Hasil untuk "Biology"

Richard A. Festa, D. Thiele

M. Schenone, V. Dancík, B. Wagner et al.

K. Karastergiou, Steven R Smith, A. Greenberg et al.

Women have more body fat than men, but in contrast to the deleterious metabolic consequences of the central obesity typical of men, the pear-shaped body fat distribution of many women is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk. To understand the mechanisms regulating adiposity and adipose tissue distribution in men and women, significant research attention has focused on comparing adipocyte morphological and metabolic properties, as well as the capacity of preadipocytes derived from different depots for proliferation and differentiation. Available evidence points to possible intrinsic, cell autonomous differences in preadipocytes and adipocytes, as well as modulatory roles for sex steroids, the microenvironment within each adipose tissue, and developmental factors. Gluteal-femoral adipose tissues of women may simply provide a safe lipid reservoir for excess energy, or they may directly regulate systemic metabolism via release of metabolic products or adipokines. We provide a brief overview of the relationship of fat distribution to metabolic health in men and women, and then focus on mechanisms underlying sex differences in adipose tissue biology.

Luonan Chen

Ronald S. Flannagan, Valentin Jaumouillé, S. Grinstein

I. Ojima

S. Davy, D. Allemand, V. Weis

A. Abbott

T. Einhorn

S. Hamada, H. D. Slade

R. Anderson, R. May

T. D. Brock

R. Paus, G. Cotsarelis

E. Tan

Carmen Domingo

Stephen J. Thompson

S. Akira, T. Taga, T. Kishimoto

M. Ryan, R. Primack

Kailin R. Mesa

The Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System, second edition, is an exceptional resource for anyone studying anatomy with an emphasis on the musculoskeletal system. The Thieme Atlas of Anatomy, unlike many other anatomical atlases, combines illustrations with descriptive text and tables and clinical applications. Thus, this text not only functions as a clinically focused atlas, but also a standalone anatomical textbook. The authors approach the study of anatomy in a manner that builds complexity, starting with basic human embryology and development, then moving onto surface anatomy, bones, joints, muscles, vessels, and innervation, followed by an in-depth study of the trunk wall, upper limb, and lower limb. Each chapter notably emphasizes the important relationship between anatomic structure and function as well as introduces clinical applications. The most remarkable feature of this atlas is the set of extraordinarily realistic illustrations created for the first edition, in an attempt to provide both students and providers with a fresh approach to the subject matter. New to the second edition are 30 two-page spreads devoted to clinical pathology that include osteoarthritis of the hip joint, compression syndromes of peripheral nerves, conduction anesthesia of peripheral nerves, shoulder arthroscopy and degenerative changes of the shoulder joint, functions of individual muscles and the symptoms associated with weakening of these muscles, and diagnostic imaging of the large joints. The second edition also contains clinically important imaging for plain film, CT, and MRI scans related to musculoskeletal anatomy and pathology that are presented in parallel with the anatomical illustrations. This edition also comes with access to WinkingSkull.com PLUS, an online resource that contains more than 500 full-color illustrations and radiographs not contained in the text. In addition to the image bank that can be studied with labels-on and labels-off, this online resource can be used by students to self-assess their understanding of the material by taking timed tests with instant results. This book is an ideal text not only for students of various disciplines studying anatomy for the first time, but it also serves as a valuable resource for faculty and providers. The well-organized summary tables are ideal for readers who are interested in a quick anatomical review.

Ladi Alik Kumar, K Sunand, Jitendra Debata et al.

Cancer is a disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of cells that increases uncontrollably over an extended period of time. Treating cancerous brain tumors remains among the most challenging tasks for researchers, as brain tumors are among the hardest cancers to treat. Additionally, the condition often worsens because of the delayed diagnosis caused by the absence of early symptoms. The use of conventional treatment methods, such as radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery, continues to be highly limited. The low solubility, narrow therapeutic index, and limited ability to traverse the blood–brain barrier of most anticancer drugs result in limited therapeutic efficacy. In an attempt to overcome these predicaments, formulation scientists have been considering nanotechnology-based therapeutic solutions, particularly given the increasing rates of brain cancers that have low survivability and the drawbacks of the existing treatment methods. Different nanoplatforms, such as polymeric nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and magnetic nanoparticles, have been explored. Research has indicated that such nanocarriers can increase the delivery of drugs to cells in brain tumors with a minimal off-target distribution, resulting in minimal adverse effects and optimal treatment. This review presents a summary of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems that have been reported in recent years for the treatment of brain tumors. In addition, it explains the existing difficulties with the clinical implementation of nanodrug carriers and the perspectives of this field.