Hasil untuk "Civil law"

J. Donnelly, R. Dworkin

William Law

The rapid advancement of creating Zero-Knowledge (ZK) programs has led to the development of numerous tools designed to support developers. Popular options include being able to write in general-purpose programming languages like Rust from Risc Zero. Other languages exist like Circom, Lib-snark, and Cairo. However, developers entering the ZK space are faced with many different ZK backends to choose from, leading to a steep learning curve and a fragmented developer experience across different platforms. As a result, many developers tend to select a single ZK backend and remain tied to it. This thesis introduces zkSDK, a modular framework that streamlines ZK application development by abstracting the backend complexities. At the core of zkSDK is Presto, a custom Python-like programming language that enables the profiling and analysis of a program to assess its computational workload intensity. Combined with user-defined criteria, zkSDK employs a dynamic selection algorithm to automatically choose the optimal ZK-proving backend. Through an in-depth analysis and evaluation of real-world workloads, we demonstrate that zkSDK effectively selects the best-suited backend from a set of supported ZK backends, delivering a seamless and user-friendly development experience.

Noelle Law, Yuki Miura

Natural disasters are increasing in frequency and severity, causing hundreds of billions of dollars in damage annually and posing growing threats to infrastructure and human livelihoods. Accurate data on roofing materials is critical for modeling building vulnerability to natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and hurricanes, yet such data remain unavailable. To address this gap, we introduce RoofNet, the largest and most geographically diverse novel multimodal dataset to date, comprising over 51,500 samples from 184 geographically diverse sites pairing high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) imagery with curated text annotations for global roof material classification. RoofNet includes geographically diverse satellite imagery labeled with 14 key roofing types -- such as asphalt shingles, clay tiles, and metal sheets -- and is designed to enhance the fidelity of global exposure datasets through vision-language modeling (VLM). We sample EO tiles from climatically and architecturally distinct regions to construct a representative dataset. A subset of 6,000 images was annotated in collaboration with domain experts to fine-tune a VLM. We used geographic- and material-aware prompt tuning to enhance class separability. The fine-tuned model was then applied to the remaining EO tiles, with predictions refined through rule-based and human-in-the-loop verification. In addition to material labels, RoofNet provides rich metadata including roof shape, footprint area, solar panel presence, and indicators of mixed roofing materials (e.g., HVAC systems). RoofNet supports scalable, AI-driven risk assessment and serves as a downstream benchmark for evaluating model generalization across regions -- offering actionable insights for insurance underwriting, disaster preparedness, and infrastructure policy planning.

Yann-Meing Law, Zhichao Peng, Daniel Appelö et al.

In this work, we introduce a novel Hermite method to handle Maxwell's equations for nonlinear dispersive media. The proposed method achieves high-order accuracy and is free of any nonlinear algebraic solver, requiring solving instead small local linear systems for which the dimension is independent of the order. The implementation of order adaptive algorithms is straightforward in this setting, making the resulting p-adaptive Hermite method appealing for the simulations of soliton-like wave propagation.

Zdzisław Zarzycki, Paweł Kaźmierski

The new law on marriage (and civil status records) introduced in post-war Poland on 1 January 1946 created a new legal status for many planning to enter into marriage and those who wanted to divorce. The law unified on a national scale, treated marriage as a secular institution, and concluded before a state civil registrar. The spouses could enter only a subsequent religious marriage according to their confession. Five outdated marriage codifications, dating back to partition times, were eliminated from legal circulation. A new secular divorce law was introduced, which was separated from the religious norms of spouses, and thus Catholics were allowed to divorce. The socialist state limited the freedom to divorce by introducing a broad catalog of positive grounds for divorce. The possibility of divorce upon the spouses’ unanimous request was introduced for a period of 3 years (1946–1948). This was a chance for spouses who had not had children and had not lived together for many years to apply for divorce. The practical effect of introducing the new divorce law after 1946 was that the District Courts in Kraków and Słupsk saw a sharp increase in divorce cases, and the parties initiating divorce were increasingly women (wives).

Fahmi Fairuzzaman, Sekar Diah Ayu Almira

Photographic works shared publicly on social media platforms, particularly Twitter, are not exempt from legal disputes, especially concerning copyright infringement. This research focuses on two central issues: first, the extent of copyright protection granted to photographs taken and uploaded by K-Pop fans on Twitter; and second, the legal remedies available to the rightful owners when their photographic works are used without permission. Using a normative legal research methodology, the study adopts a statutory approach, analyzing relevant legal rules and norms that apply to copyright protection. The research relies primarily on secondary legal sources, including laws, legal doctrines, journal articles, and relevant case studies. The findings indicate that photographic works shared via Twitter are protected under copyright law, which includes both moral rights—such as the right of attribution and integrity—and economic rights, including the right to reproduce and distribute the work. When such works are used without authorization, the original creators or rights holders have the option to pursue both litigation and non-litigation paths. Litigation may involve filing a civil or criminal case in the Commercial Court. Meanwhile, non-litigation solutions include various forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), such as mediation, arbitration, negotiation, conciliation, and consultation. This study highlights the legal vulnerabilities surrounding fan-created content in online spaces and underscores the importance of respecting copyright protections, even within fan communities. It also emphasizes the available legal pathways to protect the rights of content creators in digital environments.

T. Grisso

Robert Law

Europa's surface exhibits many regions of complex topography termed 'chaos terrains'. One set of hypotheses for chaos terrain formation requires upward migration of liquid water from perched water bodies within the icy shell formed by convection and tidal heating. However, consideration of the behavior of terrestrial ice sheets suggests the upwards movement of water from englacial water bodies is uncommon. Instead, rapid downwards hydrofracture from supraglacial lakes - unbounded given a sufficient volume of water - can occur in relatively low tensile stress states given a sufficiently deep initial fracture due to the negative relative buoyancy of water. I suggest that downwards, not upwards, fracture may be more reasonable for perched water bodies but show that full hydrofracture is unlikely if the perched water body is located beneath a mechanically strong icy lid. However, full hydrofracture is possible in the event of lid break up over a perched water body and likely in the event of a meteor impact that generates sufficient meltwater and a tensile shock. This provides a possible mechanism for the transfer of biologically important nutrients to the subsurface ocean and the formation of chaos terrains.

Aviral Damle, Thomas Law

This paper presents a speculative model exploring the behavior of quantum information for particles entering closed timelike curves (CTCs) in Kerr-Newman spacetime. We apply Gavassino's restoration principle to derive a theoretical framework for cyclic information dynamics within these extreme gravitational environments. Our model focuses specifically on particles that enter CTCs near the inner horizon of a Kerr-Newman black hole, examining how such curves might affect quantum state evolution, entanglement preservation, and information retention.

Eugenio Giannelli, Stacey Law

Let $p\ge 5$ be a prime and let $P$ be a Sylow $p$-subgroup of a finite symmetric group. To every irreducible character of $P$ we associate a collection of labelled, complete $p$-ary trees. The main results of this article describe Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups for all irreducible characters of $P$ in terms of some combinatorial properties of these trees, extending previous work on the linear characters of $P$.

Yahman

Land disputes are one of the most common cases in Indonesia. It is due to the demand for land ownership rights. In this case, mediation is used to resolve the case. The non-judicial mediator is a neutral party who helps the parties fairly. This study examines the civil law liabilities of non-judicial mediators in land ownership disputes and the legal position of a non-judicial mediator on authentic peace deeds. This research applied a juridical-normative approach with a law and a conceptual approach. The results indicated that non-judicial mediators, in carrying out their primary duties, both in terms of rights and obligations, must be based on law and protected by law to optimally provide services to the community while having a clear legal position in the notary. To sum up, unifying the mediation arrangement in one statutory regulation and mediation in the realm is necessary, both in litigation and non-litigation. In addition, future research can investigate the effectiveness and implementation of mediation certification, secrecy, financing, and repetition of mediation in land dispute cases. Further exploration is needed to understand the impact of mediation on the autonomy of the parties involved in land ownership disputes.

Sulastri Yasim, Ika Novitasari, Sulaeman et al.

The urgency that the BPJS Employment program is held with the aim of providing death benefits to the heirs and benefits so that the heirs can meet the basic needs of a decent life when the participant dies. This research is a normative legal. The results showed that in the provision of death benefits to the heirs must have the status of a spouse (widow or widower) or child of the participant. If the spouse or child does not exist, the heirs are blood descendants in a straight line up and down to the second degree or siblings or in-laws or parties designated in the will by the participant. This is in line with the inheritance system according to the Civil Code, where there are two ways to obtain inheritance, namely first, obtaining inheritance based on the provisions of the law and second, obtaining inheritance based on the will.

Jonathan Mummolo

Significance National debates over heavy-handed police tactics, including so-called “militarized” policing, are often framed as a trade-off between civil liberties and public safety, but the costs and benefits of controversial police practices remain unclear due to data limitations. Using an array of administrative data sources and original experiments I show that militarized “special weapons and tactics” (SWAT) teams are more often deployed in communities of color, and—contrary to claims by police administrators—provide no detectable benefits in terms of officer safety or violent crime reduction, on average. However, survey experiments suggest that seeing militarized police in news reports erodes opinion toward law enforcement. Taken together, these findings suggest that curtailing militarized policing may be in the interest of both police and citizens. The increasingly visible presence of heavily armed police units in American communities has stoked widespread concern over the militarization of local law enforcement. Advocates claim militarized policing protects officers and deters violent crime, while critics allege these tactics are targeted at racial minorities and erode trust in law enforcement. Using a rare geocoded census of SWAT team deployments from Maryland, I show that militarized police units are more often deployed in communities with large shares of African American residents, even after controlling for local crime rates. Further, using nationwide panel data on local police militarization, I demonstrate that militarized policing fails to enhance officer safety or reduce local crime. Finally, using survey experiments—one of which includes a large oversample of African American respondents—I show that seeing militarized police in news reports may diminish police reputation in the mass public. In the case of militarized policing, the results suggest that the often-cited trade-off between public safety and civil liberties is a false choice.

Suraj Gupta, M. Ghonge, P. Jawandhiya

N. A. Shabelnikova

Natalya Alekseevna Shabelnikova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Police Colonel, Honored Worker of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. She is the author of scientific research on the history of law enforcement agencies in a wide problem-thematic and chronological range. This interview was agreed in October 2022 during the scientific official journey N. A. Shabelnikova in Omsk to participate in the work of the II All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference «Activities of domestic special services in the era of social cataclysms». The interview was given remotely, and then edited by Natalya Alekseevna from Vladivostok in January 2023. The conversation was devoted to the prospects for studying the history of Russian special services in Russia, modern estimates of the historiography of the Civil War in the Far East and the policy of preserving historical memory in Russia.

A. P. Demin

The subject of the study is the norms of administrative legislation regulating the territorial features of public administration in Russia. The chosen topic receives a certain update against the background of the formation of the definition of "system of public authority", which is not fully covered at the doctrinal level. The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of legal regulation of the activities of territorial bodies of federal executive bodies. In the context of the functioning of the power vertical, there is a need to unify their administrative and legal status, since the unity of the public authority system is the achieved result of the constitutional reform of 2020. Methodology and research methods. As the basis of the research methodology, the author chose the formal legal method, based on the established principles of dialectical cognition. With its help, the non-transparency of the organization of territorial bodies exercising the fullness of state administration in the subjects of the federation was revealed. The main scientific results of the study are built around the hypothesis of excessive institutionalization of the territorial and central divisions of the executive authorities with the priority of subordinate legal regulation. It has been proved that in this case, both the efficiency of public administration and the trust in public law institutions on the part of civil society may decrease. Conclusions. Based on the legal nature of the territorial bodies of the federal executive authorities, it can be concluded that they are in hierarchical subordination, but at the same time they are endowed with the full implementation of the powers attributed by law to their jurisdiction. In the absence of a single normative act that would detail the constitutional foundations for the exercise of public authority, most of them are established in the manner prescribed by the normative act issued by the entity that manages the activities of the relevant federal executive authority. This practice has hidden defects that reduce the effectiveness of public administration. The best way to create a transparent mechanism of public administration is to abandon the practice of legal regulation of the administrative and legal status of the territorial bodies of federal executive authorities by by-laws. By-laws may have a certain potential in terms of the distribution of powers within the structure of the territorial body of the federal executive authority, however, “status” norms should be present in the provisions of a separate federal law regulating the procedure for the establishment, transformation and liquidation of the territorial bodies of the federal executive authority.

Stacey Law, Yuji Okitani

In this note, we prove some new stability results for plethysm coefficients. As special cases, we verify a conjecture of Wildon, and show the stability of sequences recently predicted by Bessenrodt, Bowman and Paget to be weakly increasing.

Yann-Meing Law, Daniel Appelö

The Hermite-Taylor method, introduced in 2005 by Goodrich, Hagstrom and Lorenz, is highly efficient and accurate when applied to linear hyperbolic systems on periodic domains. Unfortunately its widespread use has been prevented by the lack of a systematic approach to implementing boundary conditions. In this paper we present the Hermite-Taylor Correction Function method, which provides exactly such a systematic approach for handing boundary conditions. Here we focus on Maxwell's equations but note that the method is easily extended to other hyperbolic problems.

Jufira Nur Annisa Litama Fira, Lili Naili Hidayah

The contract agreement for the construction of the ipademan bridge in Lubuk Mandarsah Village between the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office and CV. Surya iCitra iPersada, Tebo Regency, there is a discrepancy between field conditions and planning, thus changing the plans that have been made by the contractor. This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of the rights and obligations of the parties in the construction work of the Pademan bridge in the village of Lubuk Mandarsah, and to find out and analyze the efforts to resolve the default by CV. Surya Citra Persada in a charter agreement. The research method is empirical juridical, namely research conducted to examine and examine ii Contracting Agreements for Bridge Construction Works ii Pademan, Lubuk Mandarsah Village Between the Public Works and Spatial Planning Service with CV. Surya Citra Persada, Tebo Regency. The results of this study indicate that the contracting agreement does not work properly, seen from the field conditions that are not in accordance with the plan so that less work must be done and a Contract Addendum is held through a deliberation meeting conducted by the parties related to the pademan bridge construction agreement, Lubuk Mandarsah Village, Kabupaten Tebo. Abtstrak Perjanjian pemborongan pekerjaan pembangunan jembatan pademan Desa Lubuk Mandarsah antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang dengan CV. Surya Citra Persada Kabupaten Tebo ada ketidaksesuaian antara kondisi lapangan dengan perencanaan, sehingga merubah perencanaan yang sudah di buat oleh pihak pemborong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pelaksanaan hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam pekerjaan pembangunan jembatan pademan desa lubuk mandarsah, dan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis upaya penyelesaian terhadap wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh CV. Surya Citra Persada dalam perjanjian pemborongan. Metode penelitian adalah yuridis empiris yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengkaji dan meneliti Perjanjian Pemborongan Pekerjaan Pembangunan Jembatan Pademan Desa Lubuk Mandarsah Antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang dengan CV. Surya Citra Persada Kabupaten Tebo. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa perjanjian pemborongan tidak berjalan dengan sebagaimana mestinya dilihat dari kondisi lapangan yang tidak sesuai dengan perencanaan sehingga harus dilakukan pekerjaan tambah kurang dan di adakan Addendum Kontrak melalui rapat musyawarah yang dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak terkait perjanjian pembangunan jembatan pademan Desa Lubuk Mandarsah Kabupaten Tebo.      

T. V. Efimtseva

Objective: to study the current state of the doctrine and legislation on nationalization in order to formulate proposals for improving the legal regulation of public relations in this area.Methods: the study used such general scientific methods of cognition as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and analogy. The logical method of research helped to formulate definitions of some terms, in particular, nationalization and emergency nationalization; their inherent features were identified. While studying the topic, private scientific research methods characteristic of jurisprudence were also used: formal legal and comparative legal methods, which helped to reveal the logic of the legislator and draw conclusions about the expediency of paying compensation when nationalizing property from private owners.Results: based on the analysis of legislation and the practice of its application, as well as of the Russian and foreign literature, the essence of nationalization was revealed. In the article, nationalization is understood as the acquisition by the state of ownership of property that was privately owned, on the basis of federal law, with or without compensation of the property value to the owner, which is aimed at protecting public interests. The article pays special attention to the understanding of the “state property” category as the property of the whole people, i.e. public property.Scientific novelty: the article reveals the concept and essence of nationalization, as well as related legal categories (privatization, alienation, compensation, etc.), conducts a comparative legal analysis of the order of nationalization in various states, and identifies the advantages and disadvantages of preliminary and equivalent compensation as a prerequisite for private property nationalization. The author substantiates the need for nationalization of enterprises in all important industries, and, primarily, in the areas of natural monopolies, in which producers can make a profit to ensure their own development only. Nationalization should be soft, with the possibility of compensation, but only after a full audit of the performance of enterprises to resolve the issue of how conscientiously and responsibly their owners and managers acted.Practical significance: the main conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and practical activities to improve civil legislation and the practice of its application, as well as to develop long-term and short-term strategies for the economic development of Russia.