukum  oleh fungsi Bidang Hukum Kepolisian Daerah didasarkan pada Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Tata Cara Pemberian Bantuan Hukum Oleh Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia. Tindak pidana kekerasan dalam rumah tangga merupakan delik aduan yang dapat diberikan nasehat-nasehat hukum kepada kedua belah pihak yang bertikai dalam rumah tangga berupa mediasi. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya masih banyak pihak yang belum mendapatkan bantuan hukum dari awal pemeriksaan perkara kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang seharusnya didampingi untuk mendapatkan haknya dalam proses perkara yang dihadapinya, dan secara mediasi juga dikarenakan masih belum adanya kekuatan hukum terhadap putusan dari mediasi tersebut. Spesifikasi penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendektan yuridis normatif yang didukung dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris dengan penelitian kelapangan yaitu Bidang Hukum Polisi Daerah Sumatera Barat. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dan data primer dalam bentuk wawancara. Kemudian data tersebut dianalisis secara kualitatif dan disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif kualitatif.

Katherine Bollinger, BeLinda Weimer, David Heller et al.

The National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS) is a program of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division. The NFLIS-Drug component collects drug identification results and associated information from drug cases submitted to and analyzed by federal, state, and local forensic laboratories. This paper presents national annual estimates and national and regional yearly trend differences for clonazepam, diazepam, flubromazolam, clonazolam, and etizolam using annual report rates per 100,000 persons aged 15 or older between 2015 and 2018. An estimated 263,538 benzodiazepine reports were identified by state and local laboratories between 2015 and 2018. Methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin accounted for 32% of the drugs reported in the same item as alprazolam. Depressants and tranquilizers and narcotic analgesics were the drug classes most frequently identified in the same item as etizolam. A timeline of some benzodiazepines’ emergence in NFLIS-Drug is shown, as well as state- and county-level data for selected benzodiazepines.

Milan Žarković, Marija Tasić

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a new challenge that has not yet been sufficiently explored. There are thus limitations in controlling the effects this crisis has caused worldwide. The pandemic constitutes a public health emergency, so there is a need for it to be considered in the context of people trafficking. Although it is not possible to fully predict the pandemic’s effects on trafficking in human beings, previous experiences in other crisis situations could provide valuable insights into changes related to the forms of exploitation and the specifics of victims of this crime. The aim of this paper is to establish what effects the COVID-19 crisis has had on trafficking in human beings in the Republic of Serbia by analysing data collected by the Centre for the Protection of Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings. This paper will present relevant data from years before the pandemic and the year in which the pandemic occurred (2020). The primary aim is to determine what changes took place in the forms of exploitation, as well as in the gender and age of victims, to create adequate conditions for the trends in this area to be followed.

Theresa P. Ginley, Stephanie Law

Layered van der Waals (vdW) materials grown by physical vapor deposition techniques are generally assumed to have a weak interaction with the substrate during growth. This leads to films with relatively small domains that are usually triangular and a terraced morphology. In this paper, we demonstrate that Bi2Se3, a prototypical vdW material, will form a nano-column morphology when grown on GaAs(001) substrates. This morphology is explained by a relatively strong film/substrate interaction, long adatom diffusion lengths, and a high reactive selenium flux. This discovery paves the way toward growth of self-assembled vdW structures even in the absence of strain.

Zhengtianye Wang, Stephanie Law

The naturally existing chalcogenide Bi2Se3 is topologically nontrivial due to the band inversion caused by strong spin-orbit coupling inside the bulk of the material. The surface states are spin polarized, protected by the time-inversion symmetry, and thus robust to the scattering caused by non-magnetic defects. A high purity topological insulator thin film can be easily grown via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on various substrates to enable novel electronics, optics, and spintronics applications. However, the unique surface state properties have historically been limited by the film quality, which is evaluated by crystallinity, surface morphology, and transport data. Here we propose and investigate different MBE growth strategies to improve the quality of Bi2Se3 thin films grown by MBE. In addition, growths of topological trivial insulator (Bi0.5In0.5)2Se3 (BIS) are also investigated. BIS is often used as a buffer layer or separation layer for topological insulator heterostructures. Based on the surface passivation status, we have classified the substrates into two categories, self-passivated or unpassivated, and determine the optimal growth mechanisms on the representative sapphire and GaAs, respectively. Growth temperature is a crucial control parameter for the van der Waals epitaxy for both types of substrates. For Bi2Se3 on GaAs, the surface passivation status determines the dominant growth mechanism.

David Barker