The need to improve the effectiveness of management decisions in the context of challenges and competition requires modern enterprises to apply information technologies and progressive management methods. The Direct-Costing method, which is used in modern financial information systems and ERP systems, requires an effective algorithm for allocating auxiliary production costs. The principle of production cost allocation in the Direct-Costing method is a general approach to allocation that is used in practice. The aim of the study is to develop an algorithm for the allocation of auxiliary production costs, which will enable the allocation of big-size tasks within an acceptable time frame. The properties of the general matrix of production cost allocation are analyzed, and conditions for reducing the number of iterations in the iterative allocation of overhead costs are formulated. The CostAlloc algorithm for allocating auxiliary production costs has been developed. The effectiveness of the CostAlloc algorithm was studied in comparison with the traditional iterative allocation algorithm. It was shown that in all analyzed cases, the parameters of the proposed CostAlloc algorithm are several times, and sometimes an order of magnitude better than the traditional allocation algorithm. The results of the research confirm the high efficiency of the developed CostAlloc algorithm in terms of the number of iterations required to obtain a solution with a given accuracy, as well as the operating time. The CostAlloc algorithm can be applied to calculate the allocation of auxiliary production costs in financial information systems or ERP systems for big-dimensional tasks in real time, which facilitates operational management decisions and increases the overall efficiency of enterprise management.
In this paper, we analyse a certain stirrup type that is rare in Central and Eastern Europe. It is characterized by a flat, narrow platform, strongly curved arms, and a rectangular eye. Based on the examination of the assemblages, these stirrups most likely developed in the Balkans in the first decades of the 7th century and were in use in the first half of the century.
Many real-world design problems involve optimizing an expensive black-box function $f(x)$, such as hardware design or drug discovery. Bayesian Optimization has emerged as a sample-efficient framework for this problem. However, the basic setting considered by these methods is simplified compared to real-world experimental setups, where experiments often generate a wealth of useful information. We introduce a new setting where an experiment generates high-dimensional auxiliary information $h(x)$ along with the performance measure $f(x)$; moreover, a history of previously solved tasks from the same task family is available for accelerating optimization. A key challenge of our setting is learning how to represent and utilize $h(x)$ for efficiently solving new optimization tasks beyond the task history. We develop a novel approach for this setting based on a neural model which predicts $f(x)$ for unseen designs given a few-shot context containing observations of $h(x)$. We evaluate our method on two challenging domains, robotic hardware design and neural network hyperparameter tuning, and introduce a novel design problem and large-scale benchmark for the former. On both domains, our method utilizes auxiliary feedback effectively to achieve more accurate few-shot prediction and faster optimization of design tasks, significantly outperforming several methods for multi-task optimization.
Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture (JEPA) is increasingly used for visual representation learning and as a component in model-based RL, but its behavior remains poorly understood. We provide a theoretical characterization of a simple, practical JEPA variant that has an auxiliary regression head trained jointly with latent dynamics. We prove a No Unhealthy Representation Collapse theorem: in deterministic MDPs, if training drives both the latent-transition consistency loss and the auxiliary regression loss to zero, then any pair of non-equivalent observations, i.e., those that do not have the same transition dynamics or auxiliary value, must map to distinct latent representations. Thus, the auxiliary task anchors which distinctions the representation must preserve. Controlled ablations in a counting environment corroborate the theory and show that training the JEPA model jointly with the auxiliary head generates a richer representation than training them separately. Our work indicates a path to improve JEPA encoders: training them with an auxiliary function that, together with the transition dynamics, encodes the right equivalence relations.
This report focuses on spatial data intelligent large models, delving into the principles, methods, and cutting-edge applications of these models. It provides an in-depth discussion on the definition, development history, current status, and trends of spatial data intelligent large models, as well as the challenges they face. The report systematically elucidates the key technologies of spatial data intelligent large models and their applications in urban environments, aerospace remote sensing, geography, transportation, and other scenarios. Additionally, it summarizes the latest application cases of spatial data intelligent large models in themes such as urban development, multimodal systems, remote sensing, smart transportation, and resource environments. Finally, the report concludes with an overview and outlook on the development prospects of spatial data intelligent large models.
Pavel Burgert, Petr Šída, František Trampota
et al.
In the 20 years since the important discovery of metabasite quarrying in the Jizerské hory Mountains (northern Bohemia, Czech Republic) a wealth of knowledge has been gathered on this raw material used to make Neolithic polished stone tools. A synthesis of these results now gives a more comprehensive view of how this raw material was employed in different periods and extracted directly at the source sites. The overview is at the same time a springing board for further research. Exploitation of metabasite and its widest spatial distribution was in the Linear Pottery culture (LBK; 5400–5000/4900 BC). In the post-LBK period of regionalisation, the sources of raw materials for the production of polished tools were diversified and the degree of utilisation of Jizera Mountains-type metabasite is demonstrably varied by region.
Auxiliary sciences of history, Prehistoric archaeology
Interchanges are the key nodes of the freeway. Due to the existence of weaving behavior, the traffic flow situation is more complicated for small spacing interchanges. Continuous auxiliary lanes are usually used to connect the entrance and exit to form a compound interchange to reduce the interference of weaving behavior. However, when it comes to the design of auxiliary lane forms, China lacks relevant design specifications and research in this area. As a result, there often exists the phenomenon of mismatch between the design form and the traffic volume. In this paper, we took a compound interchange in Xi’an as the research object, proposing four auxiliary lane design schemes and using VISSIM (2022 student) software to establish the simulation model. Additionally, various traffic conditions were simulated through sensitivity analysis. Finally, using the factor analysis method and entropy method, we comprehensively assigned weights to the indexes. By obtaining the weighted scores for various schemes, it became possible to determine the applicability of each scheme under different traffic conditions. The results indicate that the gradient auxiliary lane can be applied to most traffic conditions and has a smaller land occupation than the traditional design, which is an optimization and improvement for the traditional design form.
M. Zare, Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, M. Khosravi
et al.
Background Concerns about the side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been raised nationwide. We aimed to compare the time to report the side effects of the Oxford-AstraZeneca and Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines. Methods Information on side effects of AstraZeneca and Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines was obtained from the COVID-19 Symptom Study App affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Science during 2021. A COX regression model with an adjusted Hazard Ratio and 95% Confidence Interval; HR (95% C.I) was reported at the significance level of 38oC 0.12 (0.1-0.15), eye inflammation 0.45 (0.39-0.52), diarrhea 0.85 (0.73-0.99), blurred vision 0.73 (0.61-0.86), injection site redness 0.32 (0.26-0.39), fatigue/paleness 0.53 (0.50-0.57), joint pain 0.55 (0.41-0.73), auxiliary gland inflation 0.59 (0.43-0.80), convulsions 0.30 (0.17-0.52), and severe side effects 0.3 (0.27-0.33) in the AstraZeneca group; However, skin rash 0.77 (0.57-1.05) and hospitalization 0.72 (0.21-2.55) were the same. Conclusion Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine recipients reported longer times to report vaccine-related side effects than AstraZeneca; due to the lack of adverse effects like hospitalization, vaccination should continue to control the pandemic; more real-population studies are needed on the long-term effects of vaccination against COVID-19.
Rileggendo gli scritti di Joris Karl Huysmans, autore poliedrico e assai sensibile al mondo dell’arte, l’articolo indaga i suoi interventi, numerosi quantitativamente e specifici qualitativamente, dedicati ai “primitivi” fiamminghi. Il tema dei “primitivi”, sia riguardo al mondo nordico sia in senso generale, è da tempo oggetto di ampio interesse storiografico. Ma Huysmans dimostra un’attenzione ed una qualità specifica assai precoce, in anticipo sul grande dibattito novecentesco, che esula da una generica rivisitazione letteraria, presente invece in altri autori e che fa di lui una moderna figura di critico d’arte, attento a problemi stilistici, attributivi e qualitativi.
The paper focuses on Joris Karl Huysmans, the famous author and art critic and as is well know, passionate about Moreau and Redon. In addition to this interest, many pages of his novels are dedicated to a very interesting topic: the Flamish Primitives Painters. From a general point of view, their fortune over the centuries has been established from quite a long time. But Huysmans, unlike most writers, exhibits a specific competence and can be considered as a true art critic, focused on matter of style, quality and connoisseurship.
We study a novel variant of the parameterized bandits problem in which the learner can observe additional auxiliary feedback that is correlated with the observed reward. The auxiliary feedback is readily available in many real-life applications, e.g., an online platform that wants to recommend the best-rated services to its users can observe the user's rating of service (rewards) and collect additional information like service delivery time (auxiliary feedback). In this paper, we first develop a method that exploits auxiliary feedback to build a reward estimator with tight confidence bounds, leading to a smaller regret. We then characterize the regret reduction in terms of the correlation coefficient between reward and its auxiliary feedback. Experimental results in different settings also verify the performance gain achieved by our proposed method.
Digitization is being actively established in all spheres of social activity, transforming traditional ways of creating, distributing and analyzing information. Diplomatic activity has not become an exception in the processes of actualization of the digital space, gradually involving ICT tools in its practice. The study is focused on highlighting the implementation of digital innovations in diplomacy under the conditions of permanent influence of socio-cultural factors. The modern world is dynamic and developing at a high speed; therefore the trends of promotion or hindrance to digitization, which is used directly in the translation of diplomatic texts, change rapidly depending on many factors (socio-political, socio -economic, cultural, etc.). The purpose of the study is to understand the effectiveness of the use of information and digital technologies in the translation of diplomatic texts. The need for new media, translators and means of translation is noted, which will be in demand under the conditions of total globalization and informatization of the current socio-cultural space. Digitization has demonstrated the expediency of its use in diplomatic activity in general, so it is evident that this process will be extended to highly specialized clusters, including the translation of diplomatic texts. The research methodology is based on a combination of the use of general scientific and scientific-linguistic methods, due to which a comprehensive study of digitization algorithms in diplomatic translation was carried out. In addition, a scientific-synergistic approach is actively used, which ensures interaction between digital, linguistic, diplomatic and cultural-historical dimensions, which are actualized in scientific intelligence. Elements of novelty of the research focus on the interpretation of information and digital technologies in the context of their involvement in the process of diplomatic translation. Conclusion. Therefore, the ICT segment is actively gaining positions in diplomatic activity, fully meeting the trends of modern socio-cultural development. In a practice-oriented environment, diplomatic translation activities successfully use online resources to improve the quality and availability of translated materials. However, the digital segment is positioned as an auxiliary element or an alternative to traditional translation models, using a wide range of digital tools: online translators, artificial intelligence, interactive dictionaries, etc
Dr. Nisha Vachhani, D. Vaghela, Dr. R. S. Unadkat
et al.
Background: Mukha is considered as one of the Nava Dwaras. Danta is one of the Sapta-Anga of Mukha according to Acharya Bhavprakash. Dantchala is one of Danta Roga according to Acharya Vagbhatta. Dantachala is a prevalent oral health issue affecting individuals globally, often leading to discomfort and impaired oral functions. In contemporize science, Dental mobility treatment is non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment, splinting and occlusal adjustment. Acharyas has mentioned local therapies for its management. Material and methods: The study was a consecutive case series on four patients of Dantchala (~tooth mobility). In whom Lepana (~applying paste) with Bhdramustadi Churna (5 gm) mixed with Go-Mutra for 1 hour twice a day, after that Gandusha(~gargles) with Dashamoola Kwatha (5 gm) for 21 days was chosen as main treatment modalities. Here selected patients have History of accidental trauma in respected teeth. Result: Increased keratinization & regeneration of normal gingival tissues and Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial properties, reduction of local inflammation so restoration of normal tissue occurs. Conclusion: The study concluded that after given treatment patient got complete relief. No adverse effect of treatment was observed.
Anthropology is a discipline of humanity, including both nature researches and culture researches mainly on the origin, diversification, and admixture of human race. Here we are launching a new journal titled Nature Anthropology to publish papers from all aspects of anthropological studies based on natural science, especially interdisciplinary studies. The history of anthropology can be divided into classical anthropology era (1501-), modern anthropology era (1890-), and contemporary anthropology era (2000-). Ever since the beginning of anthropological studies in China in 1920s, researches from Fudan University etc. attempted to integrate studies of nature anthropology and culture anthropology by setting up multidisciplinary societies and launching journals. In 1981, Shanghai Society of Anthropology was resumed at Division of Anthropology, Fudan University. In 1986, the society office moved to Shanghai Natural History Museum and the president of the second term launched a journal titled Nature and Man (Figure 1).
IN THE SHADOW OF THE PALMS: The Selected Works of David Eugene Smith by Tristan Abbey, ed. Alexandria, VA: Science Venerable Press, 2022. xii + 155 pages, including a Glossary of Biosketches. Paperback; $22.69. ISBN: 9781959976004. *David Eugene Smith (1860-1944) may not be a household name for readers of this journal, but he deserves to be better known. An early-twentieth-century world traveler and antiquarian, his collaboration with publisher and bibliophile George Arthur Plimpton led to establishing the large Plimpton and Smith collections of rare books, manuscripts, letters, and artefacts at Columbia University in 1936. He was one of the founders (1924) and an early president (1927) of the History of Science Society, whose main purpose at the time was supporting George Sarton's ongoing management of the journal ISIS, begun a dozen years earlier. Smith also held several offices in the American Mathematical Society over the span of two decades and was a charter member (1915) and President (1920-1921) of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA). *Smith is best known, however, for his pioneering work in mathematics education, both nationally and internationally. In 1905, he proposed setting up an international commission devoted to mathematics education (now the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction) to explore issues of common concern to mathematics teachers on all levels, worldwide. He was actively involved in reviving this organization after its dissolution during the First World War and served as its President from 1928 to 1932. Nationally, Smith was instrumental in inaugurating the field of mathematics education, advancing this discipline professionally both in his role as mathematics professor at the prestigious Teachers College, Columbia University (1901-1926) and as an author of numerous best-selling mathematics textbooks for elementary and secondary schools. These texts were not focused solely on mathematical content; they also dealt substantively with teaching methodology, applications, rationales for studying the material, and significant historical developments. *Throughout his life Smith championed placing mathematics within the wider liberal arts setting of the humanities, highlighting history, art, and literary connections in his many talks, articles, and textbooks. For him there was no two-cultures divide, as it later came to be known. While acknowledging the value of utilitarian arguments for studying mathematics (he himself published a few textbooks with an applied focus), he considered such a rationale neither sufficient nor central. For him, mathematics was to be studied first of all for its own sake, appreciating its beauty, its reservoir of eternal truths, and its training in close logical reasoning. But again, for him this did not mean adopting a narrow mathematical focus. In particular, given his wide-ranging interest in how mathematics developed in other places and at other times, he tended to incorporate historical narratives in whatever he wrote. *This interest led him later in life to write a popular two-volume History of Mathematics. The first volume (1923) was a chronological survey from around 2200 BC to AD 1850 that focused on the work of key mathematicians in Western and non-Western cultures; the second volume (1925) was organized topically around subjects drawn from the main subfields of elementary mathematics. His History of Mathematics was soon supplemented by a companion Source Book in Mathematics (1929), which contained selected excerpts in translation from mathematical works written between roughly 1475 and 1875. Smith wrote at a time when the history of mathematics was beginning to expand beyond the boundaries of Greek-based Western mathematics to include developments from non-Western cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic), a trend he approved of and participated in professionally. *Smith's interest in broader issues extended even to exploring possible linkages between religion and mathematics. His unprecedented parting address to members of the MAA as its outgoing President is titled "Religio Mathematici," a reflection on mathematics and religion that was reproduced a month later as a ten-page article in The American Mathematical Monthly (1921) and subsequently reprinted several times. Smith's article "Mathematics and Religion" appearing in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics' sixth yearbook Mathematics in Modern Life (1931) touched on similar themes. These two essays maintain that mathematics and religion are both concerned with infinity, with eternal truths, with valid reasoning from assumptions, and with the existence of the imaginary and higher dimensions, "the great beyond," enabling one to draw fairly strong parallels between them. Thus, a deep familiarity with these facets of mathematics may help one to appreciate the essentials of religion. Mathematics itself was thought of in quasi-religious terms, as "the Science Venerable." Smith's farewell address partly inspired Francis Su in his own presidential retirement address to the MAA in 2017 and in its 2020 book-length expansion Mathematics for Human Flourishing (see PSCF 72, no. 3 [2020]: 179-81). Su's appreciation of Smith's ideas also led him to contribute a brief Foreword to the booklet under review, to which we now turn. *First a few publication details: In the Shadow of the Palms is an attractive booklet produced as a labor of love by someone obviously enamored with his subject. Tristan Abbey is a podcaster with broad interests that include being a "math history enthusiast," but whose primary professional experience up to now has been focused on the environmental politics of energy and mineral resources. This work is the initial (and so far the only) offering by a publication company Abbey set up. Its name, Science Venerable Press, was chosen in honor of Smith's designation for mathematics. *One might classify this work non-pejoratively as a coffee-table booklet. It contains 50 excerpts (Su terms them "short meditations") from a wide range of Smith's writings, selected, categorized, and annotated by Abbey, along with full-page reproductions of eight postcards mailed back home by Smith on his world travels, and two photos, including Smith's Columbia-University-commissioned portrait. Smith's excerpted writing occupies only 109 of the total 167 pages, nearly two dozen of which are less than half full. The amply spaced text appears on 3.25 inches of the 7 inch-wide pages, the outer margins being reserved for Abbey's own auxiliary notes explaining references and allusions that appear in the excerpt. This gives the book lots of white space; in fact, eighteen pages of the booklet are completely blank. Another nine pages contain 75 short biographical sketches of mathematicians taken from Smith's historical writings; these are unlinked to any of the excerpts, but they do indicate the breadth of his historical interests. Unfortunately, no index of names or subjects is provided for the reader who wants to learn whether a person or a topic is treated anywhere in the booklet; the best one can do in this regard is consult the titles Abbey assigns the excerpts in the Table of Contents. *The booklet gives a gentle introduction to Smith's views on mathematics, mathematics education, and the history of mathematics. The excerpts chosen are more often literary than discursive. Smith was a good writer, able to keep the reader's attention and convey the sentiments intended, but these excerpts do not develop his ideas in any real length. They portray mathematics in radiant--sometimes fanciful--terms that a person disposed toward the humanities might find attractive but nevertheless judge a bit over-the-top: mathematicians are priests lighting candles in the chapel of Pythagoras; mathematics is "the poetry of the mind"; learning geometry is like climbing a tall mountain to admire the grandeur of the panoramic view; progress in mathematics hangs lanterns of light on major thoroughfares of civilization; and retirement is journeying through the desert to a restful oasis "in the shadow of the palms." Some passages are parables presented to help the reader appreciate what mathematicians accomplished as they overcame great obstacles. *While the excerpts occasionally recognize that mathematics touches everyday needs and is a necessary universal language for commerce and science, without which our world would be unrecognizable, their main emphasis--in line with Smith's fundamental outlook--is on mathematics' ability on its own to deliver joy and inspire admiration of its immortal truths. These are emotions many practicing mathematicians and mathematics educators share; Smith's references to music, art, sculpture, poetry, and religion are calculated to convey to those who are not so engaged, some sense of how thoughtful mathematicians value their field--as a grand enterprise of magnificent intrinsic worth. *In the Shadow of the Palms offers snapshots of the many ideas found in Smith's prolific writings about mathematics, mathematics education, and history of mathematics. It may not attract readers, though, who do not already understand and appreciate Smith's significance for these fields. Abbey himself acknowledges that his booklet "only scratches the surface of [Smith's] contributions" (p. 4). A recent conference devoted to David Eugene Smith and the Historiography of Mathematics (Paris, 2019) is a step toward recognizing Smith's importance, but a comprehensive scholarly treatment of Smith's work within his historical time period remains to be written. *Reviewed by Calvin Jongsma, Professor of Mathematics Emeritus, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA 51250.
Kuzminov Petr A., Zhurtova Angela A., Tahusheva Inna S.
et al.
The article explores the intricate workings of the development of Caucasian studies, the conver-sion of historical records into historiography, and the broadening of the historian's range of re-search methods. Interest in the internal problems of historiographic research is not accidental, since “the historian cannot but think about the intellectual prerequisites of his own research,” em-phasizes A.Ya. Gurevich, “which voluntarily or involuntarily determine both the methods he uses and the forms and structures of his constructions”. Recently, a broad comprehension of historio-graphic fact, as any fact that provides scientific data on the history of science, has been highlight-ed. The focus of historiographic research is mainly on the concept and paradigm, which reflects the researcher's stance on the issue being studied. In the history of science, a scheme for the sys-tematization of historiographic facts has been formed - firstly, the main facts that make it possible to reconstruct the concept (these are, first of all, the works of professional historians) are distin-guished, and, secondly, auxiliary facts that help to recreate the historian’s laboratory, the context of the creation of labor, the values of the era, etc. One of the most difficult problems of modern Caucasian studies is the analysis of the process of the metamorphosis of historical fact into histo-riographic. How is historical fact included in the system of historiographic relations? Are there any features in the development of this process in Caucasian studies, or do they correspond to all-Russian patterns? These responses assist us in recognizing certain trends in the evolution of his-torical science and Caucasian studies specifically.
BACKGROUND: Craniometric indicators are one of the most reliable sources of information about the population. Despite the development of genetic methods, skull measurements are extremely important in anthropology and forensic medicine. In addition to the history of population development, environmental factors such as climate and lifestyle contribute to variations in human skull shape. Due to the high variability of human individuals, the anthropological study of the population is carried out selectively, with a comparison of different population groups (ethnic, professional, age, gender). The lack of clear ideas about the typical parameters and proportions of the skull among the people of Kazakhstan creates a certain gap in forensic-medical identification. AIM: The aim of the work is to check the hypothesis about the relationship between variations in skull morphology and changes in craniometric indicators with climatic conditions and the specifics of lifestyle in populations living in different territories of Kazakhstan. METHODS: 187 male and 114 female adult skulls found on the territory of the two largest regions of Kazakhstan were examined. The variable variability of 25 craniometric indicators of skulls found on the territory of Central and South Kazakhstan was studied. All osteometric changes were performed using standard anthropometric instruments, followed by the calculation of craniometric indices. Multidimensional statistics were applied. RESULTS: The two populations demonstrate differences in craniometric indicators formed in different geographical and ecological conditions, regardless of gender. It was found that the sizes of the skulls found in the two studied regions of Kazakhstan statistically significantly differ in 5 craniometric indicators for men and 8 craniometric indicators for women. Significant changes were noted in the size of the full and upper height of the face, the average width of the face, the height of the body of the lower jaw and the height of the nose in men. The most dimorphic variables for forensic medical evaluation in the studied populations of female skulls were transverse, altitudinal and zygomatic diameters, mastoid width, width of the base of the skull, width of the occipital foramen, upper face height and nose height. The shape of the skulls found in the studied territories is predominantly brachycephalic. The cranial index was >81.1% - at men, 83% - at women. The study showed that race affects the size of the skull, regardless of gender. Craniometric parameters in male and female skulls vary according to different criteria. In women between races, there are statistically significant differences in the size of the width of the occipital foramen and the average width of the face. Statistically significant differences in the width of the base of the skull, the zygomatic diameter and the average width of the face between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were revealed in the studied regions in men. The established differences made it possible to form additional differential diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSION: Identification of the features inherent in the population living in certain territories provides auxiliary information for medical and forensic identification of a person. In this study, population-specific craniometric indicators have been developed for inhabitants of two regions of Kazakhstan, which expand and complement identification capabilities when categorizing skeletal remains found in these territories.
در تاریخ زندگی بشر اقوام و ملل به دلایلی در باورهای دینی و مذهبی برای عناصر طبیعی از جمله گیاهان جایگاه مقدس و اساطیری قائل شدهاند. از اینرو گیاهان مقدس در فرهنگ و هنر مردم راه یافته، چنانکه در نقوش و تزئینات ایرانی از دیرباز گل، میوه و درختانی نمادین حضور داشتهاند که در هنر دوران اسلامی نیز تداوم یافتهاند. در ایران باستان که خاستگاه بسیاری از گیاهان بوده، بلوط به عنوان میراثی کهن با زندگی مادی و معنوی زاگرسنشینان از جمله مردمان کهگیلویه و بویر احمد به نحوی آمیخته که به نماد سرزمینشان تبدیل شده است. از اینرو پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد تا با نگاهی به اندیشه و باورهای ایرانیان در تصویرگری نقش بلوط بهویژه در هنر دوران ساسانی بپردازد، و در تداوم آن به تحلیل این نقشمایه، مفهوم و اهمیت جایگاه بلوط از گذشته تاکنون اشاره میکند. روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی و گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق اسناد و منابع کتابخانهای و گزارشات میدانی انجام شده است. یافتهها بیانگر آن است که استفاده از نقشمایة بلوط ورای جنبة تزئینی، از کاربردی نمادین و اعتقادی برخوردار بوده و با فرهنگ زاگرسنشینان به گونهای عجین شده است که زندگی، طبیعت، معاش، آدابورسوم و ادبیات شفاهی آنان را نیز تحت تأثیر قرار داده و به عبارتی ریشه در باورهای اسطورهای- آیینی این سرزمین دارد. نمادهایی که با تناوری، راستقامتی، پایداری و پیروزی در ارتباط است.
This paper proposes an adaptive auxiliary task learning based approach for object counting problems. Unlike existing auxiliary task learning based methods, we develop an attention-enhanced adaptively shared backbone network to enable both task-shared and task-tailored features learning in an end-to-end manner. The network seamlessly combines standard Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and Graph Convolution Network (GCN) for feature extraction and feature reasoning among different domains of tasks. Our approach gains enriched contextual information by iteratively and hierarchically fusing the features across different task branches of the adaptive CNN backbone. The whole framework pays special attention to the objects' spatial locations and varied density levels, informed by object (or crowd) segmentation and density level segmentation auxiliary tasks. In particular, thanks to the proposed dilated contrastive density loss function, our network benefits from individual and regional context supervision in terms of pixel-independent and pixel-dependent feature learning mechanisms, along with strengthened robustness. Experiments on seven challenging multi-domain datasets demonstrate that our method achieves superior performance to the state-of-the-art auxiliary task learning based counting methods. Our code is made publicly available at: https://github.com/smallmax00/Counting_With_Adaptive_Auxiliary