Hasil untuk "Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform"

J. Feagin, Clarence N. Stone

K. Deutsch

K. L. S. Sahabandu

M.O. Nassimov

The continuous change in the value orientations of members of society sets the task of studying this process. Until now, the principles that determine the direction and content of traditional and innovative values in political science have not been subjected to critical analysis. Therefore, we consider it is relevant to determine the ratio of traditional and innovative values in the dynamics of changes caused by the conditions of globalization in modern research. The theoretical analysis used dialectical, comparative-historical, structural-functional, deductive, and inductive methods of analysis. The main purpose of this article is the political science systematization of the principles that determine the direction and content of traditional and innovative values. To achieve the purpose, we set the task of determining the meaning of the proposed principles by arguing the essence of the concepts of traditional and innovative values. Fundamentalization, standardization, humanization, democratization, and informatization were adopted as the main principles. In the introduction, we defined the basic concepts of traditional and innovative values and outlined the formulation, purpose, and history of the problem under study. The discussion and results part is divided into 5 subsections, and we have proved the foundations of the principles presented in each subsection. We came to the conclusion that in a society where political modernization and continuous political reforms take place, a social space is being formed where traditional and innovative values coexist.

Heyder Alfonso-Camelo

Las Casas de Justicia de Bogotá son un ejemplo de la manera en que las instituciones del Estado responden a las necesidades jurídicas de las personas migrantes. Esta atención se ha limitado a conflictos de convivencia y requiere de ajustes institucionales para hacer frente a conflictividades estructurales que no han logrado ser resueltas, por cuanto se convierten en barreras de acceso a la hora de proteger los derechos de los migrantes. Como resultado de esto, la vulnerabilidad de esta población aumenta y afecta de manera desproporcionada a las personas provenientes de Venezuela, quienes vienen siendo víctimas de reclutamiento forzado, xenofobia, racismo y violencia intrafamiliar, entre otros.

Efan Chairul Abdi, Ahmad Zaiyadi

On the one hand, ihdad demands that it be understood more textually on the mainstream, while on the social demands it demands equality, demands for human rights and so on. Especially in Indonesia, the view of ihdad between traditional and liberal in responding to the issue of reforming Islamic law in Indonesia occurs dialectically in that discourse. Therefore, it is important to conduct further research on Ihdad focused on both views, intending to analyze the opinions of Liberalism and Traditionalism against Ihdad and its relevance to Islamic law reform in Indonesia by using the method of literature studies based on a comparative approach. This study concludes that the liberalist view of ihdad looks at all aspects, including looking at the context of Arab civilization at that time, then compared it with the context of the society in different places and times. Therefore they put Ihdad's problem in a condition that would happen to humans even without any conditioning demands from the legal aspect. Meanwhile, traditional figures formulate the concept of ihdad in the same way as the opinion of the priests of the four madhhabs or classical fiqh, namely placing the problem of Ihdad in mandatory law and determining the conditions in ihdad. By looking at the characteristics of the two ideas above, what is relevant is the model of moderate thought between the two which is more directed at developing the subject of Ihdad law which is not only limited to the wife but also to the husband after first determining the reason for Ihdad, namely to mourn and avoid slander. Then, the provision of time in performing Ihdad must be adjusted to the situation

S. Hladchenko

In the article, in the context of the recognition of socio-cultural determinants of gender history and critical analysis of foreign studies by the author, an attempt was made to generalize the evolution of the position of women in Tunisia in the 20th and early 21st centuries. It is the Tunisian version of solving the problem of women’s emancipation that most modern researchers consider as the most successful example for the Islamic world. The views of well-known feminists and representatives of the Islamic world regarding actualization of the problem are presented. The influence of the French authorities on the manifestations of the ideas of Western feminism, as well as the influence of Islamic reformists on the problems of women’s education and women’s participation in social and political life, is shown. In the course of the research, the author substantiates the following conclusions, namely: during the century, the social evolution of Tunisian society was determined by the process of adaptation and change of traditional socio-cultural foundations to new historical conditions. The established secular regime, after the proclamation of the Republic, for a decade was under pressure from the Islamic opposition, which initially existed in a cultural and educational form, and in the last decade of the 20th century took shape as a political one. The history of the last decade of the Republic shows that socio-cultural traditions have become the most important mechanism for the formation of intellectual and political values that contribute to national unity. This process determined both the nature and the stages of the women’s movement, which was formed during the period of the national liberation struggle, being its component. After the declaration of independence, Tunisian women de jure received political and social rights. There was a process of organizational design of the women’s movement, but this movement experienced decades of paternalistic control during the rule of Habib Bourguiba. A qualitatively new stage is associated with the presidency of Ben Ali and his politics: from “managed democracy” to a totalitarian regime, which led to the formation of a female political opposition. As mentioned above, the events of the 2010s opened perspectives in the issues of overcoming gender asymmetry.

Kerstin Bruckmeier, Jürgen Wiemers

Abstract In its coalition agreement, the German government proposes a reorganisation of the rules of earned income to be considered as a means test of basic income. In doing so, it takes up a frequently voiced criticism of the design of the basic income support for job-seekers under Book II of the Social Code. In recent years, researchers have called for a strengthening of (monetary) incentives to work, especially to take up employment with higher weekly working hours. In this paper, we summarise potential effects of such a reform on labour supply, the income distribution and the government budget in the context of a complex welfare system characterised by a high level of benefit non-take-up.

Robin D. G. Kelley

Tradução inédita em português do artigo originalmente publicado em Spectre: A Marxist Journal em 2020. Traduzido por Sean Purdy Este artigo descreve a natureza do policiamento sob o capitalismo racial nos EUA e defende a abolição da polícia. Ele faz um levantamento da história da polícia no país, concentrando-se principalmente nas ideias e práticas racistas contra os afro-americanos. Inclui a análise de casos recentes de assassinatos de negros pela polícia e discute os diversos movimentos por justiça racial, incluindo Black Lives Matter. A análise se baseia em uma ampla base de evidências históricas e contemporâneas e utiliza a literatura acadêmica em história, sociologia e ciência política, bem como fontes jornalísticas.

T. Leontieva

The purpose of the article. Media education contributes to the development of a person’s critical perception of information and becomes the basis for the formation of knowledge and skills in the context of informatization of society. Information spreads very quickly and can play a decisive role in shaping ideology through consciousness. Everyone in today’s information society needs a certain level of competence to use media resources. Recent history is characterized by the development of information technology, their penetration into almost all spheres of public life. This trend shapes approaches to defining the main social institutions that are the result of the activities and needs of citizens, encourages the reform of the basics of educational activities. The purpose of the article is to analyze the effectiveness of media education as an aspect of media socialization of society through the influence of self-awareness.Methodology. Methods of systematic analysis of scientific works on this problem, as well as the use of methods of analysis and synthesis, research, explanatory and descriptive methods to determine the nature of the problem and the method of generalization to determine the results.Novelty. The proposed author’s research is an aspect of clarifying the concept of media education in the context of media socialization. The article highlights the features of human development of critical perception of information and becomes the basis for the formation of knowledge and skills in the context of informatization of society. The tendencies of media education in the modern post-industrial period, which is marked by the development of information and communication technologies in integration and globalization processes, are considered, and it is determined that the society needs competent specialists who develop and strive for self-realization in society. It is generalized that the educational process is a phenomenon that covers various areas of human activity and determines the main aspects of the regulatory framework. The article substantiates that information and communication technologies transform educational activities from the physical environment to the virtual. The relevance of the study is due to the combination of ICT and media, which together represent the presentation of information. The media shape public opinion, and ICT technologies increase the effectiveness of education.The practical meaning. The study was the basis for specifying the concept of media education as an effective technology in modern conditions. The presented research does not exhaust the whole essence and requires further study of certain aspects.Key words: information society, ICT technologies, digital transformation, critical thinking, self – realization.

Dawid Gralik

14 września 1812 r. Wielka Armia Napoleona zdobyła Moskwę i większość jego żołnierzy uwierzyła, że koniec wojny jest bliski. Niestety działania wojenne trwały nadal. Przeciwko armii rosyjskiej pod dowództwem feldmarsz. Michaiła Kutuzowa Napoleon wysłał grupę pod dowództwem swojego szwagra – króla Neapolu Joachima Murata. W jej składzie znalazł się również V Korpus dowodzony przez gen. ks. Józefa Poniatowskiego. Polacy aktywnie uczestniczyli w walkach zgrupowania Murata. W ich wyniku 29 IX 1812 r. doszło do bitwy pod Czirikowem, w której polski korpus walczyli i zwyciężyli rosyjską strażą tylną gen. Michaiła Miłoradowicza. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano przyczyny, przebieg i skutki bitwy, podjęto również próbę oceny starcia na tle innych bitew, w których dowodził ks. Poniatowski.

Kamila Zdanowicz-Kucharczyk

W artykule poruszono problematykę usamodzielnienia się młodych ludzi, którzy ze względu na niesprzyjające warunki życiowe mają trudny start w dorosłe życie. Rozpoczęcie niezależnego życia, nawet przy wsparciu i pomocy bliskich, może wiązać się z wyzwaniami codziennego ponurego dorosłego życia. Osiągnięcie samodzielności jest znacznie trudniejsze dla młodych ludzi opuszczających placówki wychowawczo-opiekuńcze (wychowanków) lub młodzieży, która unika kontaktów z dorosłymi i w konsekwencji żyje w środowisku ulicznym. Celem tego tekstu jest zwrócenie uwagi na proces usamodzielnienia się dzieci ulicy. Autorka zastanawia się, czy w ogóle jest to możliwe i na czym powinno polegać usamodzielnienie się dzieci ulicy i co powinno wskazywać na zakończenie tego procesu, kto wspiera te dzieci i wprowadza je w dorosłe życie. To bardzo wyjątkowa grupa docelowa dla opiekunów i pracowników socjalnych, których pomoc ogranicza się do czynności wykonywanych wyłącznie na ulicy. Czy zatem streetworkerzy, czyli pracownicy socjalni pracujący z dziećmi ulicy, mogą pokierować nimi w kwestii uzyskania niezależności? Tekst porusza te problematyczne kwestie, a więc rozważa pojęcie niezależności dzieci ulicy.

Sait Š. Šabotić

Already with the defeat at Vienna in 1683. the Ottoman court became aware of the need to adapt to the Western world. The necessity of establishing harmonious relations between the Muslim and non-Muslim populations imposed the undertaking of a series of reforms, which came to full expression with the coming to power of Sultan Mahmud II, who created the conditions for the social modernization of the Ottoman Empire. The enactment of Haticerif by Gulhana in 1839, which formally equated Muslim and non-Muslim subjects in rights, opened the door for further reforms that imposed themselves as a historical necessity, and much less as a result of pressure from the great powers. Under the influence of their thinkers, the population of the Ottoman Empire has been emphasizing its demands for the establishment of a regime that would enable a greater degree of democracy and freedom, which would create conditions for freer trade and better education, since Haticerif of Gulhana. A big problem was also the finances that needed to be reformed in a way to achieve productivity. With such demands, Ottoman society embarked on reforms that remained known as the Tanzimat. It was a time when“ruin and progress were tackled”, hence the conclusion that it was the “longest life” of the Ottoman Empire. The planned reforms were particularly difficult to implement in the Balkan provinces. The central Ottoman government showed a lot of inability to quell the local uprisings, regardless of whether they were of a social or national character. A major obstacle in that process was the interference of European powers, which in that way realized their interests and considered the Balkan states as their sphere of influence. Apart from political issues, the difficult situation was also felt in the field of agriculture. Primitive cattle breeding and traditional agriculture could not provide the conditions for meeting all other living needs, which is why the demands of the broadest strata of the population were aimed at liberalization and removing barriers that could lead to the presence of any dependence, especially from greengrocers. In addition to the presence of progressive forces, there were also stubborn structures of society in the Ottoman Empire that wanted to preserve the system that was present before the implementation of reforms. Resistance to the use of Tanzimat in the middle of the 19th century was very pronounced in the Ottoman provinces in the Balkans. In that sense, the reactions of the rural population from the area of the kadiluks Bihor and Rožaj were not absent, primarily to the application of certain decisions in the field of agrarian relations. The key measure was the introduction of tithing, which was considered another new tax among the poorer strata. The response to this measure of the central government was an armed uprising that broke out in 1851. in Bihor and the Rožaje region. It was brutally quelled by military units under the command of Omer Lutfi-pasha. The aim of this paper is precisely to present the circumstances in which this revolt took place and to point out its consequences. While the mentioned riots lasted, Omer Lutfi-pasha carried out certain administrative reforms on the territory of the Bosnian eyalet, which also had their reflections in the area of the Bihor kadiluk. With a stronger connection to the Bosnian eyalet, the kadiluk Bihor with Trgovište (Rožaje) will be formed in its next period as an integral part of that area, and in the spirit of the decisions made in Sarajevo as the new seat of the Bosnian vali.

Giselle Rodríguez Rudi, Nalleli Patricia Bolaños Pérez

Analizar cómo las instituciones colombianas están relacionadas (formales e informales) con el crecimiento económico de 1996 al 2016. La metodología utilizada fue cuantitativa descriptiva, se emplearon datos de bases secundarias (BM, Latinobarómetro y WGI). Los resultados demuestran un crecimiento paralelo entre la estabilidad política; las reglas/leyes; y el PIB per-cápita. En cambio, el control de la corrupción y la confianza generalizada presentaron un crecimiento inverso. Las instituciones formales e informales son determinantes para el crecimiento económico en Colombia. La implementación de instituciones más inclusivas puede aumentar los niveles de ingresos del país.

Emily Mendenhall, Edna N. Bosire, A. W. Kim et al.

Cancer is on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa. In South Africa, where cancer detection, intervention, and care are available for many citizens, cancer is poorly detected and understood among politically and economically marginalized communities in rural and urban centers. These trends are reflected in a history of systematic marginalization of such contexts from public resources, including education and health care, stemming from racism and wealth inequity. This article investigates how Black South Africans residing in Soweto, a township of Johannesburg, perceive and experience breast and prostate cancers amidst multiple, concurrent medical conditions. We used convenience sampling to recruit 80 study participants already enrolled in longitudinal studies of breast and prostate cancers at a tertiary hospital in Soweto between June and August 2017. This included 50 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 30 men diagnosed with prostate cancer; three-quarters of the sample had two or more comorbidities, including HIV, hypertension, diabetes, anxiety, and others. Many described sickness in terms of any physical ill-health that affected daily routines, but rarely was it associated exclusively with a specific disease. Men and women described more fear associated with cancer than HIV or hypertension-two of the most common diseases. We found that this may be in part a reflection of how people feared and demonized their cancer diagnoses, calling it "a demon!", and framing cancer through the trauma of aggressive treatments like chemotherapy ("the red devil!") and physical disfiguration from mastectomy. In contrast, men's prostate cancer treatments were often hormonal therapy and men associated cancer to a normal side effect of aging. Intervening in how people think about cancer may improve how people live well with the condition amidst other cascading social and health problems they face.

Meryl Nadel

The social survey movement of the early twentieth century made an important contribution to quantitative and qualitative investigation, social reform, and advocacy in social work. This Progressive Era approach galvanized social workers and others around a promising method to assess and attack urban social problems. The Pittsburgh Survey of 1907–8 served as the first and archetypal example of a comprehensive project to understand an entire city and engender reform. This article reintroduces the profession to this episode in social work history and examines its relatively limited impact on Pittsburgh.

M. Y. Neshcheret

The article is devoted to one of the most debatable topics of library science — the problem of social functions of library. Domestic researchers in the area of library science repeatedly addressed the question on the mission of library and considered its role in the society. The author notes that the term “social function” occupies an important place in the conceptual apparatus of library science; however, the generally accepted classification of social functions has not been developed to date. The author traces the history of formation of the ideas about the social functions of library. The article examines the main theoretical approaches and directions of research of social functions related to their classification, definition of functions of different types of libraries, search for the essential (generic) function, etc. The author emphasizes that, in the course of evolution of library science, the ideas of library scientists on the composition and content of social functions of library had been changing, and the choice of particular function as the dominant one depended on the specific historical conditions. The article notes that in the modern library science there is a tendency to expand the vision of social functions of library. The author believes that this trend will continue in the future, and this is a naturally determined process. To the traditional functions of library — information, cultural, educational — added the function of social protection. The most striking model of the modern public library, implementing this function, embodied in the concept of “third place”, according to which the library positions itself as part of the urban space, a comfortable area for self-development, informal communication and social adaptation. For people with special needs (disabled, unemployed, homeless) library often becomes a “lifeline”, giving the opportunity to find their place in society. The expansion of the range of activities of libraries through the development of additional social functions does not detract from the importance of library-information services as a leading area of work. How justified are the attempts of libraries to “fit” into the life of modern society, to attract attention, to become necessary, can be judged only in the course of time.

Damian Al-Temimi

Poniższy artykuł został poświęcony wybranym przykładom działalności służb wywia-dowczych ZSRR na kontynencie afrykańskim w czasie zimnej wojny. Za egzemplifikację po-służyły wydarzenia w Angoli, Ghanie, Egipcie, Etiopii, Somalii i Mozambiku. Omówiono zakulisową ingerencję radzieckiego Komitetu Bezpieczeństwa Państwowego oraz sojuszni-czych służb specjalnych w wewnętrzne sprawy tych państw.

M. Ryan, Theresa Bourke, J. Lunn Brownlee et al.

ABSTRACT The recasting of teaching as a technical enterprise rather than as a space for intelligent problem-solving means that governments around the world will continue to pursue agendas to regulate and prescribe teacher education. Teacher education reform has been attempted for over 30 years in many countries around the world, yet the crucial priority of preparing teachers for increasingly diverse classrooms has not been addressed. We used reflexivity theory and an innovative social lab methodology to investigate the conditions of teacher education experienced by 12 teacher educators at a metropolitan university in Australia. Personal, structural and cultural emergent properties were evident and were experienced variously as both enablements and constraints. Our findings show that these teacher educators were more constrained than enabled in their reflexivity for teaching to and about diversity. We argue that teacher educators need to form deep and enduring inquiry relationships with schools and communities in order to develop context-specific solutions to address the complexities of teaching to diversity.

Grzegorz Majkowski

The article discusses the use of qualitative research in the analysis of a political text – an electoral leaflet, which is one of the genres of electoral text in political discourse. The source material consisted of leaflets from the elections to the Parliament and from local elections that took place in Poland in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. Qualitative research enables the analysis of the sender, the sender’s intention, the recipient, and the content of the text, including its informational and persuasive layers as well as the analysis of the rhetoric principles used in the text, the criteria of textuality, or the influence of the context. Qualitative research helps to better understand the factors that determine the intelligibility, unambiguity, informational fullness of the text and, hence, its effectiveness in political communication. The qualitative method makes it possible to study the content of the text, its functions, structure, and thus the quality of the volatile text and, morebroadly, the quality of political discourse.