American cities and neighborhoods vary in their residents’ typical levels of mental health. Despite scholarship emphasizing that we cannot thoroughly understand city and neighborhood problems without investigating how they are intertwined, limited research examines how city and neighborhood effects interact as they impact health. I investigate these interactions through a study of the effects of the Great Recession of 2007–2009. Using Waves 1 (2005–2006) and 2 (2010–2011) of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project survey ( N = 1,341) and in accordance with the compound disadvantage model, I find through fixed-effects linear regression models that city- and neighborhood-level economic declines combine multiplicatively as they impact older Americans’ depressive symptoms. I furthermore find that this effect is only partly based on personal socioeconomic changes, suggesting contextual channels of effect. My results show that we cannot fully understand the effects of city-level changes without also considering neighborhood-level changes.
Department of Islamic Economic Law, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta City, Indonesia, Nur Rizqi Febriandika, Imron Rosyadi
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Research on e-commerce loyalty among Muslim consumers has become increasingly important due to the large size of the Muslim market in Muslim-majority countries. However, the relationship between technological features and consumer characteristics remains underexplored. This study investigates the factors influencing the loyalty of Generation Z Muslim consumers toward e-commerce platforms. A survey was conducted in 2025 among Generation Z university students (born between 1997 and 2012) in Central Java. Quantitative data were collected through an online questionnaire completed by 315 highly educated Muslim respondents. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed research model. The results show that Generation Z loyalty is positively influenced by brand equity (β = 0.600), trust (β = 0.153), and flow experience (β = 0.192), with brand equity identified as the strongest determinant of loyalty. In the e-commerce context, brand equity is significantly enhanced by utilitarian features (β = 0.477) and flow experience (β = 0.309). Improving these factors strengthens brand equity, which subsequently leads to higher consumer loyalty.
Background: Violence or violent imagery, defined as any image that conveys an imminent physical or existential threat to person(s), property, or society, with or without weaponry, is often featured in advertising. However, the effects of exposure (sporadic or chronic) to such imagery are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and types of violence portrayed in advertising on public buses in New York City (NYC). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, from April to July 2019, researchers catalogued and coded the print advertising images present on the passenger entry side of all Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) bus lines in Manhattan to determine whether images of violence or violent acts were present. Unlike images of alcohol and tobacco products (banned from MTA property in 2017 and 1992, respectively), there are no similar restrictions on violence or violent imagery. Results: A total of 23 out of 136 (17%) observed advertisements included images of violence and/or actual or imminent violent acts. One hundred percent of images involving violence were embedded in advertisements for mass media/entertainment purposes often featuring well known and favorably regarded actors and entertainment personalities or companies. Conclusion: People of all ages and backgrounds are passively exposed to bus advertisements in a variety of settings. This study contributes to the literature regarding the extent to which the public is passively exposed to violent advertising. Additional study is required to further understand the link between violent imagery and attitudes toward/tolerance of violence.
AbstractThe migration of city dwellers to suburbs is a commonly observed phenomenon. The growth of residential areas on the fringes of cities is referred to as suburbanisation. In the present study, migration patterns were investigated in rural districts located in the direct vicinity of the administrative boundaries of Olsztyn over a 10-year timespan. Several hundred building plot purchase/sale transactions in the form of notarial deeds were analysed to determine the dwelling place of the buyer. The analysis of the transactions revealed that the dominant group of purchasers were owners of apartments in multi-family precast concrete buildings, located in the city quarter closest to the studied suburbs. Changes in the spatial structure of suburban areas were also noted.