Phosphorene, a monolayer of black phosphorus, is promising for nanoelectronic applications not only because it is a natural p-type semiconductor but also because it possesses a layer-number-dependent direct bandgap (in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 eV). On basis of the density functional theory calculations, we investigate electronic properties of the bilayer phosphorene with different stacking orders. We find that the direct bandgap of the bilayers can vary from 0.78 to 1.04 eV with three different stacking orders. In addition, a vertical electric field can further reduce the bandgap to 0.56 eV (at the field strength 0.5 V/Å). More importantly, we find that when a monolayer of MoS2 is superimposed with the p-type AA- or AB-stacked bilayer phosphorene, the combined trilayer can be an effective solar-cell material with type-II heterojunction alignment. The power conversion efficiency is predicted to be ∼18 or 16% with AA- or AB-stacked bilayer phosphorene, higher than reported efficiencies of the state-of-the-art trilayer graphene/transition metal dichalcogenide solar cells.
MXene-based materials are characterized by excellent superconductivity, superb ion-holding capacity, large surface area, and rapid electrochemical reactions, making them viable options for applications in high-capacity energy storage and conversion systems (ESCS) such as portable digital devices, electric vehicles, power transportation, modern intelligent networks, and 5 G telecommunications. This review article looks at the latest developments and some of the difficulties in the synthesis and modification of MXene-based materials and highlights the transformative role of machine learning (ML) in advancing MXene research and applications. Applications in energy storage and water purification are discussed alongside the economic and industrial challenges of large-scale production. Recent studies confirm that ML models have been instrumental in improving MXene synthesis processes, enabling higher yields and optimization of properties, better purity, and scalability through real-time process control and reinforcement learning. Techniques such as genetic algorithms, evolutionary algorithms, and Bayesian optimization accelerate the discovery of novel MXene phases tailored for specific uses. The review identifies future directions in MXene research, emphasizing the development of scalable fabrication methods, ML-driven material informatics platforms, and the expansion of MXene applications in electronics and beyond. By integrating ML, MXene research is poised to achieve faster, cost-effective advancements and commercialization for next-generation technologies.
This study addresses the critical challenges of conductor structure fusing, thermal management failure, and thermal runaway risks in lithium-ion batteries under extreme high-amperage discharge conditions. By integrating theoretical analysis, multiphysics coupling simulations, and experimental validation, the research systematically investigates the overcurrent capability of lithium battery conductor structures. A novel current–thermal structure coupled finite element model was developed to analyze the dynamic relationship between key parameters, specifically overcurrent cross-sectional area and contact area, and their influence on temperature gradient distribution. Experimental results confirm the model’s accuracy, revealing that under extreme high-amperage conditions, increasing the conductor cross-sectional area by 50% only marginally extends the battery’s current-carrying duration from 0.75 s to 0.8 s. This limited enhancement is attributed to rapid heat generation, which restricts the effectiveness of increasing the cross-sectional area alone. Instead, optimizing the conductor structure by modifying the heat conduction path, which involves a similar increase in the cross-sectional area and an additional 60% increase in contact area through the addition of a welding reinforcement structure, achieves thermal equilibrium. The optimized design achieves a current-carrying duration of 1.73 s, which is 230% of the duration of the traditional configuration. This work establishes a scalable framework for enhancing the thermal–electrical performance of lithium-ion batteries, providing a theoretical foundation for structural optimization and offering significant methodological support for advancing research in high-power battery design, with potential applications in electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and industrial robotics.
Thankaswamy Jarin, Bachir Benhala, AlZohbi Gaydaa
et al.
Exploring Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) in Electric Vehicles (EVs) Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems is the focus of this study. DRA technology has gained prominence for its unique advantages, offering high efficiency and compact form factors in comparison to conventional antennas. In the context of EVs, the integration of DRAs in WPT systems has shown promising results in addressing challenges related to charging efficiency and spatial constraints. The resonant properties of DRAs enhance power transfer efficiency by mitigating impedance mismatches and reducing energy losses during transmission. Furthermore, the dielectric material properties of DRAs contribute to minimizing electromagnetic interference and enhancing the reliability of WPT in EV applications. This highlights the potential benefits of employing DRAs in achieving robust and efficient wireless charging solutions for electric vehicles. The study encompasses theoretical analysis, simulation studies, and practical implementations to validate the performance of DRAs in WPT systems. The findings suggest that DRA-based WPT systems present a compelling avenue for advancing the state-of-the-art in EV charging technology with efficiency of 84%, providing a more streamlined and effective approach to meet the growing demands of electric mobility in scooters.
ABSTRACT Due to the remarkable performance, dual three‐phase axial flux 33permanent magnet synchronous motors (DTP‐AFPMSMs) are increasingly being adopted in the field of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the installation of position sensors limits the application scenarios of DTP‐AFPMSMs owing to increased complexity, size and cost. This article proposes an innovative high‐speed sensorless control method for surface‐mounted DTP‐AFPMSMs using an improved rotor flux observer. The proposed observer achieves precise rotor flux estimation by filtering out harmonic distortion and noise from the rotor flux of the first winding set using high‐pass and low‐pass filters, followed by a tracking‐mode PI controller that accurately tracks the phase and amplitude of the rotor flux in the second winding set. Therefore, the proposed method can enable accurate rotor position estimation without the need for a phase‐locked loop (PLL) and realise a more precise sensorless motor control. A series of simulations and experiments are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the observer, which reveals that the proposed method can effectively estimate the electrical position angle with a tiny error and presents a considerable improvement over the conventional method.
Md. Sanwar Hossain, Md. Rabiul Islam, Danny Sutanto
et al.
ABSTRACT Offshore wind and solar energy have substantial attention for the generation of high‐voltage ac (HVAC) and high‐voltage dc (HVDC). However, traditional systems face application limitations due to low‐frequency transformers and inefficient power converters. This article proposes a four‐port solid‐state transformer (FPSST) to enhance large‐scale energy generation from renewable sources. The FPSST incorporates a modular multilevel converter to collect both medium‐voltage ac and dc from wind and solar systems. Following this collection, high‐frequency transformer‐based dc/dc converters ensure galvanic isolation between ports by enabling a compact, lightweight and efficient design due to the advanced magnetic material. A cascaded H‐bridges multilevel inverter produces HVAC with reduced harmonic distortion and precise voltage regulation. Moreover, a series‐connected two‐quadrant converter generates HVDC, providing a stable dc output through a discretised dc‐link capacitor. The performance of the proposed FPSST is thoroughly investigated using the MATLAB/Simulink platform, which offers insight into system behaviour. Prior to experimental validation, an amorphous alloy‐based high‐frequency transformer is developed in the laboratory, and a 1‐kW sealed‐down FPSST is constructed. Simulation and experiment results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed FPSST. Thanks to its compact, modular design, the four‐port SST can be easily scaled, enabling both HVAC and HVDC generation from renewable sources.
ABSTRACT The requirement for high speed reliable and efficient bearing operation drove the research into magnetic bearings. In the past decades, active magnetic bearings (AMBs), which are known for their operational cost and complexity, have received significant attention, and have been utilised in high‐speed industrial applications. On the other hand, electrodynamic magnetic bearings (EDBs) are a different type of magnetic bearing that offers passive, efficient and more importantly stable operation. Nevertheless, despite these advantages, EDBs have received relatively little attention. This paper focuses on the heteropolar variant of EDB, with particular emphasis on winding configurations and the effects of design parameters. A comparison between winding configurations recommended in the literature and a simpler winding configuration proposed by the authors is undertaken. It is shown that both winding configurations exhibit similar performance, in terms of restoring force production and stability. Furthermore, the effects of the leading design parameters of EDB employing the proposed windings are investigated. Moreover, to validate some of the findings a test rig is developed, and good agreement between measured and predicted forces is shown for different eccentricities.
Abstract Due to its merit of rapid start-up, lower pollution and high energy conversion efficiency, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system has been considered as one of the most promising propulsion system for electric vehicles. Although the development of PEMFC system has been experienced rapid growth for several decades, many challenges still need to be overcome for promoting commercialize fuel cell technology. In order to understand the design concept of PEMFC system and update the development status of fuel cell system for electric vehicle, as well as help fuel cell system developers or electric vehicle manufacturers to improve the performance and durability of fuel cell electric vehicles, the up-to-date technical targets such as power density, operation temperature, dynamic response and lifetime for PEMFC systems in different countries have been summarized and compared in this review. Furthermore, from the aspects of hydrogen management and air management and major degradation mechanisms under various operation conditions, the design status of the system configuration in fuel cell has also been analyzed in detail. Finally, according to the design and intended operation the mitigation strategies have also been proposed to promote the development of PEMFC system for electric vehicle applications.
Peptides have attracted considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, functional molecular recognition and unique biological and electronic properties. The strong piezoelectricity in diphenylalanine peptide expands its technological potential as a smart material. However, its random and unswitchable polarization has been the roadblock to fulfilling its potential and hence the demonstration of a piezoelectric device remains lacking. Here we show the control of polarization with an electric field applied during the peptide self-assembly process. Uniform polarization is obtained in two opposite directions with an effective piezoelectric constant d33 reaching 17.9 pm V−1. We demonstrate the power generation with a peptide-based power generator that produces an open-circuit voltage of 1.4 V and a power density of 3.3 nW cm−2. Devices enabled by peptides with controlled piezoelectricity provide a renewable and biocompatible energy source for biomedical applications and open up a portal to the next generation of multi-functional electronics compatible with human tissue. Piezoelectricity in diphenylalanine peptide nanotubes (PNTs) suggests an avenue towards green piezoelectric devices. Here the authors show ‘smart’ PNTs whose polarization can be controlled with an electric field, and a resultant power generator which harvests biomechanical energy with high power density.
Owing to the advantages of high efficiency, high energy density, electrical isolation, low electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic pollution, magnetic integration, wide output ranges, low voltage stress, and high operation frequency, the LLC resonant converters are widely used in various sectors of the electronics-based industries. The history and development of the LLC resonant converters are presented, their advantages are analyzed, three of the most popular LLC resonant converter topologies with detailed assessments of their strengths and drawbacks are elaborated. Furthermore, an important piece of research on the industrial applications of the LLC resonant converters is conducted, mainly including electric vehicle (EV) charging, photovoltaic systems, and light emitting diode (LED) lighting drivers and liquid crystal display (LCD) TV power supplies. Finally, the future evolution of the LLC resonant converter technology is discussed.
Abstract Machine acoustics is an important area of research impacting the quality and comfort of human life. With increased levels of electrification and the wider use of electric motors, the contribution of motor drives towards quieter acoustic systems becomes increasingly important. This paper presents a novel acoustic improvement method involving the use of acoustic waves generated from High Frequency Injection to perform Active Noise Control. Although High Frequency Injection has been used widely in the domain of sensorless motor control, its acoustic generation process has been so far perceived as a negative by‐product. This paper presents the analysis and experimental results from the application of the proposed method to the Helicopter Electro‐Mechanical Actuation System. Considering the extensive use of motor drives in a number of industries, the proposed practice of High Frequency Injection Active Noise Control can have a significant impact to future applications.
Abstract Hybrid excitons, characterized by their strong oscillation strength and long lifetimes, hold great potential as information carriers in semiconductors. They offer promising applications in exciton‐based devices and circuits. MoSe2/WS2 heterostructures represent an ideal platform for studying hybrid excitons, but how to regulate the exciton lifetime has not yet been explored. In this study, layer hybridization is modulated by applying electric fields parallel or antiparallel to the dipole moment, enabling us to regulate the exciton lifetime from 1.36 to 4.60 ns. Furthermore, the time‐resolved photoluminescence decay traces are measured at different excitation power. A hybrid exciton annihilation rate of 8.9 × 10−4 cm2 s−1 is obtained by fitting. This work reveals the effects of electric fields and excitation power on the lifetime of hybrid excitons in MoSe2/WS2 1.5° moiré heterostructures, which play important roles in high photoluminescence quantum yield optoelectronic devices based on transition‐metal dichalcogenides heterostructures.
Ahmad Saeed Mohammad, Thoalfeqar G. Jarullah, Musab T. S. Al-Kaltakchi
et al.
IoT applications revolutionize industries by enhancing operations, enabling data-driven decisions, and fostering innovation. This study explores the growing potential of IoT-based facial recognition for mobile devices, a technology rapidly advancing within the interconnected IoT landscape. The investigation proposes a framework called IoT-MFaceNet (Internet-of-Things-based face recognition using MobileNetV2 and FaceNet deep-learning) utilizing pre-existing deep-learning methods, employing the MobileNetV2 and FaceNet algorithms on both ImageNet and FaceNet databases. Additionally, an in-house database is compiled, capturing data from 50 individuals via a web camera and 10 subjects through a smartphone camera. Pre-processing of the in-house database involves face detection using OpenCV’s Haar Cascade, Dlib’s CNN Face Detector, and Mediapipe’s Face. The resulting system demonstrates high accuracy in real-time and operates efficiently on low-powered devices like the Raspberry Pi 400. The evaluation involves the use of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. The system primarily functions as a closed set identification system within a computer engineering department at the College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq, allowing access exclusively to department staff for the department rapporteur room. The proposed system undergoes successful testing, achieving a maximum accuracy rate of 99.976%.
Abstract Huge regenerative braking (RB) energy is generated in the AC traction power supply system (TPSS) which is related to safe operation and comprehensive energy utilisation. For the RB energy utilisation, the authors propose a railway regenerative braking power conditioner (RBPC) with no energy storage system (ESS) integrated which is located at the end of the power sections between adjacent traction substations (TSSs). First, the RB characteristics are studied based on a large amount of measured data, and the load power states are classified according to the load powers of adjacent power sections. Then, the RB energy utilisation scheme, transferring the RB power to the adjacent power section where traction power exists, has been studied. Moreover, a dual closed‐loop control strategy for a back‐to‐back converter is adopted to achieve RB energy utilisation. Finally, a case study and an engineering application are carried out. The results have verified the feasibility of this method, which can illustrate that more than half of the RB energy can be mutually utilised in adjacent power sections.