Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Sophie Gloeckler, Matthé Scholten, Penelope Weller et al.

The present work provides a comparative policy review of psychiatric advance directives, considering 1) variation across eleven international jurisdictions and 2) differentiation from other advance directive policy. The aim is to support well-founded legal and clinical practice when it comes to psychiatric advance directives by 1) clarifying the range of present approaches and 2) highlighting differential treatment of those with mental health conditions. Applicable statutes in England and Wales; Germany; India; the Netherlands; New South Wales (Australia), Northern Ireland, Virginia (USA); Washington (USA); Switzerland; Scotland; and Victoria (Australia) were reviewed by a team with expertise in law, clinical practice, and ethics. Policy variations were identified related to requirements for validity, activation, amendment, revocation, and override of preferences expressed. Psychiatric advance directives tend to be more strictly regulated and have less legal force than medical advance directives, with more restrictive guidelines and more conditions allowing advance preferences to be overridden. Psychiatric advance directives also tend to be less uniform across jurisdictions, sometimes reflecting varied functions of the directive and sometimes suggesting varied framing of the appropriateness of coercion in psychiatric care. More work is needed to evaluate the validity of distinct psychiatric advance directive policy. Stricter regulation and weaker legal force can serve as barriers to use, and coercion carries associated harms; psychiatric advance directive policy, especially choices that differ from other advance directive policy, should be well-justified.

E. Crisan

Adulterated wine, mislabeling of foodstuffs, dilution of olive oil – these are just a few examples of the widespread issue of food fraud. This article critically examines the EU’s legal framework for combating food fraud, revealing its shortcomings and proposing concrete solutions. The study begins by defining the concept of food fraud and analyzing key EU legal instruments, including Regulation 178/2002 and Regulation 2017/625, highlighting the lack of harmonized implementation and enforcement across Member States. Through a comparative analysis, it also emphasizes the urgent need for harmonization and stronger regulatory measures. By exposing gaps in the current framework, this research advocates for a dedicated EU legislative act to tackle food fraud effectively. It underscores the role of emerging technologies, international cooperation, and targeted reforms as essential tools for addressing this issue. Ultimately, the article seeks to advance the discourse on food fraud and provide a robust foundation for impactful legislative and policy changes.

Hasbullah, Diana Pratiwi

The criminal law reform in Indonesia was initiated through the enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code, which replaces the provisions of the 1946 Criminal Code. One significant change relates to the prosecution process, particularly concerning the circumstances under which prosecutorial authority may lapse. This study aims to examine the circumstances that cause the termination of prosecutorial authority and to analyze the regulation of the prosecution process following the implementation of the new Criminal Code. A normative juridical method was employed, utilizing a statute approach and comparative analysis, with secondary data collected through literature studies and analyzed qualitatively. The findings reveal that Law No. 1 of 2023 introduces substantial updates to the conditions resulting in the cessation of prosecutorial authority, differing from the arrangements under the 1946 Criminal Code. However, discrepancies in editorial formulation were identified between the new material criminal law and the formal criminal law as stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) of 1981 and the Draft Criminal Procedure Code of 2012. These inconsistencies indicate the need for harmonization to ensure uniformity and legal certainty within the criminal justice system. The implications of this study underline the necessity for legislative adjustments to align substantive and procedural criminal laws, thereby strengthening the coherence and effectiveness of criminal law enforcement in Indonesia.

Zuzana SVRČEKOVÁ

In an era of globalised security threats – from terrorism and cyber-attacks to hybrid warfare and organised crime – European intelligence services increasingly rely on intensive international cooperation. New technologies enable the rapid and extensive sharing of sensitive data, while the transnational nature of threats forces agencies to cross national borders and build common networks, databases and coordination mechanisms. This cooperation has deepened significantly in recent years, making the European intelligence space one of the most integrated in the world. Paradoxically, this dynamic development of cooperation in the field of information gathering and exchange is contrasted by an almost complete absence of parallel progress in international oversight of intelligence services. Control and oversight remain largely a national domain, constrained by strict national rules and limited capacity to scrutinise cross-border activities. This asymmetric development raises fundamental questions about democratic legitimacy, the protection of fundamental rights and accountability in an era of massive intelligence sharing. This article addresses this imbalance, analysing the current state of European intelligence cooperation, mapping key institutions and information-sharing mechanisms, and, above all, examining weaknesses in transnational oversight. The aim is to highlight the risks stemming from the absence of effective international oversight mechanisms and to suggest possible ways to strengthen them in order to ensure a balance between security needs and the protection of democratic principles in Europe.

Andrew Balthrop, Justin T. Kistler, Yemisi Bolumole et al.

<i>Background:</i> Carbon pricing in the form of fuel taxes is an important tool for abating climate change. This study examines the impact and pass-through of fuel taxes in the truckload freight market. <i>Methods:</i> State-level truckload market data, integrated with retail diesel prices, are analyzed using fixed-effects regression modeling. <i>Results:</i> Taxes and fuel costs are not only passed on by diesel retailers to motor carriers; the results reveal the overshifting of diesel taxes from motor carriers to shippers. <i>Conclusions:</i> The findings are consistent with inelastic short-term demand for long-haul carriage, indicating that relatively large price increases will be necessary to reduce diesel consumption in the trucking industry.

I. Malinovska

Background: The present article provides a detailed analysis of legislative regulation—both national and international—and case-law concerning the choice of court in cross-border disputes. In international business relations, the issue of which jurisdictional body that have jurisdiction over potential future disputes often arises. In addressing this subject, the authors meticulously unravel the intricate issues surrounding the application of the forum selection agreement, including issues related to derogation from such an agreement and the imposition of liability for actions taken in breach of it. A significant portion of the analysis is dedicated to examining the doctrinal approaches and court practices of Ukraine, which is in the nascent stages of introducing 'contractual mechanisms' for choosing a court. Furthermore, an analysis of case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union, and national courts of European countries reveals the absence of uniform approaches to this issue. Methods: The study employed analytical, normative and comparative methods. The method of statutory research is used to characterise the statutory instruments relating to the procedure for selecting a competent court and the specifics of an exclusive agreement. In addition, the comparative method is reflected in the study of international and national legal regulation of the choice of court that will be authorised to hear cross-border disputes. By choosing the method of legal analysis and synthesis, the author provides a reasonable assessment of the case law of both national courts of the European Union, Ukraine, and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Results and Conclusions: According to the research, the authors determine that utilising the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements by parties in foreign economic relations will, firstly, enhance the objectivity of resolving disputes between the parties, and secondly, bolster and advance the global business community.

Quynh Hoa Duong

This article analyzes the current legal framework regarding consumer rights protection for imported goods in Vietnam in the context of increasingly extensive international economic integration. The study aims to identify existing limitations in current regulations and propose comprehensive solutions to ensure consumer rights align with international practices. Utilizing analytical and comparative legal research methods, the article examines key legal documents such as the Law on Consumer Rights Protection 2023, the Law on Quality of Products and Goods, and related decrees. Research findings indicate numerous gaps in the legal system: lack of uniformity in quality control, difficulty in assigning legal liability for cross-border transactions, inefficient management coordination, and a limited role for consumer protection organizations. The article recommends improving the legal framework towards synchronization,enhancing enforcement capabilities, clarifying the responsibilities of e-commerce platforms, and fostering societal roles in consumer protection, thereby promoting a safe, transparent, and sustainable consumer environment.

Folker De Witte, Anna Krisztián, Jaka Kukavica et al.

How do judges engage with foreign case law? While prior research has identified some instances of courts willing to cite foreign judgments, details about the mode of engagement and the motivation of such cross-citations have often been left unexplored. This Article fills these gaps. It presents the results of the coding of a sample of 456 judgments with cross-citations between the private law supreme courts of twenty-eight European countries. Twenty-five variables were coded for each citation: for example, the length of the discussion of foreign case law, whether the court was interested in the result or the reasoning of foreign judgments, and whether the citations occurred within the context of EU law, international law and/or specific areas of the law. This Article presents and contextualizes (i.e., to “decode”) this quantitative information. Amongst others, we find that courts from common law countries more often cite older foreign case law and provide a greater depth of engagement with it than courts from civil law countries, that many of the courts are mainly interested in the result and not the reasoning of foreign judgments, that most cross-citations are driven by reasons of comparative law (and not, for example, EU law or international law), and that cross-citations due to EU law are particularly prevalent in IP law and conflict of laws. More generally, we observe a form of bifurcation of citations across many of the topics analyzed, suggesting a divide, not between common and civil law countries, but between courts from smaller and larger jurisdictions (e.g., with smaller jurisdictions using citations in more traditional areas of law, citing mainly one other court, citing older cases, and more often being interested in the reasoning of foreign judgments).

Arsen Nemtsev, Mariia Koval

Abstract. Criminal procedure is one of the leading branches of law that plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order, justice, and human rights. In the context of globalization and the integration of international legal systems, particularly those of the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA), criminal procedure takes on special significance. Comparing the criminal procedures of Ukraine, the EU, and the USA allows for the identification of common features, differences, and best practices that can be adapted to enhance the effectiveness of national justice systems. The primary areas of comparison between Ukraine's criminal procedure and the international legal systems of the EU and the USA include issues related to human rights protection, transparency of judicial processes, equality of parties, and access to justice. Studying the approaches of these legal systems helps to determine how international standards can be implemented at the national level to improve legal protection for citizens. The EU is characterized by a high level of integration in criminal legislation among member states, which ensures uniform legal approaches and streamlined procedures within the Union. An important aspect of the European criminal procedure is the emphasis on protecting human rights and freedoms, notably through the European Convention on Human Rights. In the USA, criminal procedure is marked by a complex structure due to the federal system, where each state has its own judicial system. However, a key principle remains adherence to the US Constitution and the rulings of the Supreme Court. Particular attention is given to procedural guarantees for the accused, including the right to a fair trial, which is a fundamental principle of the American legal system. Analyzing the relationship between the criminal procedures of Ukraine, the EU, and the USA provides a deeper understanding of legal mechanisms and helps develop recommendations for adapting successful institutions and practices to Ukrainian legislation. Keywords: criminal procedure; international law; European Union; USA; human rights; legal system; judicial system; justice; comparative law; legal standard.

Xi Yang, Wanyanhan Jiang, Xi Gao et al.

Abstract Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia are the seventh leading cause of death. Studies discern the inclusion of air pollution among modifiable risk factors for dementia, while limited studies are for China. This study aims to examine the short-term association between airborne particulate matter (PM) and the hospitalizations of AD, including the economic costs in China. Methods A total of 4975 cases of AD patients hospitalized from 2017 to 2019, were collected from nine city and 411 medical institutions in Sichuan Province, China. Data on air pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were obtained from 183 air quality monitoring stations in Sichuan Province. A time series-generalized additive model was used to estimate the association between short-term exposure to PM (lag1–lag7 and moving average lag01–lag07) and AD hospital admissions (HAs), stratified by gender, age, and season. Results Positive short-term exposure to airborne PM was found for the HAs of AD. The greatest effect on the number of AD inpatients was on single-day lag1 (PM2.5:1.034 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.011, 1.058)). The association was also significant in the two-pollutant model. In the study period, 16.48% of AD HAs were attributed to the effect of PM. The total economic costs of AD attributable to PM exposure were US$ 2.56 million, including US$ 2.25 million of direct medical costs and US$ 0.31 million of indirect economic costs. Conclusions This study suggests that short-term exposure to airborne PM may increase the risk of AD HAs in Sichuan Province and result in associated economic costs.

Rianda Dirkareshza, Anni Alvionita Simanjuntak

Geographical Indication (GI) is one of the Intellectual Property Rights features. In this instance, one component that needs to be highlighted is its registration. Unfortunately, there are several infringements of Indonesian GI exist, such as Indonesian product registration being claimed by foreigners or outsiders. This article examines the legal protection of Geographical Indications based on Indonesian Legal Instruments and the law of outsiders parties and the international’s rule in Geographical Indication dispute settlement among countries. This article uses normative juridical research methods with a descriptive-analytical approach using national and international laws and relevant regulations to its issues. The findings revealed that protecting Geographical Indications in the International domain often causes polemics due to the need for firmness regarding the International Agreements’ substance. The arrangement of Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) merely requires legal provisions for each country in protecting Geographical Indications. Consequently, each country has fundamental different legal for protecting GI, and the legal uncertainty in International Agreement raises new issues.

Saloni Khanderia

Predicated on English law, termination for the breach of contract in India is regulated by the Indian Contract Act, 1872 and the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. However, these legislations do not adopt uniform criteria while stipulating the circumstances in which the parties may exercise their right to rescind the contract for breach. The complex nature of the rules on termination for breach has rendered the Indian law of contract unsuitable to govern domestic or transnational agreements. This article examines the plausible role of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law’s (Unidroit) Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) in developing the Indian law of contract. It argues in favour of a complete overhaul of the legal principles on which the parties’ right to rescind a contract for breach is based on the ground that these reflect a pro-termination instead of a favor contractus approach. Consequently, the author urges Indian lawmakers to consider employing the provisions of the PICC on the subject as a model to develop the law of the Republic to foster international trade and facilitate justice among litigants. Although an amendment to the Indian law of contract would be ideal, the judiciary should, in the meantime, refer to the PICC while adjudicating disputes arising from the breach of contracts to interpret and supplement the Indian law according to well-defined and internationally accepted standards.

S. Kudryashova, Marina G. Kalinina

Legal terms are not uniform at the international level, but they are closely connected with a national legal system. This implies serious conceptual inconsistencies. The above-mentioned systemic connection leads to the fact that either boundaries of terms’ meanings belonging to different jurisdictions or the degree of their explication may vary. Despite some similarities in legal systems, primarily of European countries, each state has its own legal order, conceptual and terminological systems, specific legal rules, forms and procedures of judicial proceedings. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main causes of difficulties in translation of legal terminology from German, French and Spanish languages. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set in the research: to analyze the specifics of legal language and of legal documents translation as well as the issues of equivalency in legal translation; to select the samples from the above-mentioned languages that clearly demonstrate difficulties in translation of texts from such branches as civil and criminal law, administrative and civil codes, etc. The problems a translator faces due to the socio-cultural content of legal terms can be solved by means of various resources. As research methods the authors have used the method of comparison, typical for a comparative law, the method of continuous sampling of legal terminological units in French, Spanish and German legal texts, comparative analysis of terms and their translated equivalents, and the method of written translation. The results of the conducted analysis will be useful both for further studies of legal discourse and in theoretical and practical classes on legal text translation.

Alberto Luiz Hanemann Bastos

Os Juizados Especiais foram instaurados com o propósito de disponibilizar procedimentos céleres, simples e informais, com contornos mais adequados às necessidades dos cidadãos em situação de hipossuficiência econômica, social e informacional. Inobstante, várias das regras aplicadas ao sistema dos juizados não se coadunam com o intuito de ampliação do acesso à justiça, eis que, ao invés articularem um mecanismo eficiente para a tutela de litigantes vulneráveis, dificultam a reivindicação de seus direitos em juízo. Desse modo, com base em revisão bibliográfica e em inferências de caráter predominantemente indutivo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a dissonância do discurso que legitimou a instauração dos Juizados Especiais em relação às diretrizes procedimentais consignadas nas leis responsáveis por regulamentá-los. Num primeiro momento, serão revisitados marcos teóricos que exploraram o entrelaçamento do campo do processo civil com a ideologia e a cultura, a fim de demonstrar que o conteúdo do direito processual é fortemente influenciado por forças exteriores ao universo jurídico. Após, proceder-se-á à análise do conteúdo da Lei no 9.099/95, de modo a apontar dispositivos que contradizem a promessa dos Juizados Especiais de tutelar os direitos dos cidadãos hipossuficientes. Na sequência, com base no conceito de seletividade do sociólogo Claus Offe, serão esboçadas possíveis explicações para as contradições havidas entre a aparência e a realidade dos Juizados Especiais, sugerindo-se que, por detrás de sua configuração procedimental, reside o intuito de precarizar o tratamento das “pequenas” causas. Por fim, serão expostas as conclusões alcançadas ao longo da pesquisa.  

Julie Marcotte, Marie-Claude Richard, Isabelle F.-Dufour et al.

Les objectifs du présent article sont de mettre en exergue la façon dont les jeunes décrivent leur histoire traumatique et lui donnent un sens, et comment ils intègrent ces éléments dans leur perception de soi et leur vision d’avenir. Trente et un récits de vie de jeunes ayant connu une histoire de placement en vertu de la protection de la jeunesse ont été analysés en s’appuyant sur les prémisses de l’analyse thématique théorique (ATT) (Boyatzis, 1998) et à partir des théories du trauma complexe et l’identité narrative. Les résultats montrent que les jeunes sont en mesure de comprendre et décrire les effets des traumatismes vécus sur leur construction de soi, de donner un sens aux stratégies utilisées pour faire face à ces évènements et la manière dont ils façonnent leur avenir. Parce que le récit de vie permet de donner un sens à l’expérience traumatique, la discussion aborde la pertinence de l’utiliser et aussi, plus largement, l’approche narrative, pour bien saisir les enjeux complexes que vivent les jeunes placés dans leur construction identitaire et pour soutenir l’intervention auprès d’eux alors qu’ils amorcent leur transition vers la vie adulte.

Lamya Alfaify

Background: Given the lack of development in the International Investment Law (IIL) and its increase of substantive and procedural challenges, this paper identifies those issues and challenges and provide suggests solutions to these challenges. Methods: The procedures to be followed in obtaining information concerning the adequacy of IIL and its effectiveness. The article will look at the logical method, comparative method, and historical method. After data collection using these methods, the data will be analysed; accordingly, a comparison will be carried out between different international investment legal instruments to establish the gaps and development opportunities. A logical method will be applied to data collection. It is an analysis methodology that combines concepts and ideas. A historical method will be used to collect data and facts from records, to investigate the competence of international investment legal instruments over time. The researcher will explain the history of international investment legal instruments to show the importance of law development. Results and Conclusions: The development of a unified global convention that is formatted to provide a uniform and neutral set of substantive and procedural rules to regulate international investments would, in fact, meet the optimal objectives of the state and investor in the most appropriate manner according to the current legal investment instruments.

G. Greenleaf, Bertil Cottier

ايمان محمد ابراهيم علي علي

باستخدام السلاسل الزمنية للاقتصاد المصري خلال الفترة 1991-2018، ومن خلال إختبارات جذر الوحدة، وإختبارات التکامل المشترک، وطريقة المربعات الصغرى المصححة بالکامل FMOLS ، وجدت الدراسة الدليل على وجود أثر موجب التقلبات الدورية على النمو الاقتصادي في مصر، حيث تؤدي زيادة التقلبات بمعدل1% إلى زيادة معدل النمو الاقتصادي بمعدل 0.56%. إن هذه النتائج تتسق مع نتائج دراسة Kormendi and Meguire, 1985))، وGrier and Tullock, 1989))، و (Caporale, McKiernan, 1998). وتتعارض مع دراسة Ramey and Ramey, 1991)) ودراسة Zarnowitz and Moor, 1986))، ودراسة(حجازي، 2010). إن دراسةZarnowitz and Moor, 1986)) تستخدم Nonparametric approach ، في حين تسمح طريقة FMOLS باختبار الفرضية، التي تتعلق بأثر التقلب على النمو، کما أن دراسة Ramey and Ramey, 1991)) تستخدم عينة کبيرة من الدول، بينما نعتمد في هذه الدراسة على سلسلة زمنية للاقتصاد المصري، مما يدعم التحليلات القائمة على دراسة السلاسل الزمنية في إطار country-specific studies . إضافة إلى ذلک، فأن دراسة Ramey and Ramey تقترح إجراء المزيد من التحقق التجريبي للنموذج وفي إطار دول مختلفة للتأکد من صدق ما توصلت إليه من نتائج. بالنسبة لدراسة (حجازي، 2010)، فإنها إعتمدت على منهجية الإرتباط، ذلک لتحديد إتجاه حرکة متغيرات الدراسة بالنسبة للناتج، وللاستدلال، بناءاً على ذلک، على تأثيرها على النمو، کما إعتمدت على سببية کرانجر للأجل القصير، عوضاً عن الأجل الطويل، إضافة الى عدم إتساق النتائج التي توصلت اليها هذه الدراسة.

Lucila Godínez Montoya, Esther Figueroa Hernández, Francisco Pérez Soto

El objetivo es determinar si el crecimiento económico del país contribuye a la degradación del medio ambiente, y si paralelo a la actividad económica, la población pobre también incide sobre esta; se busca validar la existencia de una Curva de Kuznets Ambiental (CKA-extendida) para México durante el periodo 2003-2017. Se estiman dos modelos de regresión, uno lineal múltiple y otro polinomial cúbico, mediante el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios. Los resultados muestran que, para ambos, existe una relación positiva entre la degradación ambiental y el crecimiento económico, así como con la población pobre. Se recomienda considerar a parte de esta variable socioeconómica, otras como explicativas de la afectación al medio ambiente. La limitante de este tipo de estudios para países en desarrollo como México, es la escasa disponibilidad de estadísticas ambientales y sobre todo expresadas en una serie de tiempo. A pesar de ello, su originalidad radica en la variable utilizada para medir el aspecto ambiental: los costos totales por agotamiento de los recursos naturales y la degradación ambiental. Se concluye la existencia de una CKA-extendida para México.