Hasil untuk "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"

Harrison E. Katz, Jess Needleman, Liz Medina

We analyze daily lead-time distributions for two Airbnb demand metrics, Nights Booked (volume) and Gross Booking Value (revenue), treating each day's allocation across 0-365 days as a compositional vector. The data span 2,557 days from January 2019 through December 2025 in a large North American region. Three findings emerge. First, GBV concentrates more heavily in mid-range horizons: beyond 90 days, GBV tail mass typically exceeds Nights by 20-50%, with ratios reaching 75% at the 180-day threshold during peak seasons. Second, Gamma and Weibull distributions fit comparably well under interval-censored cross-entropy. Gamma wins on 61% of days for Nights and 52% for GBV, with Weibull close behind at 38% and 45%. Lognormal rarely wins (<3%). Nonparametric GAMs achieve 18-80x lower CRPS but sacrifice interpretability. Third, generalized Pareto fits suggest bounded tails for both metrics at thresholds below 150 days, though this may partly reflect right-truncation at 365 days; above 150 days, estimates destabilize. Bai-Perron tests with HAC standard errors identify five structural breaks in the Wasserstein distance series, with early breaks coinciding with COVID-19 disruptions. The results show that volume and revenue lead-time shapes diverge systematically, that simple two-parameter distributions capture daily pmfs adequately, and that tail inference requires care near truncation boundaries.

Mustafa Doger, Sennur Ulukus

Bitcoin's (BTC) Difficulty Adjustment Algorithm (DAA) has been a source of vulnerability for incentive attacks such as selfish mining, block withholding and coin hopping strategies. In this paper, first, we rigorously study the short-term revenue change per hashpower of the adversarial and honest miners for these incentive attacks. To study the long-term effects, we introduce a new efficiency metric defined as the revenue/cost per hashpower per time for the attacker and the honest miners. Our results indicate that the short-term benefits of intermittent mining strategies are negligible compared to the original selfish mining attack, and in the long-term, selfish mining provides better efficiency. We further demonstrate that a coin hopping strategy between BTC and Bitcoin Cash (BCH) relying on BTC DAA benefits the loyal honest miners of BTC in the same way and to the same extent per unit of computational power as it does the hopper in the short-term. For the long-term, we establish a new boundary between the selfish mining and coin hopping attack, identifying the optimal efficient strategy for each parameter. For block withholding strategies, it turns out, the honest miners outside the pool profit from the attack, usually even more than the attacker both in the short-term and the long-term. Moreover, a Power Adjusting Withholding (PAW) attacker does not necessarily observe a profit lag in the short-term. In other words, even without a difficulty adjustment, a PAW attacker makes profits. It has been long thought that the profit lag of selfish mining is among the main reasons why such an attack has not been observed in practice. We show that such a barrier does not apply to PAW and relatively small pools are at an immediate threat.

Aman Agarwal, Ulyana Dupletsa, Konstantin Leyde et al.

Gravitational Wave (GW) sources are standard sirens that provide an independent way to map the cosmic expansion history by combining with an independent redshift measurement either from an electromagnetic counterpart for a bright siren or using different statistical techniques for dark sirens. In this analysis, we perform the first Blinded Mock Data Challenge (\texttt{Blinded-MDC}) to test the robustness in inferring the value of Hubble constant $H_0$ for a dark siren technique which depends on astrophysical mass distribution of Binary Black Holes (BBHs). We have considered different analysis setups for the \texttt{Blinded-MDC} to test both statistical and systematic uncertainties and demonstrate the capabilities in inferring $H_0$ with detector sensitivity as per the fourth observation run of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA. We find that when the astrophysical population of BBHs matches with the underlying assumption of the model, a cosmological pipeline can recover the injected parameters using the observed mass distribution. However, when the mock mass distribution of the astrophysical population depends slightly on redshift and one is ignorant about it in analyzing the data, it can cause a systematic discrepancy in the inferred value of $H_0$ by about $1.5σ$, above the statistical fluctuations due to noise and a limited number of events. In the future, elaborate studies will be required to mitigate systematic uncertainties due to unknown astrophysical complexities. This MDC framework sets the road map for inspecting the precision and accuracy of standard siren cosmology and provides the first insight into the robustness of the population-dependent cosmology inference in a blinded analysis setup.

Rachel Gray, Freija Beirnaert, Christos Karathanasis et al.

In the absence of numerous gravitational-wave detections with confirmed electromagnetic counterparts, the "dark siren" method has emerged as a leading technique of gravitational-wave cosmology. The method allows redshift information of such events to be inferred statistically from a catalogue of potential host galaxies. Due to selection effects, dark siren analyses necessarily depend on the mass distribution of compact objects and the evolution of their merger rate with redshift. Informative priors on these quantities will impact the inferred posterior constraints on the Hubble constant ($H_0$). It is thus crucial to vary these unknown distributions during an $H_0$ inference. This was not possible in earlier analyses due to the high computational cost, restricting them to either excluding galaxy catalogue information, or fixing the gravitational-wave population mass distribution and risking introducing bias to the $H_0$ measurement. This paper introduces a significantly enhanced version of the Python package GWCOSMO, which allows joint estimation of cosmological and compact binary population parameters. This thereby ensures the analysis is now robust to a major source of potential bias. The gravitational-wave events from the Third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogue are reanalysed with the GLADE+ galaxy catalogue, and an updated, more reliable measurement of $H_0=69^{+12}_{-7}$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ is found (maximum a posteriori probability and 68% highest density interval). This improved method will enable cosmological analyses with future gravitational-wave detections to make full use of the information available (both from galaxy catalogues and the compact binary population itself), leading to promising new independent bounds on the Hubble constant.

Alban Puech, Gorazd Dimitrov, Claudia D'Ambrosio

As the share of variable renewable energy sources increases in the electricity mix, new solutions are needed to build a flexible and reliable grid. Energy arbitrage with battery storage systems supports renewable energy integration into the grid by shifting demand and increasing the overall utilization of power production systems. In this paper, we propose a mixed integer linear programming model for energy arbitrage on the day-ahead market, that takes into account operational and availability constraints of asset owners willing to get an additional revenue stream from their storage asset. This approach optimally schedules the charge and discharge operations associated with the most profitable trading strategy, and achieves between 80% and 90% of the maximum obtainable profits considering one-year time horizons using the prices of electricity in multiple European countries including Germany, France, Italy, Denmark, and Spain.

Jane G. Gravelle

While details have changed from time to time, the basic treatment of foreign source income in the United States tax code has remained essentially the same as that in 1918, when the foreign tax credit was introduced. All worldwide income is currently taxed, with a credit for foreign taxes paid, but income of subsidiaries incorporated in foreign jurisdictions is not considered part of that worldwide income until it is repatriated. As a result of a revision in 1962, certain passive income of foreign subsidiaries is subject to current taxation under Subpart F of the Internal Revenue Code. This system produces a number of economic distortions as well as opportunities for tax avoidance. Those continuing issues, along with the increasing integration of the global economy, have led to proposals for reform. These proposals fall roughly into four categories: narrow proposals aimed at tax avoidance concerns, proposals to move the system towards a pure territorial (or source-based) system, proposals to move the system in the opposite direction towards a current world-wide tax system, or proposals to retain the current system but lower the corporate tax rate with revenue offsets.In evaluating these proposed tax changes, two issues, which are related but nevertheless not identical, should be considered. The first is the real effects of current law and of a revision on economic activity. When investment responds to tax differentials, it affects the allocation of capital which in turn has implications for efficiency and income distribution (the extent to which the tax burden falls on capital versus labor incomes). In a closed economy with a fixed capital stock, the burden of the corporate tax falls on capital income in general. If the U.S. corporate tax does not apply in the foreign jurisdiction, capital can flow abroad with the result that some of the burden on the tax falls on labor (depending on the mobility of capital).3 Thus, the international tax system has implications for the overall welfare of the United States, and the world, and for the division of that welfare between those with primarily labor income, who tend to have lower incomes, and those with primarily capital income, who tend to have higher incomes.

Setia Untung Arimuladi

Several cases of criminal acts in the field of taxation show differences in calculating losses in state revenue between prosecution and judge's decisions; several decisions acquit or punish a defendant. There is still ambiguity in treatment between the application of criminal tax sanctions or administrative tax sanctions, so it is necessary to and urges to conduct a study of access to justice in terms of setting expert statements in tax crimes based on the principle of equality before the law and the principle of checks and balances in building a solid integrated criminal justice system. Two main conclusions were drawn based on case studies and literature reviews using the normative juridical method, the access to justice, and the progressive legal models. First, experts in calculating losses on state income and experts on tax regulations in taxation are still dominated by internal employees of the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT), which of course will reduce the value of the independence of the experts' statements because they cannot be separated from conflicts of interest with their institutions. Second, experts who provide information in a tax crime must be competent, independent, capable, and objective in providing information and opinions so that it needs to be made in the form of a cross-institutional ad hoc team with accountability in the form of a report on the results of the examination. It is necessary and urgent to provide legal certainty in access to justice for expert testimony to update the rules regarding procedures for expert testimony in tax crimes.

Jiashuo Jiang, Will Ma, Jiawei Zhang

We study the classical Network Revenue Management (NRM) problem with accept/reject decisions and $T$ IID arrivals. We consider a distributional form where each arrival must fall under a finite number of possible categories, each with a deterministic resource consumption vector, but a random value distributed continuously over an interval. We develop an online algorithm that achieves $O(\log^2 T)$ regret under this model, with the only (necessary) assumption being that the probability densities are bounded away from 0. We derive a second result that achieves $O(\log T)$ regret under an additional assumption of second-order growth. To our knowledge, these are the first results achieving logarithmic-level regret in an NRM model with continuous values that do not require any kind of "non-degeneracy" assumptions. Our results are achieved via new techniques including a new method of bounding myopic regret, a "semi-fluid" relaxation of the offline allocation, and an improved bound on the "dual convergence".

David F. Levy

In recent years, many commentators have debated the merits of various proposals regarding the taxation of financial derivatives. The Internal Revenue Service (the "Service") has, in the case of certain derivatives, attempted to settle that debate by issuing regulations that address the taxation of notional principal contracts and contingent debt instruments. The debate, however, continues, mainly because many financial instruments are economically equivalent to one another and yet give rise to different tax results. Rather than proposing changes in the tax treatment of specific instruments, commentators now call for the complete overhaul of all of the rules governing the taxation of all financial instruments. While many of those proposals certainly have merit, it seems as though the Congress is not likely to completely overhaul the Internal Revenue Code (the "Code") any time soon. A good deal of the debate concerning the taxation of financial derivatives has centered on the corporations that issue these derivatives (the "issuers"). In the author's opinion, many of the problems and abuses cited by those commentators should be solved not by focusing on the issuer, but by focusing on the investor who purchases these derivatives. That conclusion stems from the following four facts: First, issuers develop complex financial instruments such as contingent debt instruments in order to accommodate the demands of investors.5 Second, issuers of complex financial instruments often enter into hedging transactions that leave them in the same position in which they would have been, with respect to both economic result and tax treatment, had they issued traditional fixed or floating rate debt instruments. Third, investors will be taxed differently depending on the type of derivative that they purchase. Fourth, so long as issuers can save money by issuing financial derivatives such as contingent debt instruments, they will continue to do so. Thus, issuers usually design derivatives to save money by accommodating a particular investor profile. In light of that fact, the government should focus its reform efforts on investors.

Ade Lisa Matasik, S. M. Palimbong, I. S. Panggalo

The traditional rambu tuka’ and rambu solo’ events are inseparable from the life of the Toraja people. In this traditional event, livestock such as pigs and buffalo are usually slaughtered. Due to the slaughter of animals in traditional events, a slaughterhouse levy is imposed following Regional Regulation No. 15 of 2011. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the existing RPH levy collection and to design a unique mechanism for traditional events based on applying basic principles in taxation and the internal control system (SPI) in the revenue accounting field system. This study uses descriptive qualitative research by conducting direct observations and interviews. The location of the research will be at the Regional Revenue, Financial, and Asset Management Office (DPPKAD) and the location of traditional events in North Toraja Regency. The primary data are the observations and interview results, secondary data, related rules, and other supporting documents. The results of this study indicate that the mechanism for collecting Slaughterhouse levies is quite good, but there are still some things that still need attention, especially those related to the levy principle and the internal control system in the revenue accounting system.

Deb Sledgianowski, S. Petra, Alexander Pelaez et al.

This teaching case, using a fictitious large regional accounting firm as the protagonist, enables taxation and accounting information systems (AIS) students to use data analytics software to analyze a large dataset of simulated federal individual income tax returns to identify possible effects of tax changes on different categories of individual taxpayers. Students consider how tax code changes that may decrease or increase individuals' tax position from a past filing year could affect taxpayers, based on income level, number of dependents, filing status, and filing state. Tax return data provided for the case is a large sample representing the population of U.S. tax returns filed, created from a simulation using distributions based on prevailing economic theories about income and most recent tax return filing statistics available from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Statistics of Income (SOI). In completing the case, students will learn to: 1) develop foundational skills and knowledge related to data analytics and how those skills can be used to visualize data to make it more meaningful, 2) demonstrate understanding of the Internal Revenue Code as it pertains to individual taxation, and 3) demonstrate knowledge of how the Internal Revenue Code affects different types of filers.

Emily C. Skarbek

Abstract Fiscal equivalence in the public administration of justice requires local police and courts to be financed exclusively by the populations that benefit from their services. Within a polycentric framework, broad based taxation to achieve fiscal equivalence is a desirable principle of public finance because it conceptually allows for the provision of justice to be determined by constituent’s preferences, and increases the political accountability of service providers to constituents. However, the overproduction of justice services can readily occur when the benefits of the justice system are not enjoyed equally. Paradoxically, the same properties that make fiscal equivalence desirable by imposing restraint and control between constituents and local government also create internal pressures for agents of the state to engage in predatory, revenue-generating behavior.

K. Hamm, Gregory G. Kaufinger, Kutztown

Ahalik Ahalik

Three accounting standards was effectively valid in Indonesia on January 1, 2020. These are  financial accounting standard IFRS 9, 15, and 16 or PSAK 71, 72, and 73. PSAK 71 or IFRS 9 is about financial instruments, PSAK 72 or IFRS 15 is about revenue from contract with customer, and PSAK 73 or IFSR 16 is about leases.  There are some significant changes of these standards due to it replacing many standards previously. These standards adopted International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) that has principle basis. Principle basis is different with ruled basis whereas tax authorization uses ruled basis. The gap between accounting standards and taxation is wider currently. These differences is challenging for management accountant. Management accountant should accommodate this gap by more understanding about the differences and spreading the information for both internal and external. Literature basis is used for this research,  we don’t use the real data from companies and it becomes the limitation of this research. Grounded method is used for data analysis. The result of this research that there are significant differences between IFRS 9, 15, and 16 with tax regulation.

Galit Ashkenazi-Golan, Yevgeny Tsodikovich, Yannick Viossat

A common practice in many auctions is to offer bidders an opportunity to improve their bids, known as a Best and Final Offer (BAFO) stage. This final bid can depend on new information provided about either the asset or the competitors. This paper examines the effects of new information regarding competitors, seeking to determine what information the auctioneer should provide assuming the set of allowable bids is discrete. The rational strategy profile that maximizes the revenue of the auctioneer is the one where each bidder makes the highest possible bid that is lower than his valuation of the item. This strategy profile is an equilibrium for a large enough number of bidders, regardless of the information released. We compare the number of bidders needed for this profile to be an equilibrium under different information settings. We find that it becomes an equilibrium with fewer bidders when less additional information is made available to the bidders regarding the competition. It follows that when the number of bidders is a priori unknown, there are some advantages to the auctioneer to not reveal information.

Mohammad Ghodsi, Amirmahdi Mirfakhar

The classic cake-cutting problem provides a model for addressing the fair and efficient allocation of a divisible, heterogeneous resource among agents with distinct preferences. Focusing on a standard formulation of cake cutting, in which each agent must receive a contiguous piece of the cake in an offline setting, this work instead focuses on online allocating non-contiguous pieces of cake among agents and establishes algorithmic results for fairness measures. In this regard, we made use of classic adversarial multi-armed bandits to achieve sub-linear Fairness and Revenue Regret at the same time. Adversarial bandits are powerful tools to model the adversarial reinforcement learning environments, that provide strong upper-bounds for regret of learning with just observing one action's reward in each step by applying smart trade-off between exploration and exploitation. This work studies the power of the famous EXP_3 algorithm that is based on exponential wight{-}importance updating probability distribution through time horizon.

S. Dewi

Ecommerce transactions are one of the complex and growing types of transactions in Indonesia. Ecommerce trade is currently experiencing very rapid progress which is marked by a growing improvement in current technological advances, especially in the field of e-commerce. The largest state revenue can be seen from the 2019 State Revenue and Expenditure Budget of state revenues of 1,786.4 trillion rupiahs from taxes. The Ministry of Finance enforces the Minister of Finance Regulation Number 210/PMK.010/2018 concerning Tax Treatment of Trading Transactions Through Electronic Systems. In response to this, there is the potential for an exodus of e-commerce players to switch to using social media as a place for online buying and selling transactions. The payment intention factor for e-commerce transactions is based on three aspects, namely, knowledge and understanding of taxation. Internal influences in the form of taxpayer awareness, ethics, the use of information technology which is influenced by the external readiness of information technology, as well as the influence of the taxpayer's environment. This study aims to propose a conceptual model to identify the factors that influence the tax payment intention of e-commerce actors. This research is expected to provide suggestions to the Directorate General of Taxes regarding e-commerce taxpayers.

J. A. M. Agbonika, Josephine A. A. Agbonika

In Nigeria, the Personal Income Tax is a tax charged on the income of individuals and is imposed on different sources of income like labour, pensions, interest and dividends. Revenues from the Personal Income Tax constitute an important source of income for three tiers of government in Nigeria. Capital gains tax administration in Nigeria is regulated by the Capital Gains Tax Act.[1] The Act is administered by both Federal Inland Revenue Service and the States Internal Revenue Service. Federal Inland Revenue Service deals with the taxation of capital gains arising from the deposal of property by corporate entities while the State Internal Revenue deal with gains on deposal by individual sole traders. The Tax rate is 10% on capital gains. The capital gain is the difference between the sale proceeds from sale of the assets. Expenses that are incidental to the deposal are allowed as a deduction from the sales proceeds. The objective is to provide better understanding of the different ways of assessing and collection of taxes with a view to providing and ensuring improved compliance by the tax payers. The paper further examines the issues relating to persons subject to tax, resident, the key legislation governing imposition of tax in Nigeria including the authorities charged with the responsibility to administer it. In carrying out this research we adopted a theoretical framework by looking at other literature on the subject as basis for our findings and recommendations. Findings revealed that tax has positive significant impact on government revenue in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that there should be increased tax awareness and campaign in order to enable government generate more revenue from tax to boost its gross domestic products.

Lola Novita

W. B. Dowis, T. D. Englebrecht, Michael Wiggins

Married couples receive tax benefits such as favorable tax rates, higher exclusions, higher phase-outs, and combined deductions. However, joint and several tax liability is a major issue facing these taxpayers. The term innocent spouse relief, within the Internal Revenue Code, is a direct result of one spouse failing to satisfy the joint liability for the married couple. Since both individuals are jointly and severally liable for the combined liability, the innocent spouse may be responsible for the liability in whole or in part. Our study examines this highly litigated arena of innocent spouse relief. To assist in this area of taxation, the Internal Revenue Service has provided taxpayers and tax practitioners with guidance. Revenue Procedure 2003-61 (2003-2 CB 296) outlines factors useful in determining whether innocent spouse relief should be granted. Additionally, this study creates a predictive model containing only three significant factors (economic hardship, knowledge/reason, significant benefit) capable of predicting with approximately 89% accuracy. These same three variables are significant after running multiple regression with p-values of 0.002 (economic hardship), 0.000 (knowledge/reason to know), and 0.001 (significant benefit). These factors provide valuable insight to practitioners when advising clients on challenging or accepting the Internal Revenue Service's decision. Additionally, abuse is marginally significant in the regression model. Also, judge gender and political affiliation are analyzed. However, the gender of the judge and political affiliation fail to be statistically significant using the chi-square test and regression model.