Hasil untuk "Speculative philosophy"

Олена ГОРОШКО, Юлія ГЕРМАНОВА

It is demonstrated how social media is used in wartime and how trust in them changes. It is determined that the influence of social media in Ukraine is growing significantly and plays an extremely important role in the everyday lives of Ukrainians, since they not only receive information and communicate through social media, but also widely use them to counter enemy information aggression, organize charity projects, control the government, etc. The risks associated with the characteristics of the social network itself and the existence of pro-Russian content distributed by the enemy in the context of information warfare are revealed. It is emphasized that countering such risks should occur both at the state level and at the individual level.

Eduardo de Souza Fagundes

Fabio Ciaramelli

The primacy of representation, to which – at least according to Paul Ricoeur – Edmund Husserl would have remained faithful, is radically questioned in Emmanuel Levinas’ famous essay on the "ruin of representation" (1959). The phenomenological structure of intentionality, in which “something appears as something”, confirms the need to “break out of the magic circle of representation”. Indeed, it is precisely by means of a detailed analysis of “intentionality”, insofar as the latter appears as characterized by an essential Mehrmeinun. Levinas brings out the overcoming of representation, that is, the abandonment of the latter's claim to subordinate thought to the objective necessity of presence. Within the horizon of presence, the necessity of being-thus-and-not-otherwise overwhelms the sense of the possible, and the actual evidence annihilates the being-able-to-be-otherwise of human experience. Through the analysis of intentionality and its potentiality, it is possible to bring out the transition from a philosophy of the necessary constraints of evidence, linked to the primacy of representation, to a philosophy of the power-able-to-be-otherwise. After all, the ruin of representation is the ruin of the instant or eternity of evidence, relegated into the actuality of consciousness. By subtracting itself from the self-referential necessity of evidence, the ethical Sinngebung evocated by Levinas at the end of his 1959 article connects intentionality to the sense of the possible, making explicit its openness to the future in radical form.

John Henry

ABSTRACT As well as the mathematically-supported celestial mechanics that Newton developed in his Principia, Newton also proposed a more speculative natural philosophy of interparticulate forces of attraction and repulsion. Although this speculative philosophy was not made public before the ‘Queries’ which Newton appended to the Opticks, it originated far earlier in Newton’s career. This article makes the case that Newton’s short, unfinished manuscript, entitled ‘De Aere et Aethere’, should be seen as an important landmark in Newton’s intellectual development, being the first work in which Newton assumed there are repulsive forces operating at a distance between the particles of bodies. The article offers an account of how Newton came to write ‘De Aere et Aethere’ and why. It also outlines its relationship to the ‘Conclusio’, with which Newton briefly intended to finish the Principia, and to the ‘Queries’ in the Opticks. The date of the manuscript is disputed, and the article also aims to settle this dispute. Claims that the ‘De Aere et Aethere’ must have been written before the ‘Hypothesis... of Light’ of 1675 are dismissed, and it is suggested, following R. S. Westfall, that it was written after a well-known letter Newton wrote to Boyle early in 1679.

Moira Gatens

ABSTRACT Spinoza scholars disagree about the role and value of the imagination in his philosophy. The notion of ‘beings of reason’ poses interesting questions about what fiction and poetry can contribute to philosophical thought. What are the pros and cons of imaginative and poetic thought and how do these relate to analogical versus deductive reasoning? These questions are treated in the context of Spinoza’s practical as well as speculative philosophy. It is concluded that beings of reason are unsuitable for use in speculative philosophy.

Lou Cornum

This article contextualizes growing interest in futurity and minoritarian futures as connected to movements in speculative fiction, particularly Afrofuturism and Indigenous futurism, and the ways in which this genre reimagines both history and futures. These developments are read through two groundbreaking anthologies—Dark Matter, a collection of speculative fiction from the African diaspora, and Walking the Clouds, a collection of Indigenous science fiction—and the social conditions of their publication. Using the work of Walter Benjamin and his writing against the notion of progress in history, the article posits the shared grounds for a philosophy of history that disrupts the singular future of speculation-driven capitalism with alternative forms of speculative imagination.

Emmanuel Picavet

Cette contribution est consacrée à la signification actuelle et aux défis institutionnels de l''éthique du futur" au sens de Jonas. On examine d’abord, autour d’enjeux qui sont actuellement au coeur des démarches de Responsabilité sociale des entreprises, les dimensions collective, institutionnelle et partenariale de la responsabilité. Dans un second temps, c’est la préservation des conditions de l’action qui est l’objet de l’attention, dans la continuité de préoccupations de Hans Jonas et en lien avec une perspective collective sur l’action individuelle. Ces développements conduisent à des conclusions au sujet des idées courantes sur le partage des responsabilités dont serait porteuse la Responsabilité sociale des entreprises.

Karolina Wiśniowska

Female genital mutilation includes procedures which remove or cause injury to some or all women’s external genital organs. There are a lot of medical risks involved - nevertheless, in some societies it is mainstream practice, carried out mostly on girls younger then fifteen years of age. There are some similarities between female genital mutilation and male circumcision: young age of people who are being subjected to those procedures, and - to some extend - symbolic meaning and risk of harm. Female genital mutilation is strictly banned in Western countries, while male circumcision is accepted. In this paper, it is considered if it would be acceptable to make compromise in the case of female genital mutilation in the form of so-called Seattle compromise.

Vitor Leandro Kaizer

O objetivo deste artigo é ampliar e discutir o problema da fisiologia da estética proposto por Nietzsche em Genealogia da moral (1887), no qual levanta a necessidade de retornar ao tema em suas obras seguintes. Realizou-se, por tanto, a leitura transversal desta temática, partindo-se de sua primeira exposição em Genealogia da moral e passando pelas obras subsequentes, isto é: "Crepúsculo dos ídolos" (1888), "O caso Wagner" (1888), "Nietzsche contra Wagner" (1888), "Ecce homo" (1888) e, inclusive, "Vontade de potência" (1901). Deste modo, chegou-se ao entendimento de que a perspectiva nietzschiana distingue-se radicalmente do pensamento estético abstrato-racional – como, por exemplo, ocorre em Kant e Schopenhauer –; pois Nietzsche analisa a arte, a criação artística e a contemplação estética não a partir da ótica do espectador, mas do artista, ou seja: do âmbito fisiológico da arte.

Martin Savransky

A. A. Erovichenkov, N. N. Zvereva, M. A. Sayfullin et al.

In modern conditions, the study, development of methods for the prevention of imported infections after international travel is an urgent problem in many countries of the world. In 2017, the world has committed more than 1322 million international trips, in Russia – 39.6 million trips abroad. The factors influencing the growth in the number of international trips made are singled out. The structure of imported infectious diseases in 380 children and 1580 adult patients hospitalized in Moscow's Infectious Clinical Hospital № 1 between 2009 and 2016 after arriving from foreign countries is given. Objective: to analyze some modern approaches to the prevention of imported infectious diseases. The modern classification of categories of travelers is given. Examples of studies conducted in different countries indicate the important role of pre-travel consultations for the prevention of imported infections. The analysis of the risks of development of certain infectious diseases in travelers has been carried out. Modern algorithms of vaccination before journeys are considered. Attention is drawn to the need to develop centers for medicine in Russia, which will help provide practical health care in the prevention of imported infections.

Tania Schneider da Fonseca

É na segunda metade do século XX que começou um movimento de resgate de uma concepção de moralidade baseada na noção de virtude e não na noção de princípios. Este artigo pretende abordar a questão da responsabilidade moral a partir de uma perspectiva da teoria da Ética das Virtudes. Para tanto, serão abordadas as seguintes noções: ação voluntária, escolha deliberada e o princípio das possibilidades alternativas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a responsabilidade pela ação e pelo caráter tentando avaliar se é possível atribuir responsabilidade moral sem se comprometer com o princípio das possibilidades alternativas, quando este é baseado sobre a ética das virtudes.

Editorial Article

Maria Clara Dias, Murilo Mariano Vilaça

O objetivo é criticar os argumentos bioconservadores de Jürgen Habermas contra a <em>eugenia positiva</em> (aperfeiçoamento humano). Em suma, ele sustenta a tese de que a natureza humana seria fundamento das ideias centrais que consubstanciariam a correta compreensão normativa das relações humanas. Assim, para ele, a biotecnociência deveria restringir-se à esfera da eugenia negativa (terapia), apresentando, contudo, argumentos que nos parecem amplamente questionáveis. Anteriormente, todavia, abordamos o debate em torno da noção de<em> pós-humanidade</em>, uma vez que o estágio pós-humano é considerado como uma consequência incontornável das biotécnicas de aperfeiçoamento humano, perfazendo um dos pontos fulcrais da discórdia dos bioconservadores com os transumanistas. Após isto, então, abordamos a perspectiva habermasiana, a fim de mostrar seus problemas.

María Isabel Lorca Martín de Villodres

Volver nuestra atención hacia la lectura pausada y el estudio detenido de los clásicos resulta siempre enriquecedor, reconfortante, pero a la vez necesario, porque nos ayuda a tomar verdaderamente conciencia de que numerosos conceptos filosóficos y estructuras argumentativas, que son tenidas por modernas, encuentran sin embargo su fuente original en el caudal inagotable del pensamiento griego. Ello pone de mani esto el impetuoso afán humano por desentrañar el origen primero de las cosas, ya existente de forma notable, en los albores del conocimiento, en donde se puede percibir ―como la doctrina ha señalado con acierto― el tránsito del mito al logos, acaecido de manera paralela a la construcción paulatina de la filosofía como saber supremo, que toma su asiento en una racionalización de los mitos, y que tiene su causa postrera en el deslumbramiento del hombre en presencia de las cosas, y en la búsqueda incansable del por qué de los fenómenos.

Luz Marina Barreto

The thought of the Cappadocian fathers is linked to the Trinitarian nature of God. They strive for formulating a definition of divine person. The extent of the Cappadocian notion of person covers two other important ideas which refer to being someone: an ability to be in a fraternal relation with others, and a disposition to enter such a relation voluntarily. The Christian idea of divine person also implicates a concept of infinite dignity. The authoress shows that at the grassroots of the Western concept of person, associated with human inalienable rights, there are certain metaphysical intuitions.

David Kornhaber

D. Marconi

Ben Woodard

How does one redefine the boundary between madness and rationality? This is the question that launches Ben Woodard on a discussion of the methods for accessing the Absolute or what he refers to as the Great Outdoors. Immanuel Kant’s theoretical framework with its “legalistic” norms is the first target of his criticism, which argues that Kant’s bulwark shielding rationality from madness is untenable. Kant had “circled his wagons” against madness in order to clearly distinguish philosophical speculation from the ravings of a madman, but that defense deprived philosophy of the capacity to describe reality as it is. Speculative realism positions itself as an alternative to Kant that holds out the promise of access to the Great Outdoors; therefore it must somehow distinguish philosophy from madness. Rather than indulging in the “mad speculation” or theoretical permissiveness of some followers of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in order to leave the narrow limits of reason behind, Woodard applies the thinking of Thomas Ligotti and Howard Lovecraft to make a two-pronged attack on anthropocentrism. Lovecraft represents a “shoggothic materialism” that energizes the horror of formless matter, while Ligotti represents a “ventriloquist idealism” highlighting the inherent horror of having a consciousness. Weird fiction then is no longer a literary excuse for madness that justifies pursuit of after stunning imagery at the expense of meaning, but is instead an important theoretical tool for grounding the external as such. What is ultimate is not attainable through altered states of consciousness or otherwise distorting language or bodily being. To the contrary, it is reached by rather tedious work with a text which is itself already positioned in the Outdoors with respect to the reader.

Maximiliano Durán

El presente trabajo se propone explorar el concepto de ciudadano implícito en el proyecto político pedagógico desarrollado por Simón Rodríguez en la escuela de primeras letras de Chuquisaca. Para ello dividiremos nuestro trabajo en dos partes. En la primera de ellas desarrollaremos un breve análisis de la evolución histórica del concepto de ciudadano. La última parte de nuestra exposición la centraremos en la propuesta específica de Simón Rodríguez. El propósito de esta segunda sección es mostrar la originalidad del concepto de ciudadano impulsado por Simón Rodríguez en relación al contexto de su aplicación.<br>This paper aims to explore the concept of citizen implicit in the political pedagogical project developed by Simón Rodríguez in Chuquisaca. The paper will be divided into two parts. In the first of which will develop a brief analysis of the historical evolution of the concept of citizen. The last part of our discussion will focus on the specific proposal of Simón Rodríguez. The purpose of this second section is to show the originality of the concept of citizen led by Rodríguez within the context of its application.