Hasil untuk "Regional economics. Space in economics"

Kathryn Anderson

Innovation is an intrinsically social human endeavour. It relies on the interplay between people and ideas, populations and problems, advancing solutions through the intersection of individual and collective agency. The places where innovation happens are characterised by the colocation and connection of actors, and via the agglomeration of resources. However, the task of creating innovative places is distinct from the observation of successful global exemplars – it requires a deeper understanding of the labours and processes involved, and how these effect their outcomes. Innovation districts represent an emergent form of planned agglomeration that anticipates a milieu rich with collaborative potential, entrepreneurial energy and knowledge exchange, however, the actual mechanisms and processes by which they create that interaction remain insufficiently defined. This paper explores the processes of creating engagement in a single case study of two innovation districts in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. It explores opposing dimensions of spontaneity and planning and unpacks the instigation of engagement. Through qualitative case study research, the paper reveals a complex interplay of processes generating engagement, with activities often serving multiple intended outcomes and compounding benefits through overlap. It seeks to identify whether engagement is spontaneous or planned and purposefully driven, and to test the idea of a ‘connective capacity’. The paper offers actionable lessons for the management and governance of innovation districts, relevant to policymakers, site coordinators and firm managers seeking to maximise the value of these environments.

Ning Li

Autonomous AI systems can now generate complete economics research papers, but they substantially underperform human-authored publications in head-to-head comparisons. This paper decomposes the quality gap into two independent components: research idea quality and execution quality. Using a two-model ensemble of fine-tuned language models trained on publication decisions (Gong, Li, and Zhou, 2026) to evaluate idea quality and a comprehensive six-dimension rubric assessed by Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite -- the same model family used as the APE tournament judge, ensuring methodological consistency -- to evaluate execution quality, we analyze 953 economics papers -- 912 AI-generated papers from the APE project and 41 human papers published in the American Economic Review and AEJ: Economic Policy. The idea quality gap is large (Cohen's d = 2.23, p < 0.001), with human papers achieving 47.1% mean ensemble exceptional probability versus 16.5% for AI. The execution quality gap is also significant but smaller (d = 0.90, p < 0.001), with human papers scoring 4.38/5.0 versus 3.84. Idea quality accounts for approximately 71% of the overall quality difference, with execution contributing 29%. The largest execution weakness is mechanism analysis depth (d = 1.43); no significant difference is found on robustness. We document that 74% of AI papers employ difference-in-differences, and only 7 AI papers (0.8%) surpass the median human paper on both idea and execution quality simultaneously. The primary bottleneck to competitive AI-generated economics research remains ideation.

Alevtina I. Sutygina , Tatiana N. Topoleva

Для аграрного сектора экономики Удмуртской Республики приоритетным является развитие молочного скотоводства. В настоящее время успешное функционирование отрасли основано на применении прорывных инноваций. Цель исследования заключается в оценке влияния внедрения биологических и цифровых технологий на развитие молочного скотоводства региона. Основным методом исследования является корреляционный анализ. В работе проанализированы данные органов статистики и Министерства сельского хозяйства (МСХ) Удмуртской Республики, характеризующие развитие молочного скотоводства и проводимую в регионе селекционно-генетическую работу. Цифровая трансформация животноводства основана на автоматизации и роботизации производственных процессов. Геномная селекция базируется на результатах геномной оценки племенной ценности животных. Она позволяет программировать качество приплода по признакам родителей и оценить племенную ценность молодняка сразу после рождения по показателям, характеризующим продуктивность, долголетие, здоровье и фертильность животных. В настоящее время геномную оценку проходят только племенные животные, поэтому отмечается очень высокая связь между численностью племенных коров и средним надоем молока на корову. Установлено, что селекционно-генетическая работа, основанная на биологических инновациях, предопределяет более высокие темпы роста молочной продуктивности коров. Сложилась очень высокая связь между молочной продуктивностью коров и средним возрастом их производственного использования, а также расходом кормов на одну голову. С ростом надоя молока на одну корову возраст их производственного использования сокращается при увеличении расхода кормов на одну голову, однако затраты кормов на производство одного центнера молока снижаются. В статье даны рекомендации по развитию геномной селекции в молочном скотоводстве республики. Полученные результаты исследования могут быть использованы МСХ Удмуртской Республики в практической работе при совершенствовании селекционно-генетической работы в молочном скотоводстве региона и при выборе селекционных признаков для геномной оценки животных.

Herbert Dawid, Philipp Harting, Hankui Wang et al.

This paper introduces a methodology based on agentic workflows for economic research that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) and multimodal AI to enhance research efficiency and reproducibility. Our approach features autonomous and iterative processes covering the entire research lifecycle--from ideation and literature review to economic modeling and data processing, empirical analysis and result interpretation--with strategic human oversight. The workflow architecture comprises specialized agents with clearly defined roles, structured inter-agent communication protocols, systematic error escalation pathways, and adaptive mechanisms that respond to changing research demand. Human-in-the-loop (HITL) checkpoints are strategically integrated to ensure methodological validity and ethical compliance. We demonstrate the practical implementation of our framework using Microsoft's open-source platform, AutoGen, presenting experimental examples that highlight both the current capabilities and future potential of agentic workflows in improving economic research.

Horst Treiblmaier

Dee Hock, the founder of Visa, coined the term 'chaordic' to describe simultaneously chaotic and ordered systems. Based on his reasoning, we introduce the Theory of Chaordic Economics to explain how economic systems are transformed by two disruptive technologies: namely Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain. Artificial intelligence can generate novel output through algorithmic yet rather unpredictable processes. Blockchain creates deterministic results without central authorities and relies on elaborated protocols that prescribe how consensus can be reached within a network of peers. The amalgamation of chaos and order produces chaordic economic systems and can yield hitherto unthinkable economic structures.

Miguel Cuellar, Hyunseok Jung

Using foot traffic data for over 150,000 points of interest (POIs) near the sites of 42 mass shootings (2018-2022, U.S.), we evaluate the spatial-temporal impact of the tragic events on community mobility and relocation of economic activities. Visits to nearby POIs decrease, while farther away POIs experience increased foot traffic, implying that communities shift their activities away from the shooting sites. The impact is stronger when stronger trauma responses are expected. Our results suggest that mass shootings drive significant displacements of economic activities and can lead to welfare losses due to distortions in optimal choices of time and location.

Pascal Stiefenhofer

This paper explores how ethical consumption can transform democratic governance toward sustainability by challenging traditional economic models centered on utility and efficiency. As societal values shift toward transparency equity and environmental responsibility ethical consumers increasingly influence markets. Drawing on Whites Kantian economic framework and Ingleharts theory of value change the paper proposes a model integrating moral imperatives into economic theory. Using a vector bundle approach it captures evolving ethical preferences advocating for an inclusive sustainability focused economic paradigm aligned with post materialist values.

Antonio Russo, Pasquale Scaramozzino, Andrea Zaccaria

Economic complexity measures aim to quantify the capability content or endowment of industries and territories; however, capabilities are not observable, and therefore cannot be directly used in the computations. We estimate such endowments by quantifying the quality and diversity of the skills in the occupations required in specific industries. We refer to this job-based assessment as the hidden complexity, in contrast with the usual revealed complexity, which is computed from economic outputs such as exports or production. We show that our job-based measure of complexity is positively associated to wage levels and labor productivity growth, whereas the classic revealed measure is not. Finally, we discuss the application of these methods at the territorial level, showing their connection with economic growth.

Xinyu Li

In 2025, intensified Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids in Oxnard, California, disrupted the state's \$49 billion agricultural industry, a critical supplier of 75% of U.S. fruits and nuts and one-third of its vegetables. This paper quantifies the economic consequences of these raids on labor markets, crop production, and food prices using econometric modeling. We estimate a 20-40% reduction in the agricultural workforce, leading to \$3-7 billion in crop losses and a 5-12% increase in produce prices. The analysis draws on USDA Economic Research Service data and recent ICE detention figures, which show arrests in Southern California rising from 699 in May to nearly 2,000 in June 2025. The raids disproportionately affect labor-intensive crops like strawberries, exacerbating supply chain disruptions. Policy recommendations include expanding the H-2A visa program and legalizing undocumented workers to stabilize the sector. This study contributes to agricultural economics by providing a data-driven assessment of immigration enforcement's economic toll.

Yuzhi Hao, Danyang Xie

This paper pioneers a novel approach to economic and public policy analysis by leveraging multiple Large Language Models (LLMs) as heterogeneous artificial economic agents. We first evaluate five LLMs' economic decision-making capabilities in solving two-period consumption allocation problems under two distinct scenarios: with explicit utility functions and based on intuitive reasoning. While previous research has often simulated heterogeneity by solely varying prompts, our approach harnesses the inherent variations in analytical capabilities across different LLMs to model agents with diverse cognitive traits. Building on these findings, we construct a Multi-LLM-Agent-Based (MLAB) framework by mapping these LLMs to specific educational groups and corresponding income brackets. Using interest-income taxation as a case study, we demonstrate how the MLAB framework can simulate policy impacts across heterogeneous agents, offering a promising new direction for economic and public policy analysis by leveraging LLMs' human-like reasoning capabilities and computational power.

Marco Pangallo, R. Maria del Rio-Chanona

Economic agent-based models (ABMs) are becoming more and more data-driven, establishing themselves as increasingly valuable tools for economic research and policymaking. We propose to classify the extent to which an ABM is data-driven based on whether agent-level quantities are initialized from real-world micro-data and whether the ABM's dynamics track empirical time series. This paper discusses how making ABMs data-driven helps overcome limitations of traditional ABMs and makes ABMs a stronger alternative to equilibrium models. We review state-of-the-art methods in parameter calibration, initialization, and data assimilation, and then present successful applications that have generated new scientific knowledge and informed policy decisions. This paper serves as a manifesto for data-driven ABMs, introducing a definition and classification and outlining the state of the field, and as a guide for those new to the field.

Лотфали Агели

Общие экономические показатели отражают экономический рост, на который влияет эффективное использование имеющихся ресурсов. Несмотря на то, что наиболее развитые страны не зависят от природных ресурсов, они демонстрируют более устойчивый рост, чем государства, богатые природными ресурсами. Страны бассейна Каспийского моря (Азербайджан, Иран, Казахстан, Россия, Туркменистан) и государства Центральной Азии (Кыргызская Республика, Таджикистан и Узбекистан) обладают значительными природными и экологическими ресурсами. Цель статьи — изучить взаимосвязь между экономическим ростом и истощением природных ресурсов в данном регионе в период с 1997 г. по 2019 г. Регион активно сотрудничает с другими экономическими блоками, благодаря обилию природных ресурсов идет торговля топливом и полезными ископаемыми. В связи с этим для учета степени открытости экономики в регрессионную модель включен показатель прямых иностранных инвестиций. Доля добавленной стоимости промышленности в валовом внутреннем продукте отражает влияние индустриализации на экономический рост. Наконец, количество зачислений в высшие учебные заведения используется для измерения влияния человеческого капитала на экономический рост. После уточнения эконометрической модели исследуемые переменные были протестированы на единичный корень. Из-за различий в порядке интегрирования для оценки панельных данных был использован полностью модифицированный метод наименьших квадратов. Согласно результатам анализа, истощение природных ресурсов, прямые иностранные инвестиции, доля добавленной стоимости промышленности и количество зачислений в вузы положительно влияют на экономический рост. Полученные выводы демонстрируют, что истощение природных ресурсов способствует экономическому росту в гораздо большей степени, чем прямые иностранные инвестиции и количество зачислений в вузы.

Svetlana V. Koptyakova, Vasilya M. Gafurova, Yana M. Zakharova

The article examines the investment attractiveness of a municipality on the example of the city of Magnitogorsk, analyzes the investment potential of the city, and considers the main problems preventing an increase in the flow of investments. The article also suggests measures to increase the investment attractiveness of the city of Magnitogorsk. Today, investments are an important tool for economic development not only of the state, but also of regional and municipal entities. The inflow of investments attracted to municipalities has a positive effect on the dynamics and efficiency of the development of the economy of these territories, allows significantly improving the main socio-economic indicators. Therefore, the main task for municipal authorities is to create a favorable investment climate and increase the investment attractiveness of the territories entrusted to them. The purpose of this study is to characterize the investment attractiveness of the Magnitogorsk municipality and develop measures to improve it. Methods. Such universal methods of scientific cognition as analysis, synthesis, generalization and others were used in the work. Also, in the course of the research, statistical data were collected and analyzed, and official documentation was analyzed. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the main factors and risks constraining the investment potential of the city of Magnitogorsk were identified, and practical recommendations and three groups of measures aimed at increasing the investment attractiveness of the municipality were developed. Conclusions. Investment attractiveness today is one of the key factors for the successful economic development of territories, including municipalities. The study showed that, despite the presence of certain constraining factors, the city of Magnitogorsk has all the prerequisites to increase its investment attractiveness and create a favorable investment climate.

Victor Olkhov

We discuss the economic reasons why the predictions of price and return statistical moments in the coming decades, in the best case, will be limited by their averages and volatilities. That limits the accuracy of the forecasts of price and return probabilities by Gaussian distributions. The economic origin of these restrictions lies in the fact that the predictions of the market-based n-th statistical moments of price and return for n=1,2,.., require the description of the economic variables of the n-th order that are determined by sums of the n-th degrees of values or volumes of market trades. The lack of existing models that describe the evolution of the economic variables determined by the sums of the 2nd degrees of market trades results in the fact that even predictions of the volatilities of price and return are very uncertain. One can ignore existing economic barriers that we highlight but cannot overcome or resolve them. The accuracy of predictions of price and return probabilities substantially determines the reliability of asset pricing models and portfolio theories. The restrictions on the accuracy of predictions of price and return statistical moments reduce the reliability and veracity of modern asset pricing and portfolio theories.

Bijesh Mishra

The south central ecoregion was a mosiac ecoregion of forest and grassland continnum which is transiting towards closed canopy forests and losing ecosystem benefits. We studied role of active management, its economic benefit, and landonwers atttitdue and behavior towards restoring ecosystem services in this region. We further studed how the economic benefit varies in this region with the change in rainfall.

Juniours Marire

Purpose ― The paper investigated the effect of the interaction of fiscal deficits and total factor productivity (TFP) and fiscal deficits and the wage share on unemployment. Methods ― The paper applied an autoregressive distributed lag model to South African annual data from 1991-2019. Findings ― First, increases in fiscal deficits increase unemployment at all levels of TFP and wage share. Second, increases in TFP increase unemployment at different levels of fiscal deficit, but after the global economic recession, the rate of increase in unemployment declined significantly. This means that the interaction of rising TFP and fiscal deficits in South Africa, where the growth regime is profit-led and technology-driven, always results in increasing unemployment. Third, as the wage share increases, unemployment increases, at all levels of fiscal deficits, suggesting that a wage-led growth regime is no panacea to unemployment either. Implications ― The findings imply that expansionary fiscal policy does not necessarily create an economy that works for all unless active labour market institutions are set up. The findings challenge the notion that the solution to unemployment in South Africa is wage flexibility. Neither do the findings support the idea that following a profit-led growth path is a solution. A balanced mix of the two growth regimes would work. Originality ― Studies have considered the productivity-enhancing effects of structural fiscal policy, but they have not considered the possible effects of interactions between productivity, fiscal policy and wage shares. The paper addresses the gap by introducing the interactions of TFP and fiscal deficits, as well as the interaction of wage share and fiscal deficits.

Raime R. Rodríguez, Milena L. Alves, Carlos A. Ramos

O debate sobre a propriedade dos meios de produção em Cuba teve dois grandes momentos: na década de 1960 com o triunfo revolucionário e no início do século XXI com as medidas para combater a crise produtiva. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar ambos os debates, suas consequências na estrutura de propriedade cubana e compreender as mudanças de interpretação dos desafios da ilha e as variações na dinâmica de reflexão do próprio debate. Foram encontradas evidências de que nos primeiros anos do processo de transição socialista o esforço e as preocupações do debate giravam ao redor da possibilidade e viabilidade do socialismo em Cuba enquanto o debate que surgiu com a crise da década de 1990 e inícios dos 2000 exibe preocupações e interpretações marcadamente pragmáticas e instrumentalistas da propriedade.

Junhong Duan, Xiaoyan Yuan, Chengjia Bao et al.

This paper focuses on the comprehensive perspective of society and analyses the operating costs and income of microgrids in the balanced power network mode in order to comprehensively evaluate the economy of microgrids. It is critical for the rational planning of the micro-grid and developing a scientific evaluation indicator is an effective way to test the rational test. Research on the functional characteristics, evaluation standards, evaluation indicators, and economics of microgrids, we analyze the functional characteristics and the cost benefits of micro-grid. Meanwhile, we also establish an evaluation indicator feature library model, and build a data model of regional weather wind, light, and water power generation, simulating production. The indicator strategy and complete process will establish a solution assessment method based on the indicator space distance from a multi-dimensional space angle. Verify the effectiveness of this method through an example of an independent microgrid for the island.

S. Patrakova

Ensuring balanced spatial development of Russia is not possible without the implementation of measures for accelerated development of rural areas. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to adjust the priorities of rural development in the North of Russia based on the analysis of the regional state program “Integrated development of rural areas of the Vologda region”. The methodological basis is the developments of regional and spatial economics and economy of rural territories. The information base was the data of Federal State Statistics Service, reports of the Vologda Region state authorities, the results of surveys of the Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We used methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and correlation as well as regression analysis. The elements of scientific novelty are consideration of rural areas as an integral part of the region's space as well as integrated use of monographic, statistical and econometric methods in justifying the need to change the priorities of rural development. The expediency of adjusting the priorities of rural development in the direction of active advancement of their economy is revealed. It seems relevant to adjust priorities by including measures for the development of the rural economy, enshrined in the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030, and measures to form a single rural-urban space. The prospect for research is justification of social and economic efficiency from the implementation of measures to improve the rural economy.

Callum Rhys Tilbury

Agent-based computational economics is a field with a rich academic history, yet one which has struggled to enter mainstream policy design toolboxes, plagued by the challenges associated with representing a complex and dynamic reality. The field of Reinforcement Learning (RL), too, has a rich history, and has recently been at the centre of several exponential developments. Modern RL implementations have been able to achieve unprecedented levels of sophistication, handling previously unthinkable degrees of complexity. This review surveys the historical barriers of classical agent-based techniques in economic modelling, and contemplates whether recent developments in RL can overcome any of them.